La Disperata
File:Ladisperatafirenze.jpg.]]
La Disperata was the name given to the group of bodyguards who protected Gabriele D'Annunzio. It was taken up in turn by a number of later squadre and fascist military units in Italy between 1921 and 1945.
At Fiume
The origins of the name go back to the Fiume expedition of 1919. The writer Gabriele D'Annunzio seized control of the city, planning to unify it with the Kingdom of Italy, and creating the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro. Guido Keller formed a military corps from volunteers who has made their way to Fiume from Italy and had camped out in the city's shipyards. Keller experimented with his ideas of a new military order, making them march bare-chested and singing through the streets of the city.{{cite book |last1=Hughes-Hallett |first1=Lucy |title=The Pike |date=2013 |publisher=Fourth Estate |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-721396-2 |page=536}} In the evenings they gathered at a restaurant called “La Torretta”, where they started hand grenade fights.{{cite book | first1=Giovanni | last1=Comisso | title=Le mie stagioni | place=Milan | publisher=Longanesi | year=1963}} This corps took the name La Disperata meaning “(the guard) of desperate men”, and became famous among the arditi and fascists for their fearlessness and the charisma of its leaders.
''Squadre''
The first squadra to take the name was formed in Florence on 14 March 1921. It had twenty-one members.
{{Blockquote|“So a squadra was launched at the head of which was placed an Arditi lieutenant, naturally one decorated for valour, with four former combatant officers, two Arditi sergeants, two others who had been at Fiume, three students, one employee and a commercial traveler, also was also a student in his spare time. We also thought about the name, and after much deliberation, we decided on “La Disperata”, in honour of D'Annunzio’s bodyguard. And the squadra, with its members and its team as a whole, with its members and its crazy name, was so popular that after a few days we could no longer hold back the press of people wanting to join and we had to let others in, choosing them one by one from among the daredevils.{{cite book | first=Mario | last=Piazzesi | title=Diario di uno squadrista toscano | place=Milan | publisher=Seb | year=2010}}}}
The name was then taken up by squadre in other cities including Bari, Brescia, Caltanissetta, Cosenza, Genoa,{{cite web |last1=Alberico |first1=Francesca |title=Squadrismo a Genova (1921 - 1926) |url=https://www.gazzettadisanta.eu/articoli/st_180904.html |website=gazzettadisanta.eu |publisher=La Gazetta di Santa |accessdate=18 August 2019}} Gorizia, Livorno, Lodi,{{cite book|author=Sergio Fumich|title=Antifascismo e Resistenza a Brembio e Secugnago|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaLfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=August 2012|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-291-01463-1|pages=107–}} Modena, Padua, Parma, Portici, Turin,{{cite web |last1=Novelli |first1=Massimo |title=1922 Torino La Prima Strage Nera |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2012/12/13/1922-torino-la-prima-strage-nera.html |website=repubblica.it |publisher=La Repubblica |accessdate=18 August 2019}} Treviso and Venice. Foligno and Perugia adopted the variant La Disperatissima (“the most desperate”).{{cite web|title=Elenco delle squadre d'azione in attività dal 1919 al 1922|url=http://spazioinwind.libero.it/littorio/squa/elsqua-i.htm |language=it|publication-date=}}
Air force squadrons
File:Squadriglialadisperata.jpg
File:Pavolini e La Disperata in AOI 1935.jpg with the 15th bomber squadron La Disperata, 1935.]]
The name La Disperata was adopted by the 83rd Squadron and the 15th Caproni Bomber Squadron of the Regia Aeronautica. The Caproni squadron took part in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1936) under the command of Galeazzo Ciano.{{cite book|author=Phillip Thomas Tucker|title=Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyaIfPI81FwC&pg=PA123|date=1 February 2012|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-487-5|pages=123, 183}}{{cite book|author=David Nicolle|title=The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKHvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90|date=20 July 2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78200-132-4|page=90}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- Paolo Ferrari (2004). L'aeronautica italiana: una storia del Novecento. FrancoAngeli. {{ISBN|978-88-464-5109-5}}.
- Mimmo Franzinelli (2004). Squadristi. Protagonisti e tecniche della violenza fascista, 1919–1922. Mondadori. {{ISBN|978-8804529347}}
- Manlio Cancogni (1980). Gli Squadristi. Longanesi.
- Alessandro Pavolini (1937) [https://archive.org/stream/Disperata/Disperata_djvu.txt Disperata]. Vallechi
{{Gabriele D'Annunzio}}
{{Italian Regency of Carnaro}}
Category:National Fascist Party
Category:Modern history of Italy
Category:20th century in Italy