La République (airship)

{{Infobox aircraft begin

|name = République

|logo =

|image = 1908 Republique before 1st flight.jpg

|alt= Postcard with orange stamp (French) affixed shows left flank of an airship just above the ground; some people are on the ground below the airship

|caption =

}}{{Infobox aircraft type

|type = Military reconnaissance airship

|national origin=France

|manufacturer = Lebaudy Frères, Moisson, France

|designer = Henri Julliot

|first flight = 24 June 1908

|introduction =

|status = crashed 25 September 1909

|primary user =

|more users =

|produced =

|number built = 1

|program cost=

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}}

Lebaudy République (later known as La République{{cite journal

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| date = 1909-06-26

| title = Fixing the Sex of the Dirigible

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 26

| pages =

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200381.html

| language =

| format = PDF

}}) was a semi-rigid airship built for the French army in Moisson, France, by sugar manufacturers Lebaudy Frères. She was a sister ship of the airship Patrie, the main differences between the two being in the dimensions of the gasbag (or 'envelope') and the ballonet.Squier G.O. in Flight Vol. I No. 10 Although she was operationally successful, République crashed in 1909 due to a mechanical failure, killing all four crew members.

Background

File:CP du dirigeable - 26 octobre 1907.jpg

République's predecessor, the airship Patrie, had been so successful that three further airships of the same design were ordered by the French government in March 1907.

{{cite journal

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| date = March 1907

| title = A Squadron of Airships for France

| journal = Auto

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| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1917/1917%20-%200205.html

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}} Two of them saw service under the names République and Liberté.{{cite journal

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| date = 1909-01-23

| title = The "Liberté" Nearly Ready

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 4

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| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200052.html

| accessdate = 2009-12-31

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}} The République was completed in June 1908, flew for the first time on 24 June, and was handed over to the French army on 31 July of that year.

Other governments had been equally impressed, and the Russian{{cite journal

| last =

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| authorlink =

| date = 1909-01-23

| title = Russia orders a Lebaudy

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 4

| pages =

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200052.html

| accessdate = 2009-12-22

| language =

| format = PDF

}} and Austrian armies each ordered an airship of the same design. The Russie and Lebed saw service in Russia,{{cite journal

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| date = 1909-01-23

| title = The Russioan Dirigibles

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 32

| pages = 479–480

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200477.html

| accessdate = 2009-12-31

| language =

| format = PDF

}}{{cite journal

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| date = 1909-06-05

| title = The Dirigible "Russie" Makes its Debut

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 23

| pages =

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200335.html

| accessdate = 2009-12-31

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| format = PDF

}} and the Autrichienne{{cite journal

| last =

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| authorlink =

| date = 1909-06-26

| title = Dirigibles for Austria

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 26

| pages =

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200381.html

| accessdate = 2009-12-18

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}} (built under license in Vienna by the Motor-Luftfahrzeug Gesellschaft) was operated by the Austrian army under the designation M.II.d'Orcy, 1917, p.55

Design and development

File:1908 Republique from below.jpg, one port, one starboard|The République in Moisson, June/July 1908]]The main structural components of the République, like those of the Patrie, was the gasbag, a nickel-steel frame (or keel), and a gondola suspended from the frame on steel cables. Contained within the envelope was a ballonet, which ensured that sufficient gas pressure was maintained in the envelope at all times, irrespective of the degree of expansion or contraction of the lifting gas. These components were essentially the same as for the Patrie, the only differences initially being in the dimensions of the envelope and the ballonet. The modular structure enabled the envelope volume to be varied without affecting the keel or the gondola.

Operational history

=First flight=

The République's first flight took place at the Lebaudy base at Moisson on 24 June, 1908. She was flown to Chalais-Meudon to take up her station on 31 July 1908.

=Military operations=

During the autumn of 1908 and the spring and summer of 1909, the République was engaged in two peacetime campaigns from her base at the airship headquarters at Chalais-Meudon. She trained pilots and the support team that also assessed the airship's capabilities. These test flights included a long flight on 4 August 1909, during which she covered 130 miles (209 km) in 6 hours.{{cite journal

| last =

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| authorlink =

| date = 1909-01-23

| title = A Long Flight by "République"

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 32

| pages = 479–480

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200477.html

| accessdate = 2009-12-31

| language =

| format = PDF

}}

File:1909-09-03 Damaged Pollcards Jussy.jpg

In 1909, the army decided to integrate airship reconnaissance into its military maneuvers of that year ("Les grandes Manoeuvres du Bourbonnais") and the République was assigned to this task. A temporary hangar, consisting of a fabric skin draped over a metal frame, was constructed at Lapalisse to accommodate the airship. On 3 September 1909, the République set off from Chalais-Meudon for the flight to Lapalisse. After 62 miles (105 km), while over La Charité-sur-Loire, her motor overheated due to poor water circulation and had to be stopped immediately. With the engine shut off, the crew had to land in poor conditions at Policards, in Jussy-le-Chaudrier.

File:1909-09-03 Republique Dismantled Jussy.jpg

Local farm workers who saw the accident caught her guide ropes but were unable to prevent the gondola from impaling itself on an apple tree, damaging the airship's keel and gondola in several places. With the keel and gondola damaged and the loss of gas, it was decided not to risk the République suffering the same fate as the Patrie (who was lost when a storm blew her away while she was moored due to mechanical problems), but to deflate the gas-bag immediately. The gondola and keel were sent on to Lapalisse for repairs and the envelope was returned for repairs to Chalais-Meudon. The necessary repairs were made sufficiently quickly for the République to be reassembled and inflated, ready to take part successfully in the maneuvers by 12 September 1909 as planned.

=Final flight=

File:Temp hangar Lapalisse with Republique.jpg

After the exercise, the crew decided to fly her back to Chalais-Meudon, rather than have her deflated and dismantled for the return journey by rail. On the morning of 25 September 1909 while near the Château of Avrilly ({{coord|46|38|34.01|N|3|16|57.98|E|region:fr_type:event}}), one of the metal propeller blades sheared off its shaft and pierced the envelope, deflating the bag catastrophically, and caused the République to crash into ground at high speed. All four crew members were killed: Captain. Marchal, Lieutenant. Chauré, and 'Adjudants Mecaniciens', Vincenot and Réau.{{cite web

| url = http://blondel.dominique.free.fr/Republique.htm

| title = Le dirigeable " République " 1908–1909

| accessdate = 2009-12-31

| last = Blondel

| first = Dominique

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| publisher =

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| language = French

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}}{{cite journal

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| date = 1909-10-02

| title = Disaster to the République

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 40

| pages = 480–481

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200611.html

| accessdate = 2009-12-31

| language =

| format = PDF

}}

Epilogue

File:Lebaudy Liberté Airship.jpg

File:Capitaine Marchal camp de Châlons.jpg

The French government took immediate steps to replace the République, ordering two airships to replace her. The République's sister-ship, the Liberté, already under construction, was modified by the addition of a second engine following the loss of the République.d'Orcy, p.85. She was to be based at the garrison of Belfort.

{{cite journal

| last =

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| date = 1909-12-18

| title = To Replace "La République"

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = I

| issue = 51

| pages =

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200819.html

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}}

A new airship, named Capitaine-Marchal, in honor of the deceased commander of the République, was presented to the French government by Lebaudy Frères.d'orcy, p.87.

After the accident, criticism was voiced that the aircraft should not have been allowed to fly and regarding the design of the airship's propellers, which was addressed in the order for replacement propellers.

Opinions such as those expressed by The New York Times was that the "War Dirigibles Must Yield to the Aeroplane," reflecting a growing awareness of the relative potentials of aeroplanes over airships.{{cite journal

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| date = 1907-09-27

| title = War Dirigible Must Yield to Aeroplane

| journal = The New York Times

| volume =

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| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/09/27/101030548.pdf

| accessdate = 2010-01-01

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}} However, all major powers continued to invest in military airships for some years. Airships were to be used throughout most of World War I, before their vulnerability to improved heavier-than-air aircraft led to their being abandoned for military purposes.

{{cite journal

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| authorlink =

| date = 1921-02-10

| title = Editorial Comment

| journal = Flight Magazine

| volume = XIII

| issue = 6

| pages =

| publisher = Reed Business Information

| location = London

| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200089.html

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}}

Specifications

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=D'Orcy's Airship Manual, 1917 pp.83–85.

|prime units?=met

|genhide=

|crew=4

|capacity=

|length m=61

|length ft=

|length in=

|dia m=10.9

|dia ft=

|dia in=

|dia note=

|volume m3=3700

|volume ft3=

|volume note=
Ballonet volume: 730 m³ (25,649 cu.ft)d'Orcy, 1917, pp.83–85.

|empty weight kg=

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|max takeoff weight kg=

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|fuel capacity=

|lift kg=1260

|lift lb=

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|more general=

|eng1 number=1

|eng1 name=Panhard-Levassor

|eng1 type=petrol

|eng1 kw=52

|eng1 hp=70

|eng1 kn=

|eng1 lbf=

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|prop blade number=2 x 2

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|max speed kmh=50

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|endurance=7h 15min

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}}

References

=Notes=

=Bibliography=

{{cite book |last= Day |first= Lance |author2= Ian McNeil |title= Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year= 1996 |page= 422 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UuigWMLVriMC |accessdate= 30 January 2009 |isbn= 0-415-06042-7 }}
{{cite book |last= Marshall |first= Alfred William |author2= Greenly, Henry |title= Flying Machines: Past, Present and Future |publisher= P. Marshall & Co. |year= 1909 |location= London |page= 138 }}
{{cite book |title= d'Orcy's Airship Manual |last= d'Orcy |first= Ladislas M.S.A.E. |year= 1917 |publisher= The Century Co. |location= New York |page= 232 |url= https://archive.org/stream/dorcysairshipman00orcyrich#page/n0/mode/2up }}
{{cite journal |last= Squier |first= George Owen |authorlink= George Owen Squier |year= 1908 |title= The Present Status of Military Aeronautics. I. Aerostation. Successful military Dirigible Balloons. France. The Patrie. |journal= Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution |pages= 118–122 }}
{{cite journal |last= Squier |first= George O. Ph.D., Major, Signal Corps, U.S. Army. |date= 1909-02-27 |title= The Present Status of Military Aeronautics (Part I) |journal= Flight Magazine |volume= I |issue= 9 |pages= 121–123 |publisher= Reed Business Information |location= London |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200119.html |accessdate= 2010-01-02 |format= PDF }}
{{cite journal |last= Squier |first= George O. Ph.D., Major, Signal Corps, U.S. Army. |date= 1909-03-06 |title= The Present Status of Military Aeronautics (Part II) |journal= Flight Magazine |volume= I |issue= 10 |pages= 137–138 |publisher= Reed Business Information |location= London |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200135.html |accessdate= 2010-01-02 |format= PDF }}
{{cite book |last= Vivian |first= E. Charles |year= c. 1921 |title= A History of Aeronautics |pages= 254, 521 |publisher= W. Collins & Son |location= London, Melbourne |isbn= 9781426400643 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5orSKgt_7JYC&q=A+History+of+Aeronautics+vivian |accessdate = 2009-01-28 }}
{{cite book |title= Jahrbuch der Luftfahrt ("Aviation Yearbook") |last= Vorreiter |first= Arnsbert |year= 1911 |publisher= J.K.Lehmann |location= Munich |url= https://archive.org/stream/jahrbuchderluft00vorrgoog/jahrbuchderluft00vorrgoog_djvu.txt }}