L 20e α-class battleship

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R17062, Linienschiff "Baden".jpg

Just before the start of the 20th century, Germany embarked on a naval expansion to challenge British control of the seas, under the direction of {{lang|de|Vizeadmiral}} (Vice Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz. Over the following decade, Germany built some two dozen pre-dreadnought battleships over the {{sclass|Brandenburg|battleship|5}}, {{sclass|Kaiser Friedrich III|battleship|5}}, {{sclass|Wittelsbach|battleship|5}}, {{sclass|Braunschweig|battleship|5}} and {{sclass|Deutschland|battleship|4}}es. The dreadnought revolution disrupted German plans but Tirpitz nevertheless continued his program, securing the construction of a further twenty-one dreadnought battleships by 1914, with the {{sclass|Nassau|battleship|5}}, {{sclass|Helgoland|battleship|5}}, {{sclass|Kaiser|battleship|5}}, {{sclass|König|battleship|5}}, and {{sclass|Bayern|battleship|4}}es.{{sfn|Herwig|pp=33–81}}{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|pp=134–149}}

Beginning before World War I broke out in July 1914, the German {{lang|de|Kaiserliche Marine}} (Imperial Navy) began planning for the battleship design for the 1916 construction program, which would follow the {{lang|de|Bayern}}-class battleships that were then under construction. The {{lang|de|Bayern}}s were armed with a main battery of {{convert|38|cm|sp=us|adj=on}} guns in four twin-gun turrets. The British had begun building the similarly-armed {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|battleship|5}} and {{sclass|Revenge|battleship|1}}s and the Germans intended the 1916 battleship design to be superior to these and designs were drawn up with an armament of ten or twelve 38 cm guns. The designs included versions with the standard twin-gun turrets favored by the German navy, along with variants with both twin and quadruple turrets similar to the French {{sclass|Normandie|battleship|1}}s that had been laid down in 1913. The outbreak of war led to the abandonment of the plans.{{sfn|Dodson|p=126}}

By 1916, work had resumed on new battleship designs and, in April, the first three proposals were submitted: the L 1, L 2 and L 3 designs, which were similar to the {{sclass|Ersatz Yorck|battlecruiser}}s then also under development. The battleships were the same size as the battlecruisers and L 1 and L 3 had the same armament of eight 38 cm guns (L 2 would have mounted ten of those guns) but they would have had a top speed of {{convert|25|to|26|kn|lk=in}} compared to the {{convert|29|to|29.5|kn}} speeds of the {{lang|de|Ersatz Yorck}}s and heavier armor. Work on the designs continued at a slow pace, with thought given to armament alternatives, including batteries of eight or ten 38 cm or eight {{convert|42|cm|abbr=on}} guns.{{sfn|Dodson|p=126}}

In January 1916, {{lang|de|Vizeadmiral}} Reinhard Scheer became commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet.{{sfn|Herwig|p=161}} Following the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1{{nbsp}}June 1916, Scheer pushed for new, more powerful battleships, which were in concert with Kaiser Wilhelm II's call for what he referred to as the "{{lang|de|Einheitsschiff}}" (unified ship) that combined the armor and firepower of battleships and the high speed of battlecruisers. Another faction in the naval command, led by Admiral Eduard von Capelle, the State Secretary of the {{lang|de|Reichsmarineamt}} (RMA—Imperial Navy Office), opposed the idea and favored traditional, differentiated capital ship designs. Scheer demanded that the new ships should have guns of 42 cm caliber, an armored belt {{convert|350|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick and be capable of speeds of up to {{convert|32|kn}}, all on a displacement of up to {{convert|50000|t|LT|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Herwig|pp=223–224}} The new 42 cm gun was designed by 29 December 1916 and was approved on 11 September 1918, though none were built.{{sfn|Friedman|p=131}}{{sfn|Mulligan|p=1017}}

By the end of 1916, design work on three proposals to meet Scheer's specifications was complete, all of which displaced around {{convert|42000|MT|LT|sp=us}}. L 20b, L 21b and L 22c; L 20b would have eight 42 cm guns, L 21b and L 22c ten or eight 38 cm guns, respectively.{{sfn|Dodson|p=126}} After the beginning of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917, Capelle argued that capital ship construction should not be halted in favor of U-boat construction.{{sfn|Forstmeier|Breyer|p=44}} Work on L 20b continued, as the naval command preferred the 42 cm gun variant, with a refined version submitted on 21 August 1917 as L 20e; a new design, L 24, was also submitted, which was similar to L 20e but was slightly longer, faster by {{convert|1.5|kn}}, had two extra boilers and a correspondingly wider funnel. It also differed in the placement of the torpedo armament. The L 20 design placed them in the hull below the waterline, while the L 24 proposal used above-water launchers.{{sfn|Dodson|p=126}}{{sfn|Forstmeier|Breyer|p=44}} Displacement for the designs was fixed at {{convert|45000|MT|LT|abbr=on|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Forstmeier|Breyer|p=45}} Both ships had a top speed of only {{convert|23|kn}}, which was unacceptable to Scheer.{{sfn|Forstmeier|Breyer|p=46}}

By October 1917, the L 20e and L 24e designs were refined into the L 20e α and L 24e α versions; these displaced {{convert|44500|t|LT|sp=us|abbr=on}} and 45,000 t respectively. Secondary batteries were reduced to twelve guns, compared to the sixteen guns of the {{lang|de|Bayern}} class.{{sfn|Dodson|p=126}}{{sfn|Gröner|p=30}} L 24e α also had an additional pair of torpedo tubes, mounted above the waterline, compared to L 20e α. The armor layout for both designs was similar to that of the {{lang|de|Bayern}} class. The proposals were submitted to the naval command in January 1918; Wilhelm II continued to stress the importance of the "{{lang|de|Einheitsschiff}}" concept and he suggested that the speed of the design might be significantly increased by removing the forward superfiring turret and the submerged torpedo tubes. For his part, Scheer asked whether triple or quadruple turrets might be used to save enough weight for speed to be increased to {{convert|30|kn}}, which delayed completion of the design until mid-1918. By that time, the studies that had been completed suggested that the weight savings would be minimal and that the more crowded triple or quadruple turrets would reduce the rate of fire too much.{{sfn|Dodson|p=126}}

Two more proposals were completed in mid-1918; the first was almost the same as the L 20e α variant and the second was similar but had only six main battery guns and a top speed of {{convert|28|kn}}. By 11 September 1918, the L 20e α variant was selected as the basis for the next battleship to be built.{{sfn|Dodson|p=126}} During the design process, it was decided that the utmost concern was that the ships could be built and placed into service quickly. The ships were to discard the use of broadside belt armor below the waterline, the attachment of which was an extremely time-consuming process. It was believed that the higher speed of the class—{{convert|26|kn}}—would make up for the vulnerability to torpedo attack and make the armor unnecessary.{{sfn|Weir|p=179}}{{efn| In previous battleship designs, such as the {{sclass|Bayern|battleship|4}}, the main belt armor extended to {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} below the waterline and then tapered to {{convert|17.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the bottom edge. The L 20e α design discarded the use of the lower section of belt armor.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|pp=149–159}}}}

The ships were never built, primarily because the shipyard capacity available that late in the war had largely been diverted to support the U-boat campaign. The work that would have been necessary to design and test the new 42 cm turret clashed with U-boat construction, which had become the priority of the Navy. Krupp, the firm that had been awarded the contract to conduct the testing, informed the RMA that design work on the new turret would have to wait and Capelle accepted the news without much objection. The RMA filed a report dated 1{{nbsp}}February 1918, which stated that capital ship construction had stopped, primarily due to the shifting priorities to the U-boat war.{{sfn|Weir|p=179}} Though the ships of the class were never built, the naval historian Timothy Mulligan notes that with "the unresolved dilemma of conflicting design concepts and overly ambitious demands in battleship characteristics{{nbsp}}..." that the L 20 α design represented, "...{{nbsp}}the Imperial Navy bequeathed a dubious legacy to its successors".{{sfn|Mulligan|p=1017}}

The L 20e α design was {{convert|238|m|abbr=on}} long at the waterline, with a beam of {{convert|33.5|m|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}}. Displacement was to be approximately {{convert|44500|t|LT|sp=us}} as designed and up to {{convert|49500|t|LT|sp=us}} fully loaded. The ships were intended to have the typical single tripod foremast mounted atop the large, forward superstructure and a lighter pole main mast aft of the funnel. They to have been powered by either two or four sets of steam turbines driving four shafts, which were to have a combined output of {{convert|100000|shp|lk=in}}. The steam plant consisted of six oil-fired and sixteen coal-fired boilers trunked into a large funnel. Bunkerage was {{convert|3000|MT|LT|sp=us|0}} of coal and {{convert|2000|MT|LT|sp=us|0}} of fuel oil.{{sfn|Dodson|p=232}}{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=150}} Externally, the ships were similar to the {{lang|de|Ersatz Yorck}}-class battlecruisers.{{sfn|Forstmeier|Breyer|p=83}}

The main battery was arranged in four twin-gun turrets, as in the preceding {{lang|de|Bayern}} class, in a superfiring arrangement on the center line; the aft pair of turrets were separated by engine rooms. The four turrets each mounted two 42 cm SK L/45 guns,{{efn| In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" ({{lang|de|Schnelladekanone}}) denotes that the gun is quick loading, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 calibers, meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in bore diameter.{{sfn|Grießmer|p=177}}}} for a total of eight guns on the broadside.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=150}}{{sfn|Campbell|p=13}} The 42 cm gun fired a {{convert|1000|kg|adj=on}} shell out to {{convert|33000|m|yd|abbr=on}} at the maximum elevation of 30 degrees. The estimated muzzle velocity was {{convert|800|m/s|sp=us}}{{sfn|Friedman|p=131}} The ships were to have been armed with a secondary battery of twelve 15 cm SK L/45 guns mounted in casemates in the main deck around the superstructure. The anti-aircraft battery was to have consisted of either eight 8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun guns or eight 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun guns. Four of these would have been mounted on either side of the forward conning tower on the upper deck and the other four would have been abreast of the rear superfiring turret on the main deck. The design was to have been equipped with three submerged torpedo tubes, either {{convert|60|or|70|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter. One tube was placed in the bow, the other two on either beam to the rear of the engine rooms.{{sfn|Dodson|p=232}}{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=150}}

The ships had a {{convert|350|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} armored belt running from slightly forward of the fore barbette to slightly aft of the fourth barbette. Aft of the rearmost turret the belt was reduced to {{convert|300|mm|abbr=on|1}}, though it did not extend all the way to the stern. In the forward part of the ship, the belt was reduced to {{convert|250|mm|abbr=on|1}} and the bow received only splinter protection in the form of {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on|1}} thick plate. The belt began {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} below the waterline and extended to {{convert|195|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} above it.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=150}} Directly above the main belt was a 250 mm thick strake of armor plating which extended up to the upper deck.{{sfn|Campbell|p=20}} The ships' armored deck was to have been {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} thick forward, increased to 50–{{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} amidships and 50 to {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} aft. Additional horizontal protection forward consisted of a forecastle deck that was {{convert|20|to|40|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} thick. The ships were also protected by a torpedo bulkhead that was 50–60 mm thick. A sloped 30 mm thick splinter bulkhead to protect against shell fragments, extended from the top of the torpedo bulkhead up to the upper deck.{{sfn|Dodson|p=232}}{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=150}}

The barbettes were also 350 mm thick on the front and sides, decreasing to 250 mm on the rear. Their lower portions, which were protected by the belt armor, were significantly reduced to {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on|1}}. The main gun turrets had 350 mm faces, 250 mm sides, {{convert|305|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} rears, and {{convert|150|to|250|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} roofs. The secondary guns were protected with {{convert|170|mm|abbr=on|1}} of armor plate. The forward conning tower had {{convert|350|to|400|mm|abbr=on|1}} of armor protection and the aft conning tower received just 250 mm of side protection.{{sfn|Dodson|p=232}}{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=150}}{{sfn|Campbell|p=20}}

{{notes}}

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{{L 20 α-class battleship}}

{{WWI German ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:L20 alpha-class battleship}}

Category:Battleship classes

Category:Battleships of the Imperial German Navy

Category:Proposed ships of Germany

L20