Shulgi

Shulgi apparently led a major modernization of the Third Dynasty of Ur. He improved communications, reorganized the army, reformed the writing system and weight and measures, unified the tax system, and created a strong bureaucracy.[https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/ois4.pdf]Piotr Michalowski, "The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia", in Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond Nicole Brisch, ed., Oriental Institute Seminars 4 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2008. Second printing with minor corrections, pp. 33-45, 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-885923-55-4}} He also wrote a law code, now known as the Code of Ur-Nammu because it was originally thought to have been authored by Ur-Nammu.[https://www.academia.edu/download/43856215/Shulgi_of_Ur_CANE.pdf]Klein, Jacob, "Shulgi of Ur: king of a Neo-Sumerian empire", Civilizations of the ancient Near East 2, pp. 843-857, 1995 He also built or rebuilt numerous temples throughout the empire.

Shulgi is best known for his extensive revision of the scribal school's curriculum. Although it is unclear how much he actually wrote, there are numerous praise poems written by and directed towards this ruler. He had proclaimed himself a god by his 21st regnal year (there are indications this occurred as early as S12), and was recognized as such by the whole of Sumer and Akkad.{{Cite book |last=Woolley |first=C. Leonard |title=The Sumerians |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=0-393-00292-6 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.166848/page/n183/mode/2up 132] |author-link=Leonard Woolley}}

Some much later chronicles castigate Shulgi for his impiety: The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19), a literary composition written in the 1st millennium BC, states that "he did not perform his rites to the letter, he defiled his purification rituals".Jean-Jacques Glassner, "Mesopotamian Chronicles", Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, 2004 {{ISBN|1-58983-090-3}} CM 48, written late in the 1st millennium BC, charges him with improper tampering with the rites, composing "untruthful stelae, insolent writings" on them. The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20), written in the mid-2nd millennium BC, accuses him of "criminal tendencies, and the property of Esagila and Babylon he took away as booty."

The manner of death is unknown, only that it occurred in his 48th regnal year, in or before the 11th month. In the 3rd month of his successor, libations to the dead were first recorded for Shulgi and two wives Geme-Ninlila and Shulgi-simti. All three appear to have died in the year 48. Several researchers have suggest Shulgi was assassinated, partly based on omen texts, including one based on an eclipse.Michalowski, Piotr, "The Death of Šulgi", Orientalia, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 220–25, 1977E. Sollberger, "Sur la chronologie des rois d'Ur et quelques problèmes connexes", AfO 17, pp. 10-48, 1954/56Michalowski, Piotr, "Of Bears and Men: Thoughts on the End of Šulgi’s Reign and on the Ensuing Succession", Literature as Politics, Politics as Literature: Essays on the Ancient Near East in Honor of Peter Machinist, edited by David S. Vanderhooft and Abraham Winitzer, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 285-320, 2013 He was succeeded by Amar-Sin. The name Amar-Sin was not recorded before his ascension and is a "throne name". His original name, and whether he was actually the son of Shugi, is unknown.Sharlach, Tonia, "Princely Employments in the Reign of Shulgi", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 2022

Early uncertainties about the reading of cuneiform led to the readings "Shulgi" and "Dungi" being common transliterations before the end of the 19th century. However, over the course of the 20th century, the scholarly consensus gravitated away from dun towards shul as the correct pronunciation of the {{cuneiform|𒂄}} sign. The spelling of Shulgi's name by scribes with the diĝir determinative reflects his deification during his reign, a status and spelling previously claimed by his Akkadian Empire predecessor Naram-Sin.{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=D. T. |title=The Archaeology of Elam |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521564960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA132}}

File:Portraits of Shulgi.jpg|Portraits of Shulgi from his Nuska seal. Louvre Museum

File:Portrait of Shulgi as a builder, on a foundation nail.jpg|Portrait of Shulgi as a builder, on a foundation nail. Metropolitan Museum of Art

Shulgi was a contemporary of the Shakkanakku rulers of Mari, particularly Apil-kin and Iddi-ilum.{{cite book |last1=Abusch |first1=I. Tzvi |last2=Noyes |first2=Carol |title=Proceedings of the XLV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale: historiography in the cuneiform world |date=2001 |publisher=CDL Press |isbn=978-1-883053-67-3 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZntAAAAMAAJ |language=en}} An inscription mentions that Taram-Uram, the daughter of Apil-kin, became the "daughter-in-law" of Ur-Nammu, and therefore the Queen of king Shulgi.Sharlach, T. M., "The Shulgi-simti Archive: Historical Sources", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 189-210, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-5015-0522-5}}{{cite book |last1=Eppihimer |first1=Melissa |title=Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-090303-9 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCeeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |language=en}} In the inscription, she called herself "daughter-in-law of Ur-Nammu", and "daughter of Apil-kin, Lugal ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari and Ur.{{cite book |last1=Lipiński |first1=Edward |title=Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East |date=1995 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |page=187 |isbn=9789068317275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thIxCmwfNoMC&pg=PA187}}{{cite journal |last1=Civil |first1=Michel |title=Un nouveau synchronisme Mari-III e dynastie d'Ur |journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale |date=1962 |volume=56 |issue=4 |page=213 |jstor=23295098 |issn=0373-6032}}

Nin-kalla, Amat-Sin, and Ea-niša were queens of Shulgi. This had influence and performed official functions which continued even after the death of Shulgi.Sharlach, T. M., "The Lives of Shulgi’s Wives: Ea-niša, Geme-Ninlilla and More", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 139-174, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-5015-0522-5}}Michalowski, Piotr, "Royal Women of the Ur III Period, Part II: Geme-Ninlila", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 31.3, pp. 171-176, 1979 Another queen, Shulgi-simti, who is known from a high number of texts presenting evidence for her economic power, had similar status. The archive shows she selected various large animals to use in rituals for deities including Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban, Annunitum, Ulmašītum, Nanna, Ninlil and Enlil.Sharlach, T. M., "Sacrifice: An Overview of the Cultic Events to which the Shulgi-simti Foundation Contributed", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 239-260, 2017 From thirty-second to forty-seventh year of Shulgi's reign she was in charge of the acceptance of ritual animals. On their death "libation places" for her and Shulgi were established.Sharlach, Tonia M., "Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources", Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students. Leiden & Boston, Brill, pp. 363-368, 2007[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/12/0/12_0_1/_pdf]Gomi, Tohru, "Shulgi-simti and her Libation Place (ki-a-nag)", Orient 12, pp. 1-14, 1976 Another important woman was Geme-Ninlilla who appears in texts at the end of the king's reign. Other, less well known royal women are Šuqurtum, Simat-Ea and Geme-Su'ena.Michalowski, Piotr, "Royal Women of the Ur III Period Part I: The Wife of Šulgi", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 169–72, 1976

Shulgi, with many wives and concubines, is known to have had at least sixteen sons including Etel-pū-Dagān, Amar-^dDa-mu, Lu-^dNanna, Lugal-a-zi-da, Ur-^d,Suen, and possibly Amar-Sin (his throne name) as well as one daughter, Peš-tur-tur.Notizia, Palmiro, "Prince Etel-pū-Dagān, Son of Šulgi", From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010, edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 207-220, 2013Changyu Liu, "Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia", Akkadica 142/2, pp. 113-142, 2021[https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0024_20220401.pdf]Changyu Liu, "Prosopographical Statistics Appendix of the article 'Prosopography of individuals delivering

animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia'", Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints, 24.0, 1 April 2022 The name of another daughter, Šāt-Kukuti, is known from a cuneiform tablet.Ali, Basil Bashar, and Khalid Salim Ismael, "Šāt-kukuti The Daughter of King Šulgi in a New Text from the Iraqi Museum", Athar Alrafedain 8.2, pp. 266-280, 2023 A daughter, Taram-Šulgi was married to the ruler of Pašime, Šudda-bani.

File:Self-praise of Shulgi (Shulgi D).jpg".]]

Shulgi also boasted about his ability to maintain high speeds while running long distances. He claimed in his 7th regnal year to have run from Nippur to Ur, a distance of not less than 100 miles.Hamblin, William J. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge, 2006. Kramer refers to Shulgi as "The first long distance running champion."[https://www.academia.edu/download/57398378/Kramer_1956_History_Begins_at_Sumer.pdf]Kramer, Samuel Noah, "Shulgi of Ur: The First Long-Distance Champion", in History begins at Sumer: Thirty-nine firsts in recorded history, University of Pennsylvania press, pp. 284-289, 1981

Shulgi wrote 26 royal hymns to glorify himself and his actions. In one Shulgi claimed that he spoke Elamite as well as he spoke Sumerian.Klein, Jacob, "The Royal Hymns of Shulgi King of Ur: man's quest for immortal fame", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 71.7, pp. 1-48, 1981Kramer, Samuel Noah, "Shulgi of Ur: A royal hymn and a divine blessing", The Jewish Quarterly Review 57, pp. 369-380, 1967 In another he refers to himself as "the king of the four-quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people".{{cite book |last1=Liverani |first1=Mario |title=The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75084-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |language=en}}

While Der had been one of the cities whose temple affairs Shulgi had directed in the first part of his reign, in his 20th year he claimed that the gods had decided that it now be destroyed, apparently as some punishment. The inscriptions state that he "put its field accounts in order" with the pick-axe. His 18th year-name was Year Liwir-mitashu, the king's daughter, was elevated to the ladyship in Marhashi, referring to a country near Anshan and her dynastic marriage to its king, Libanukshabash.[https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/articles/cdlj/2017-1]Chen, Yanli, and Yuhong Wu, "The Names of the Leaders and Diplomats of Marḫaši and Related Men in the Ur III Dynasty", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2017 (1), 2017 Following this, Shulgi engaged in a period of expansionism at the expense of highlanders such as the Lullubi, and destroyed Simurrum (another mountain tribe) and Lulubum nine times between the 26th and 45th years of his reign.{{Cite book |title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character |author=Samuel Noah Kramer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY9xp4pLp88C&q=the+sumerians+Samuel+Noah+Kramer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-45238-8|date=2010-09-17 }} He is also known to have destroyed Karaḫar, Harši, Šašrum, and Urbilum.[https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/articles/cdlj/2009-5]Lafont, Bertrand, "The Army of the Kings of Ur: The Textual Evidence", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2009 (5), 2009

In his 30th year, his daughter was married to the governor of Anshan; in his 34th year, he was already levying a punitive campaign against the place. He also destroyed Kimaš and Ḫurti (cities to the east of Ur, somewhere near Elam) in the 45th year of his reign.Ghobadizadeh, Hamzeh and Sallaberger, Walther, "Šulgi in the Kuhdasht Plain: Bricks from a Battle Monument at the Crossroads of Western Pish-e Kuh and the Localisation of Kimaš and Ḫurti", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 3-33, 2023Sebahi, Zahraa Abdel-Sada, and Jassim Abid Al-Ammer Jassim, "City ki-maški King Šulgi military campaigns on him the light of the published and unpublished cuneiform texts of the modern Sumerian period (2112-2004 BC)", ISIN Journal 4. pp. 121-146, 2022 An inscribed brick recorded:

{{blockquote|text="Sulgi, god of his land the mighty, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, when he destroyed the land of Kimas and Hurtum, set out a moat and heaped up a pile of corpses."

}} As with many Mesopotamian rulers he dealt with nomadic incursion in his 37th year, he was obliged to build a large wall in an attempt to keep out the Tidnumite nomads.

{{multiple image

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| header = King Shulgi carnelian bead
({{Circa|2094}}–2047 BCE)

| image2 = Shulgi carnelian bead (transcription).jpg

| caption2 = ^dnin-lil₂.......................... "For Ninlil"20px
nin-a-ni....................... "his Lady,"
^dšul-gi.................... "Shulgi"
nitah kalag-ga........ "the mighty man"
lugal urim^ki-ma..... "King of Ur"
lugal ki-en-................. "King of Sumer"
gi ki-uri-ke₄..................... "and Akkad,"
nam-ti-la-ni-še₃........... "for his life"20px
a mu-na-ru................... "dedicated (this)"

| image1 = Shulgi carnelian bead (vertical).jpg

| caption1 = {{cuneiform|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆤}}
{{cuneiform|𒎏𒀀𒉌}}
{{cuneiform|𒀭𒂄𒄀}}
{{cuneiform|𒍑𒆗𒂵}}
{{cuneiform|𒈗𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠}}
{{cuneiform|𒈗𒆠𒂗
𒄀𒆠𒌵𒆤}}
{{cuneiform|𒉆𒋾𒆷𒉌𒂠}}
{{cuneiform|𒀀𒈬𒈾𒊒}}

| footer = Carnelian bead, elongated (7 cm), Harappan style, provenance unknown. Bearing a cuneiform commemorative inscription of Shulgi, dedicating the bead to the goddess Ninlil. British Museum, BM 129493"DINGIR.NIN.LILA / NIN-A-NI / DINGIR.SHUL.GI / NITA-KALAG.GA / LUGAL URI/ .KI-MA / LUGAL.KI.EN / GI KI-URI3.KI / NAM.TI.LA NI.SHE3/ A MU.NA.RU." Inscription Translation: "To Ninlil, his lady, Shulgi, mighty man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, has dedicated (this stone) for the sake of his life." {{cite web |title=cylinder seal / bead |url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1512490&page=1&partId=1&searchText=1945%2C1013.37 |website=British Museum}}{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P227445 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}} This carnelian bead was probably imported from the Indus valley.{{cite book |title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus |date=2003 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-043-1 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA243 |language=en}}

}}

Shulgi is known to have made dedications at Susa, as foundation nails with his name, dedicated to god Inshushinak have been found there. One of the votive foundation nails reads: "The god 'Lord of Susa,' his king, Shulgi, the mighty male, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, the..., his beloved temple, built.".{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts Louvre Museum Sb 2881 |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P226991 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}} An etched carnelian bead, now located in the Louvre Museum (Sb 6627) and inscribed with a dedication by Shulgi was also found in Susa, the inscription reading: "Ningal, his mother, Shulgi, god of his land, King of Ur, King of the four world quarters, for his life dedicated (this)".{{cite web |title=Shulgi perle (color image) |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/perle-au-nom-du-roi-shulgi-vouee-a-la-deesse-ningal_cornaline_perle-objet |website=Louvre Museum}}

The Ur III dynasty had held control over Susa since the demise of Puzur-Inshushinak, and they built numerous buildings and temples there. This control was continued by Shulgi as shown by his numerous dedications in the city-state.{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=Daniel T. |title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-8988-0 |page=746 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lK6l7oF_ccC&pg=PA746 |language=en}} He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such as Anšan, Marhashi and Bashime.

File:Votive tablet of Shulgi, excavated in Susa, SB 2880.jpg|Votive tablet of Shulgi, excavated in Susa: "For the goddess Ninhursag of Susa, his Lady, Shulgi, the great man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, built her temple ". Louvre Museum, Sb 2884.{{cite web|title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=17107|website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}

File:Foundation nail-Sb 2879-P5280608-gradient.jpg|Foundation nail dedicated by Shulgi to the Elamite god Inshushinak, found in Susa. Louvre Museum

File:Carnelian bead with dedicatory inscription by Shulgi-Sb 6627 (transcription).jpg|Carnelian bead with dedicatory inscription by Shulgi, found in Susa. Louvre Museum, Sb 6627

File:Terracotta tablet listing the year formulae of king Shulgi. Ur III period. From Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg [was straightened]") to year 21a in this view, the other year names being inscribed on the back. A fragment is missing in this tablet (at the top), corresponding to the first five-year names and the last seven-year names of Shulgi.{{cite web |title=Šulgi Year Names (Ist Ni 00394)|url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P265995 |website=cdli.ox.ac.uk}} This is an Old Babylonian copy (ca. 1900-1600 BC) of an Akkadian original. Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.]]

There are extensive remains for the year names of Shulgi, which have been largely reconstructed from year 1 to year 48 though some are fragmentary. There are no contemporary lists of year names, only partial texts from the Old Babylonian period so the order is not completely certain and a few years attribution is uncertain between Ur-Nammu and Shulgi. There are also multiple year names for some years which is not unprecedented.Frayne, Douglas, "Šulgi", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 91-234, 1997 For example year 20 is "Year: “Ninḫursaga of Nutur was brought into her temple”" and "Year: “The sons of Ur were conscripted as lancers”". Some of the most important are:

{{Blockquote|

1. Year : Šulgi is king

2. Year: The foundations of the temple of Ningubalag were laid

6. Year: The king straightened out the Nippur road

7. Year: The king made a round trip between Ur and Nippur (in one day)

10. Year: The royal mountain-house (the palace) was built

18. Year: Liwirmittašu, the daughter of the king, was elevated to the queenship of Marhashi

21c. Year: Der was destroyed

24. Year: Karahar was destroyed

25. Year: Simurrum was destroyed

27. Year after: "Šulgi the strong man, the king of the four corners of the universe, destroyed Simurrum for the second time"

27b. Year: "Harszi was destroyed"

30. Year: The governor of Anšan took the king's daughter into marriage

31. Year: Karhar was destroyed for the second time

32. Year: Simurrum was destroyed for the third time

34. Year: Anshan was destroyed

37. Year: The wall of the land was built

42. Year: The king destroyed Šašrum

44. Year: Simurrum and Lullubum were destroyed for the ninth time

45. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, smashed the heads of Urbilum, Simurrum, Lullubum and Karhar in a single campaign

46. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, destroyed Kimaš, Hurti and their territories in a single day

|Main year names of ShulgiSigrist, M., "Les noms d’anée du règne du roi Šulgi", in Why Should Someone Who Knows Something Conceal It? Cuneiform Studies in Honor of David I. Owen on His 70th Birthday, ed. A. Kleinerman and J. M. Sasson. Bethesda: CDL, pp. 219–38, 2010[https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/articles/cdlj/2013-1]Richard Firth, "Notes on Year Names of the Early Ur III Period: Šulgi 20-30", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2013 (1), 2013Goetze, Albrecht, "The Chronology of Šulgi Again", Iraq, vol. 22, pp. 151–56, 1960

}}

Year name 39 of Shulgi was "The year Šulgi, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, built é-Puzriš-Dagan, a residence {palace? temple?} of Šulgi".[https://www.academia.edu/download/64051107/28-Scharlach-RAI-60_Warsaw.pdf]Sharlach, Tonia, "Šulgi, Mighty Man, King of Ur", Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East, pp. 211-20, 2016

File:Lugal Urimkima Lugal Kiengi Kiuri, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, on a seal of Shulgi (transcription).jpg|Lugal Urimkima/ Lugal Kiengi Kiuri {{cuneiform|𒈗𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵}}, "King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, on a votive tablet of Shulgi. The final ke₄ {{cuneiform|𒆤}} is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (ergative case).{{cite book|last1=Edzard|first1=Dietz Otto|title=Sumerian Grammar|date=2003|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-0340-1|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|language=en}}

File:Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg|Shulgi completed the great Ziggurat of Ur

File:Earrings from Shulgi.JPG|Earrings inscribed in the name of Shulgi.{{cite web|title=CDLI-Archival View|url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P481718|website=cdli.ucla.edu}}

File:Seal of Shulgi, with Gilgamesh fighting a winged monster.jpg|Seal of Shulgi, with Gilgamesh fighting a winged monster: "To Shulgi, son of the king, Ur-dumuzi the scribe, his servant".{{cite book|last1=Ward|first1=William Hayes|title=The seal cylinders of western Asia|date=1910|publisher=Washington : Carnegie Inst.|page=[https://archive.org/details/sealcylindersofw00warduoft/page/27 27]|url=https://archive.org/details/sealcylindersofw00warduoft}}

File:Seal of Shulgi, with worshipper and seated deity.jpg|Seal of Shulgi, with worshipper and seated deity: "Shulgi, the mighty hero, King of Ur, king of the four regions, Ur-(Pasag?) the scribe, thy servant".

File:Mace head inscribed with the name of Shulgi, from Ur, Iraq. British Museum.jpg|Mace head in the name of Shulgi (inscription upside down). British Museum.

File:Official weight of 2 mina, reign of Shulgi, from Ur, Iraq. British Museum.jpg|Duck-shaped official weight of 2 mina, reign of Shulgi, from Ur, Iraq. British Museum.

File:Meluhha village tablet - BM17751.jpg|A tablet from the period of Shulgi, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.Simo Parpola, Asko Parpola and Robert H. Brunswig, Jr [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274936748_The_Meluhha_Village_Evidence_of_Acculturation_of_Harappan_Traders_in_Late_Third_Millennium_Mesopotamia "The Meluḫḫa Village: Evidence of Acculturation of Harappan Traders in Late Third Millennium Mesopotamia?"] in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 20, No. 2, 1977, p. 136-137 "Meluhha" ({{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠}}) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".{{cite web|title=Collections Online British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1894-1015-11|website=britishmuseum.org}}

File:Weight AO22187 mp3h9146.jpg|Weight of {{frac||1|2}} mina (actual weight 248 gr.) dedicated by King Shulgi and bearing the emblem of the crescent moon: it was used in the temple of the Moon-God at Ur. Diorite, beginning of the 21st century BC (Ur III). Louvre Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities, Richelieu, first floor, room 2, case 6

File:Tablet of Shulgi.JPG|Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the king and his victories on the Lullubi people and mentions the modern-city of Erbil and the modern-district of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

• Correspondence of the Kings of Ur
• History of Sumer
• List of Mesopotamian dynasties
• Sumerian king list
• Self-praise of Shulgi

{{reflist}}

• Aubaid, Nwr Saadwn, and Muhannad Ashwr Shnawah, "Some of the historical formulas with the military significant from the king shulgi", ISIN Journal 5, pp. 311-318, 2023
• Carroué, F., "Šulgi et la Temple Bagara", ZA 90, pp. 161–93, 2000
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• [http://www.zenithonline.de/wirtschaft/hintergruende/?article=360&cHash=170b581bc6 Shulgi's axe sold illegally in Germany] from the German Middle East magazine zenith
• [http://sumerianshakespeare.com/789301.html The face of Shulgi. A realistic statue shows us how Shulgi may have looked in real life.]

{{s-start}}

{{s-reg}}

{{s-bef

| before = Ur-Nammu

| rows = 2

}}

{{s-ttl

| title = King of Ur, Sumer and Akkad

| years = c. 2094 BC- c. 2046 BC

}}

{{s-aft

| after = Amar-Sin

| rows = 2

}}

|-

{{s-end}}{{Kings of Ur|state=collapsed}}{{Rulers of Sumer}}

Category:Sumerian kings

Category:21st-century BC Sumerian kings

Category:20th-century BC Sumerian kings

Category:Deified male monarchs

Category:Third Dynasty of Ur

Category:21st-century BC deaths