Kven language

{{Infobox language

| name = Kven

| altname = Ruija dialects

| nativename = kvääni, kainu

| states = Norway

| speakers = 2,000–8,000

| date = 2005?

| ref = {{Cite web |title=Kainun Institutti |url=http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518125203/http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener |archive-date=2012-05-18 |access-date=2009-12-31}}

| familycolor = Uralic

| fam2 = Finnic

| fam3 = Finnish

| fam4 = Peräpohjola

| minority = Norway

| agency = Kven language board

| iso3 = fkv

| glotto = kven1236

| glottorefname = Kven Finnish

| notice = IPA

| map = File:Kven_language_map.png

| ethnicity = Kven people

}}

Kven ({{Lang|fkv|kvääni}} or {{Lang|fkv|kväänin kieli}}; {{Lang|fkv|kainu}} or {{Lang|fkv|kainun kieli}};{{Cite book |last=Söderholm |first=Eira |url=https://press.nordicopenaccess.no/index.php/noasp/catalog/book/24 |title=Kvensk grammatikk |date=2017 |publisher=Cappelen Damm Akademisk |isbn=9788202569655 |language=no |trans-title=A Grammar of Kven}} {{langx|fi|kveeni}} or {{lang|fi|kveenin kieli}}; {{langx|no|kvensk}}) is a Finnic language or a group of Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost parts of Norway by the Kven people. For political and historical reasons, it received the status of a minority language in 2005 within the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. However, it is seen by some as a mutually intelligible dialect of the Finnish language, and grouped together with the Peräpohjola dialects such as Meänkieli, spoken in Torne Valley in Sweden. While it is often considered a dialect in Finland, it is officially recognized as a minority language in Norway and many Kven consider it a separate language.{{Cite web |last=Söderholm |first=Eira |title=Kainulaiset eli kväänit |url=https://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/kainulaiset-eli-kvaanit/ |access-date=2020-09-15 |website=Kainun Institutti – Kvensk Institutt |language=fkv}}

There are about 1,500 to 10,000 known native speakers of this language, most of whom are over the age of 60. Middle-aged speakers tend to have a passing knowledge of the language. They use it occasionally, but not frequently enough to keep it off the endangered list. People under the age of 30 rarely speak or know the language. However, children in the community of Børselv can learn Kven in their primary schools.{{Cite web |title=Did you know Kven Finnish is severely endangered? |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4147 |access-date=2017-04-30 |website=Endangered Languages |language=en}}

History

Because of fears of Finnish expansion into Norway, there were attempts of assimilating of the Kven people into Norwegian society and to make the Kvens give up the Kven language. Norway saw the Kvens as a kind of a threat to Norwegian society and the attempt to assimilate the Kvens was much stronger than with the Sámi people.{{Cite web |last=Muilu |first=Hannele |date=2017-11-25 |title=Tiedätkö, mitä ovat kläppi, maapruuki ja fiskus? Suomesta Norjaan muuttaneiden kveenien kieli sinnittelee parin tuhannen puhujan voimin |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9631128 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}

The Kven Assembly was formed in 2007 and plans to standardize a Kven written language. The term Kven first appeared in Ohthere's tales from the 800s, along with the terms Finn and Norwegian. The area that the Kvens lived in was called Kvenland. They originally settled in Kvenland, which also expanded into the flat areas of the Bay of Bothnia. As the Kven community continued to grow and develop a long standing culture, the Norwegian state deemed the Kvens taxpayers and the term Kven soon became an ethnic term.{{Cite web |last=Sundelin |first=Rune |title=Kven language and culture (En) |url=http://kvener.no/kven-language-and-culture-english/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318034727/http://kvener.no/kven-language-and-culture-english/ |archive-date=2017-03-18 |access-date=2017-04-30 |website=Norwegian Kven Organization}} In 1992, the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages was enacted to protect regional and minority languages. It included Kven as a minority language; it is only protected under Part II. This means that the culture and language are barely protected under this charter and, with the language dying out, the Norwegian Kven Association deems it important that the language be moved to Part III.{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages is the European convention for the protection and promotion of languages used by traditional minorities. |url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages |access-date=2017-04-30 |website=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages}}{{Cite web |date=2018-12-17 |title=FNs rasediskrimineringskomités 97. sesjon |url=https://kvener.no/2018/12/fns-rasediskrimineringskomites-97-sesjon/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Norske kveners forbund |language=nb-NO}}

Organizations

The Norwegian Kven Organization was established in 1987. The organization currently (2024) has over 1200 members and about fifteen local branches.{{Cite web |title=Tervettulemaa! Velkommen!|url=https://kvener.no/|access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Norske kveners forbund |language=nb-NO,fkv}} The members report to the government about the history and rights of the Kven people. The members also try and highlight Kven news by advancing Kven media coverage. The organization has also been pushing the Norwegian government to establish a state secretary for Kven issues. Moving the language of Kven into kindergarten classrooms, as well as all other education levels is also a forefront issue that the organization is aiming to tackle.{{Cite journal |last=Pietikäinen |first=Sari |last2=Huss |first2=Leena |last3=Laihiala-Kankainen |first3=Sirkka |last4=Aikio-Puoskari |first4=Ulla |last5=Lane |first5=Pia |date=2010-06-01 |title=Regulating Multilingualism in the North Calotte: The Case of Kven, Meänkieli and Sámi Languages |journal=Acta Borealia |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/08003831.2010.486923 |issn=0800-3831 |s2cid=53645570}}

Official status

Since 2006, it has been possible to study the Kven culture and language at the University of Tromsø,{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Kvensk og finsk - bachelor: Kvensk ved UiT |url=https://uit.no/utdanning/program/sub |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=University of Tromsø |language=nb}} and in 2007 the Kven language board was formed at the Kven institute, a national centre for Kven language and culture in Børselv, Norway. The council developed a written standard Kven language, using Finnish orthography to maintain inter-Finnish language understanding.{{Cite web |last=Andreassen |first=Irene |title=Et nytt skriftspråk blir til |url=https://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/eget-sprakarbeid/et-nytt-skriftsprak-blir-til/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Kainun Institutti – Kvensk Institutt |language=nb-NO}} The grammar, written in Kven, was published in 2014.{{Cite book |last=Lane |first=Pia |title=Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-317-29886-1 |editor-last=Lane |editor-first=Pia |chapter=Language Standardization as Frozen Mediated Actions: The Materiality of Language Standardization |access-date=14 April 2020 |editor-last2=Costa |editor-first2=James |editor-last3=De Korne |editor-first3=Haley |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT160}} A Norwegian translation published in 2017 is freely available.{{Cite book |last=Söderholm |first=Eira |url=http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=640594 |title=Kvensk grammatikk |date=2017 |publisher=Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP (Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing) |isbn=9788202569655 |language=no |doi=10.23865/noasp.24 |access-date=14 June 2019 |orig-year=2014}}

Geographic distribution

Today, most speakers of Kven are found in two places in Norway: Storfjord Municipality and Porsanger Municipality. A few speakers can be found other places, such as Bugøynes, Neiden, Vestre Jakobselv, Vadsø, and Nordreisa.

In northeastern Norway, mainly around Varanger Fjord, the spoken language is quite similar to standard Finnish, whereas the Kven spoken west of Alta, due to the area's close ties to the Torne Valley area along the border between Finland and Sweden, is more closely related to the Meänkieli spoken there.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In government report from 2005, the number of people speaking Kven in Norway is estimated to be between 2,000 and 8,000, depending on the criteria used, though few young people speak it, which is a major obstacle to its survival.

Phonology

The phonology of Kven is similar to that of Finnish. However, Kven and Finnish diverge in the phonemic realization of some words. While Standard Finnish has been replacing {{IPA|/ð/}} with {{IPA|/d/}}, it is retained in Kven. For instance, the word {{Langx|fkv|syöđä|label=none}} ('to eat') in Kven is {{Langx|fi|syödä|label=none}} in Finnish. In addition, due to loanwords, the sound {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is much more common in Kven than in Finnish: for example, Kven {{Langx|fkv|prošekti|label=none}} ('project'), compared to Finnish {{Langx|fi|projekti|label=none}}.{{Cite web |title=Nettidigisanat {{!}} Neahttadigisánit |url=http://sanat.oahpa.no/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Nettidigisanat}}

= Vowels =

Kven has 16 vowels, if one includes vowel length:

class="wikitable"

align=center

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Front

! colspan="2" | Back

align=center

! Unrounded

! Rounded

! Unrounded

! Rounded

align=center

! Close

| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}

| {{IPA link|y}} {{IPA link|yː}}

| {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}

align=center

! Mid

| {{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}

| {{IPA link|ø}} {{IPA link|øː}}

| {{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}}

align=center

! Open

| {{IPA link|æ}} {{IPA link|æː}}

| {{IPA link|ɑ}} {{IPA link|ɑː}}

In writing, the vowel length is indicated by doubling the letter; e.g., {{angbr|yy}} {{IPA|/yː/}} and {{angbr|öö}} {{IPA|/øː/}}.

The graphemes representing {{IPA|/ø/}}, {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ɑ/}} are {{angbr|ö}}, {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|a}}, respectively.

The letter Đ, which is not used in standard Finnish, is used in Kven texts as of March 2025 by the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (e.g. {{lang|fkv|Omavalmhiuđen tarkistuslista}}),{{cite web|url=https://www.dsb.no/siteassets/sikkerhverdag/egenberedskap/brosjyren/dsb-egenberedskap-kvensk-web.pdf|title=Näin olet myötä vahvistamassa Norjan valmhiutta|lang=fkv|publisher=Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection|accessdate=14 March 2025}} NRK (e.g. {{lang|fkv|Pienemät piđot Hortenissa}}),{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/kvensk/kvaanin-tuuli-puhalttaa-etela-norjassa-1.16271064|title=Kväänin tuuli puhalttaa Etelä-Norjassa|lang=fkv|accessdate=14 March 2025|author=Tomi Vaara|date=26 January 2023|publisher=NRK}} and Kainun Institutti (e.g. {{lang|fkv|Sillä heiđän kieli oon muuttunu omhaan laihiin.}}).{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/kainulaiset-eli-kvaanit/|title=Kainulaiset eli kväänit|accessdate=14 March 2025|lang=fkv|publisher=Kainun Institutti}}

= Consonants =

Kven has 14 consonants found in native vocabulary, and 4 consonants found in loanwords:

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
colspan="2" \| ! Labial ! Dental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal
colspan="2" \| Nasal \| {{IPAlink\|m}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|n}} \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \|
rowspan="2" \| Plosive ! voiceless \| {{IPAlink\|p}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|t}} \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|k}} \|
voiced \| ({{IPAlink\|b}}) \| \| ({{IPAlink\|d}}) \| \| \| ({{IPAlink\|ɡ}}) \|
rowspan="2" \| Fricative ! voiceless \| {{IPAlink\|f}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|s}} \| ({{IPAlink\|ʃ}} {{angbr\|š}}) \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|h}}
voiced \| \| {{IPAlink\|ð}} {{angbr\|đ}} \| \| \| \| \|
colspan="2" \| Trill \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|r}} \| \| \| \|
colspan="2" \| Approximant \| {{IPAlink\|ʋ}} {{angbr\|v}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|l}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|j}} \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

colspan="2" |

! Labial

! Dental

! Alveolar

! Postalveolar

! Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

colspan="2" | Nasal

| {{IPAlink|m}}

| {{IPAlink|n}}

| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}

rowspan="2" | Plosive

! voiceless

| {{IPAlink|p}}

| {{IPAlink|t}}

| {{IPAlink|k}}

voiced

| ({{IPAlink|b}})

| ({{IPAlink|d}})

| ({{IPAlink|ɡ}})

rowspan="2" | Fricative

! voiceless

| {{IPAlink|f}}

| {{IPAlink|s}}

| ({{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}})

| {{IPAlink|h}}

voiced

| {{IPAlink|ð}} {{angbr|đ}}

colspan="2" | Trill

| {{IPAlink|r}}

colspan="2" | Approximant

| {{IPAlink|ʋ}} {{angbr|v}}

| {{IPAlink|l}}

| {{IPAlink|j}}

{{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, ʃ/}} are only found in loanwords.

{{IPA|/ŋ/}} is represented in writing by {{angbr|n}} if followed by {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{angbr|ng}} if geminated; i.e., {{angbr|nk}} {{IPA|/ŋk/}} and {{angbr|ng}} {{IPA|/ŋː/}}.

Gemination is indicated in writing by doubling the letter; e.g., {{angbr|mm}} for {{IPA|/mː/}} and {{angbr|ll}} for {{IPA|/lː/}}.

Grammar

Just like in Finnish, Kven has many noun cases. In Kven, the third person plural verb ending uses the passive form.

class="wikitable"

|+The word 'food' in Kven cases{{Cite web |title=Nettidigisanat {{!}} Neahttadigisánit |url=https://sanat.oahpa.no/detail/fkv/nob/ruoka.html?no_compounds=true&lemma_match=true&e_node=-7605915652831459397 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329013202/https://sanat.oahpa.no/detail/fkv/nob/ruoka.html?no_compounds=true&lemma_match=true&e_node=-7605915652831459397 |archive-date=2022-03-29 |access-date=2019-11-09 |website=Nettidigisanat}}

!case

!singular

!plural

nom.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruoka}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovat}}

gen.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovan}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokkiin}}

par.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokkaa}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokkii}}

ine.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovassa}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokissa}}

ill.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokhaan}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokhiin}}

ela.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovasta}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokista}}

ade.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovala}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokila}}

abe.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovatta}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokitta}}

all.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovale}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokile}}

abl.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovalta}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokilta}}

ess.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokana}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokina}}

tra.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruovaksi}}

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokiksi}}

com.

|{{Lang|fkv|ruokine}}

The letter h is also very common in Kven; there are rules on where it is used.

Passives – {{lang|fkv|praatathaan}}
Illative cases – {{lang|fkv|suomheen}}
Third infinites – {{lang|fkv|praatamhaan}}
Possessive forms of words that end with s – {{lang|fkv|kirvheen}}
Genitive forms of words that end with e – {{lang|fkv|satheen}}
Plural past perfect and perfect – {{lang|fkv|net oon ostanheet}}
Third plural ending – {{lang|fkv|het syöđhään}}{{Cite web |title=Kainun kielen grammatikki |url=https://kirjat.finlit.fi/sivu/tuote/kainun-kielen-grammatikki/147647}}

=Alphabet=

class=wikitable style=text-align:center

bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" | Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

width=15|A

width=15|B

width=15|D

width=15|E

width=15|F

width=15|G

width=15|H

width=15|I

width=15|J

width=15|K

width=15|L

width=15|M

width=15|N

width=15|O

width=15|P

width=15|R

width=15|S

width=15|T

width=15|U

width=15|V

width=15|Y

width=15|Ä

width=15|Ö

width=15|Đ

bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" | Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)

24 letters are known to be used in native Kven words, with some additional letters used when using words from other languages like Norwegian and English (including C, W, and Å). Words taken directly from Norwegian (For instance titles) retain the Norwegian use of Æ and Ø, instead of turning them into Ä and Ö.

Comparison to Standard Finnish

According to Katriina Pedersen, most differences with Kven and Standard Finnish are in vocabulary, for example Finnish {{Lang|fi|auto}} 'car', in Kven is {{Lang|fkv|piili}} (from Norwegian bil).

= Sample text =

class="wikitable"

!Kven{{Cite web|date=7 March 2017|title=Kvääni näkymhään arkipäivässä|url=https://www.ruijan-kaiku.no/kvaani-nakymhaan-arkipaivassa/ |access-date=2022-11-01|website=Ruijan Kaiku|lang=fkv|author=Heidi Nilima Monsen}}

!Finnish

!English

{{Lang|fkv|Tromssan fylkinkomuuni oon

saanu valmhiiksi mailman ensimäisen

kainun kielen ja kulttuurin plaanan.

Se oon seppä tekemhään plaanoi. Heilä oon

esimerkiksi biblioteekkiplaana,

transporttiplaana ja fyysisen aktiviteetin plaana.}}

|{{Lang|fi|Tromssan läänikunta on

saanut valmiiksi maailman ensimmäisen

kveenin kielen ja kulttuurin suunnitelman.

Se on taitava tekemään suunnitelmia. Heillä on

esimerkiksi kirjastosuunnitelma,

liikennesuunnitelma ja fyysisten aktiviteettien suunnitelma.}}

Tromsø's county municipality has

prepared the first

Kven language and culture plan.

They are skilled at making plans. They have

for example a library plan,

transport plan and physical activity plan.

In the above sample, some Kven terms are shared with not only Norwegian, but also Swedish (e.g. biblioteek (bibliotek), transport, kommuun (kommun), and plaan (plan, as in planning to do something)), giving Finns who learned Swedish at school a slight advantage in understanding Kven speakers, as opposed to the other way around.

The above sample from 2017 predates Ruijan Kaiku's adoption of the letter Đ, and as such the letter does not appear in the sample.

References

External links

[https://www.hjemla.no/innsikt/om-iso-3166 Kven country names (ISO 3166)] – Page with translations of all country names to Kven, Finnish, Norwegian and English.
{{Cite book |last=Söderholm, Eira |title=Kainun kielen grammatiikki |publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura |year=2007 |language=fi}}

:: This grammar can be found in the Kven language [https://web.archive.org/web/20070710020301/http://uit.no/getfile.php?PageId=7815&FileId=18 here].

:: The grammar above can be found in the Norwegian language [https://web.archive.org/web/20070710020602/http://uit.no/getfile.php?PageId=7815&FileId=19 here].

[http://giellatekno.uit.no/cgi/index.fkv.eng.html Kven language resources at Giellatekno]
[https://www.ruijan-kaiku.no Ruijan kaiku]
[https://sanat.oahpa.no/ Dictionary]
[https://nrk.no/kvensk Kven news from NRK]

Category:Finnic languages

Category:Finnish dialects

Category:Languages of Norway