Laboratory experiments of speciation

|+Laboratory experiments of speciation

!Species

!Trait

!Generations (replications) [duration]

!Tested

!Selection type

!Studied genetic drift

!Reproductive isolation

!Reference

!Year

|Escape response

|18

|Vicariant, reinforcement, parapatric/

sympatric

|Indirect; divergent

|Yes

|Pre-zygotic

|Grant & Mettler{{Citation|title=Disruptive and stabilizing selection on the" escape" behavior of Drosophila melanogaster |author=Grant, B. S. & Mettler, L. E. |journal=Genetics |year=1969 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=625–637 |doi=10.1093/genetics/62.3.625 |pmc=1212303 |pmid=17248452 }}

|1969

|Locomotion

|112

|Vicariant

|Indirect; divergent

|No

|Pre-zygotic

|Burnet & ConnollyBurnet, B. & Connolly, K. (1974). Activity and sexual behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. In Abeelen, J. H. V. F. (eds). The Genetics of Behaviour. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Pp. 201–258.

|1974

|Temperature, humidity

|70–130

|Vicariant

|Indirect; divergent

|Yes

|Pre-zygotic

|Kilias et al.{{Citation|title=A Multifactorial Genetic Investigation of Speciation Theory Using Drosophila melanogaster |author=Kilias, G., Alahiotis, S. N., & Pelecanos, M. |journal=Evolution |year=1980 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=730–737 |doi=10.2307/2408027 |pmid=28563991 |jstor=2408027 }}

|1980

|DDT adaptation

|600 [25 years, +15 years]

|Vicariant

|Direct

|No

|Pre-zygotic

|Boake et al.{{Citation|title=Forty years of solitude: life-history divergence and behavioural isolation between laboratory lines of Drosophila melanogaster |author=Boake, C. R. B., Mcdonald, K., Maitra, S., Ganguly, R. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=83–90 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00505.x |pmid=14635883 |doi-access=free }}

|2003

|

|17, 9, 9, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7

|Vicariant; parapatric/

sympatric

|Direct, divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic in vicariance; none with gene flow

|Barker & Karlsson{{Citation|title=Effects of population size and selection intensity on responses to disruptive selection in Drosophila melanogaster |author=Barker, J. S. F. & Karlsson, L. J. E. |journal=Genetics |year=1974 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=715–735 |doi=10.2307/2407287 |jstor=2407287 |pmid=4217303 |pmc=1213230 }}

|1974

|

|40; 50

|Reinforcement

|Direct; divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Crossley{{Citation|title=Changes in Mating Behavior Produced by Selection for Ethological Isolation Between Ebony and Vestigial Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster |author=Crossley, Stella A. |journal=Evolution |year=1974 |volume=28 |issue=4 | pages=631–647 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00795.x |pmid=28564833 |s2cid=35867118 }}

|1974

|Locomotion

|45

|Vicariant

|Direct; divergent

|No

|None

|van Dijken & Scharloo{{Citation|title=Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection response |author=van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. |journal=Behavior Genetics |year=1979 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=543–553 | doi=10.1007/BF01067350 |pmid=122270 |s2cid=39352792 }}{{Citation|title=Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Test for reproductive isolation between selected lines |author=van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. |year=1979 |journal=Behavior Genetics |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=555–561 |doi=10.1007/BF01067351 |pmid=122271 |s2cid=40169222 }}

|1979

|

|

|Reinforcement

|Direct; divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Wallace{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence of isolated populations of Drosophila melanogaster | author=Wallace, B. |journal=Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Genetics |year=1953 |volume=9 | pages=761–764}}

|1953

|

|36; 31

|Reinforcement

|Direct; divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Knight{{Citation|title=Selection for sexual isolation within a species |author=Knight, G. R., Robertson, Alan, & Waddington, C. H. |journal=Evolution | year=1956 | volume=10 |issue=1 | pages=14–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1956.tb02825.x |doi-access=free }}

|1956

|EDTA adaptation

|25, 25, 25, 14

|Semi-allopatric, reinforcement

|Indirect; divergent

|No

|Post-zygotic

|Robertson{{Citation|title=A test of sexual isolation in Drosophila |author=Robertson, Forbes W. |journal=Genetical Research |year=1966 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=181–187 |doi=10.1017/S001667230001003X |pmid=5922518 |doi-access=free }}{{Citation|title=The ecological genetics of growth in Drosophila 8. Adaptation to a New Diet |year=1966 |author=Robertson, Forbes W. |journal=Genetical Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=165–179 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300010028 |pmid=5922517 |doi-access=free }}

|1966

|

|25 (8)

|Vicariant; reinforcement; parapatric; sympatric

|Direct

|

|None

|Hostert{{Citation|title=Reinforcement: a new perspective on an old controversy |author=Hostert, Ellen E. |journal=Evolution |year=1997 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=697–702 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03653.x |pmid=28568598 |doi-access=free }}

|1997

|Abdominal chaeta

number

|21–31

|Vicariant

|Direct

|Yes

|None

|Santibanez & Waddington{{Citation|title=The origin of sexual isolation between different lines within a species |author=Koref Santibañez, S. & Waddington, C. H. |journal=Evolution |year=1958 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=485–493 |doi=10.2307/2405959 |jstor=2405959 }}

|1958

|Sternopleural chaeta number

|32

|Vicariant, reinforcement, parapatric/

sympatric

|Direct

|No

|None

|Barker & Cummins{{Citation|title=The effect of selection for sternopleural bristle number in mating behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster |year=1969 |author=Barker, J. S. F. & Cummins, L. J. |journal=Genetics |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=713–719 |doi=10.1093/genetics/61.3.713 |pmid=17248436 |pmc=1212235 }}

|1969

|Phototaxis, geotaxis

|20

|Vicariant

|

|No

|None

|Markow{{Citation|title=A genetic analysis of phototactic behavior in Drosophila melanogaster |author=Markow, Therese Ann |journal=Genetics |year=1975 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=527–534 |doi=10.1093/genetics/79.3.527 |pmc=1213291 |pmid=805084 }}{{Citation|title=Mating preferences are not predictive of the direction of evolution in experimental populations of Drosophila |year=1981 |author=Markow, Therese Ann |journal=Science |volume=213 |issue=4514 |pages=1405–1407 |doi=10.1126/science.213.4514.1405 |pmid=17732575 |bibcode=1981Sci...213.1405M |s2cid=15497733 }}

|1975; 1981

|

|

|Peripatric

|

|Yes

|

|Rundle et al.{{Citation|title=Single founder-flush events and the evolution of reproductive isolation |author=Rundle, H. D., Mooers, Arne Ø. & Whitlock, Michael C. |journal=Evolution |year=1998 |volume=52 |issue= 6|pages=1850–1855 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02263.x |pmid=28565304 |s2cid=24502821 }}

|1998

|

|

|Vicariant; peripatric

|

|Yes

|

|Mooers et al.{{Citation|title=The effects of selection and bottlenecks on male mating success in peripheral isolates |author=Mooers, Arne Ø., Rundle, Howard D. & Whitlock, Michael C. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1999 |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=437–444 |doi=10.1086/303186 |pmid=29586617 |bibcode=1999ANat..153..437M |s2cid=4411105 }}

|1999

|

|12

|Reinforcement

|Divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Thoday & Gibson{{Citation|title=Isolation by disruptive selection |author=Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. |journal=Nature |year=1962 |volume=193 |issue=4821 |pages=1164–1166 |pmid=13920720 |doi=10.1038/1931164a0 |bibcode=1962Natur.193.1164T |s2cid=5156234 }}

|1962

|

|

|

|

|

|None

|Thoday & Gibson{{Citation|title=The probability of isolation by disruptive selection |author=Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. |journal=Nature |year=1970 |volume=104 |issue=937 |pages=219–230 |doi=10.1086/282656|bibcode=1970ANat..104..219T |s2cid=85333360 }}{{Citation|title=Reproductive isolation by disruptive selection: Did it occur? |author=Scharloo, W. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1971 |volume=105 |issue=941 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1086/282706 |bibcode=1971ANat..105...83S |s2cid=84204545 }}

|1970; 1971

|

|16

|Reinforcement

|Indirect

|

|None

|Spiess & Wilke{{Citation|title=Still another attempt to achieve assortive mating by disruptive selection in Drosophila |author=Spiess, E. B. & Wilke, C. M. |journal=Evolution |year=1984 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=505–515 |doi=10.2307/2408700 |jstor=2408700 |pmid=28555983 }}

|1954

|

|

|Reinforcement

|Direct; divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Ehrman{{Citation|title=Natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1971 |volume=105 |issue= 945|pages=479–483 |doi=10.1086/282739 |bibcode=1971ANat..105..479E |s2cid=85401244 }}{{Citation|title=More on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1973 |volume=107 |issue=954 |pages=318–319 |doi=10.1086/282835 |bibcode=1973ANat..107..318E |s2cid=83780632 }}{{Citation|title=Still more on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1979 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=148–150 |doi=10.1086/283371 |bibcode=1979ANat..113..148E |s2cid=85237458 }}{{Citation|title=Fourth report on natural selection for the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1983 |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=290–293 |doi=10.1086/284059 |bibcode=1983ANat..121..290E |s2cid=83654887 }}

|1971; 1973; 1979; 1983

|Sternopleural chaeta number

|5; 27; 27; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1

|Parapatric/

sympatric

|

|

|None

|Chabora{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection for sternopleural chaeta number in various strains of Drosophila melanogaster |author=Chabora, Alice J. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1968 |volume=102 |issue=928 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1086/282565 |bibcode=1968ANat..102..525C |s2cid=84885812 }}

|1968

|

|

|

|

|

|None

|Scharloo{{Citation|title=Stabilizing and disruptive selection on a mutant character in Drosophila. I. The phenotypic variance and its components. |author=Scharloo, W., Hoogmoed, M. S. & Kuile, A. T. |journal=Genetics |year=1967 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=709–726 |doi=10.1093/genetics/56.4.709 |pmc=1211648 |pmid=6061662 }}

|1967

|

|1, 1

|

|

|

|

|Coyne & Grant{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection on I-maze activity in Drosophila melanogaster |author=Coyne, Jerry A. & and Grant, Bruce |journal=Genetics |year=1972 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1093/genetics/71.1.185 |pmc=1212770 |pmid=17248572 }}

|1972

|

|25

|

|

|

|

|Rice{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection on habitat preference and the evolution of reproductive isolation: an exploratory experiment |author=Rice, W. R. |journal=Evolution |year=1985 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=645–656 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00401.x |pmid=28561974 |doi-access=free }}

|1985

|

|25

|

|Disruptive

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Rice & Salt{{Citation|title=Speciation via disruptive selection on habitat preference |author=Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1988 |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=911–917 |doi=10.1086/284831 |s2cid=84876223 }}

|1988

|

|35; 35

|Sympatric

|

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Rice & Salt{{Citation|title=The evolution of reproductive isolation as a correlated character under sympatric conditions: experimental evidence |author=Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. |journal=Evolution |year=1990 |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1140–1152 |doi=10.2307/2409278 |jstor=2409278 |pmid=28563894 }}

|1990

|NaCl and CuSO₄ levels in food

|[3 years in allopatry, 1 in sympatry]

|Allopatric; reinforcement; sympatric

|

|

|Pre-zygotic in allopatry, none in sympatry

|Wallace{{Citation|title=Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for resistances to NaCl and CuSO₄ in both allopatry and sympatry |author=Wallace, B. |journal=Journal of Heredity |year=1982 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |pmid=6802898 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109572 }}

|1982

|

|

|Reinforcement

|

|

|

|Ehrman et al.Ehrman, Lee, White, Marney A. & Wallace, B. (1991). A long-term study involving Drosophila melanogaster and toxic media. In Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B., & Maclntyre, R. J. (eds). Evolutionary biology, vol. 25. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 175–209

|1991

|

|

|Reinforcement

|

|

|

|Fukatami & Moriwaki{{Citation|title=Selection for sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster by a modification of Koopman's method |year=1970 |author=Fukatami, A & Moriwaki, D. |journal=The Japanese Journal of Genetics |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=193–204 |doi=10.1266/jjg.45.193 |doi-access=free }}

|1970

|Scutellar bristles, development speed, wing width; desiccation resistance, fecundity, ethanol resistance; courtship display, re-mating speed, lek behavior; pupation height, clumped egg laying, general activity

|[3 years]

|Vicariant; peripatric

|

|Yes

|Post-zygotic

|Ringo et al.

|1985

|

|131; 131

|Reinforcement

|Direct

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Dobzhansky et al.{{Citation|title=Partially Successful Attempt to Enhance Reproductive Isolation Between Semispecies of Drosophila paulistorum |author1=Dobzhansky, Theodosius |author2=Pavlovsky, O. |author3=Powell, J. R. |journal=Evolution |year=1976 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=201–212 |doi=10.2307/2407696 |jstor=2407696 |pmid=28563045 }}

|1976

|

|[5 years]

|Vicariant

|

|

|

|Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky{{Citation |title=Spontaneous origin of an incipient species in the Drosophila paulistorum complex |author=Dobzhansky, Theodosius & Pavlovsky, O. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1966 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=723–733 |pmid=5219677 |pmc=224220 |doi=10.1073/pnas.55.4.727 |bibcode=1966PNAS...55..727D |doi-access=free }}

|1966

|pH adaptation

|34–122

|Vicariant

|Indirect; divergent

|No

|Pre-zygotic

|Kalisz & Cordeiro{{Citation|title=Adaptation of Drosophila willistoni experimental populations to extreme pH medium |author=de Oliveira, Alice Kalisz & Cordeiro, Antonio Rodrigues |journal=Heredity |year=1980 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1038/hdy.1980.11 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1980Hered..44..123D }}

|1980

|Carbohydrate source

|12

|Vicariant

|Indirect

|Yes

|Pre-zygotic

|Dodd{{Citation|title=Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscura |author=Dodd, Diane M. B. |journal=Evolution |year=1989 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1308–1311 |doi=10.2307/2409365 |jstor=2409365 |pmid=28564510 }}

|1989

|Temperature adaptation

|25–60

|Vicariant

|Direct

|

|

|Ehrman{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 1. Rudiments of sexual isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=Genetical Research |year=1964 |volume=5 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300001099 |doi-access=free }}{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 2. Longevity |author=Mouradael, K. |journal=Genetical Research |volume=6 |year=1965 |pages=139–146 |pmid=14297592 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300004006 |doi-access=free }}{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 3. Divergence in Body Size |author=Anderson, Wyatt, W. |journal=Genetical Research |year=1966 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=255–266 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300009666 |doi-access=free }}{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura: IV. Relative viability |author=Kitagawa, Osamu |journal=Genetical Research |year=1967 |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=303–312 |doi=10.1017/S001667230001106X |doi-access=free }}{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. 5. A further study of rudiments of sexual isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Midland Naturalist |year=1969 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=272–276 |doi=10.2307/2423835 |jstor=2423835 }}

|1964;

1969

|Phototaxis, geotaxis

|5–11

|Vicariant

|Indirect

|No

|Pre-zygotic

|del Solar{{Citation|title=Sexual isolation caused by selection for positive and negative phototaxis and geotaxis in Drosophila pseudoobscura |author=del Solar, Eduardo |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1966 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=484–487 |pmc=224398 |pmid=5229969 |doi=10.1073/pnas.56.2.484|doi-access=free }}

|1966

|

|

|Vicariant; peripatric

|

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Powell{{Citation|title=The Founder-Flush Speciation Theory: An Experimental Approach |author=Powell, Jeffrey R. |journal=Evolution |year=1978 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=465–474 |doi=10.2307/2407714 |jstor=2407714 |pmid=28567948 }}{{Citation|title=Founder-Flush Speciation: An Update of Experimental Results with Drosophila |author=Dodd, Diane M. B. & Powell, Jeffrey R. |year=1985 |journal=Evolution |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1388–1392 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05704.x |pmid=28564258 |doi-access=free }}

|1978; 1985

|

|

|Peripatric; vicariant

|

|Yes

|

|Galiana et al.{{Citation|title=Founder-flush speciation in Drosophila pseudoobscura: a large scale experiment |author=Galiana, Augustí, Moya, Andres & Ayala, Francisco J. |journal=Evolution |year=1993 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=432–444 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02104.x |pmid=28568735 |doi-access=free }}

|1993

|Temperature photoperiod; food

|37 (78) [33–34 months]

|Vicariant

|Divergent

|Yes

|None

|Rundle{{Citation|title=Divergent environments and population bottlenecks fail to generate premating isolation in Drosophila pseudoobscura |author=Rundle, Howard D. |journal=Evolution |year=2003 |volume=57 | issue=11 |pages=2557–2565 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01499.x |pmid=14686531 |doi-access=free }}

|2003

Drosophila persimilis

|

|22; 16; 9

|Reinforcement

|Direct; divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Koopman{{Citation|title=Natural Selection for Reproductive Isolation Between Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis |author=Koopman, Karl F. |journal=Evolution |year=1950 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.2307/2405390 |jstor=2405390 }}

|1950

D. persimilis

|

|18 (4)

|

|Direct

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Kessler{{Citation|title=Selection For and Against Ethological Isolation Between Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis |author=Kessler, Seymour |journal=Evolution |year=1966 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.2307/2406597 |jstor=2406597 |pmid=28562900 }}

|1966

|

|12

|

|Direct

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Koepfer{{Citation|title=Selection for Sexual Isolation Between Geographic Forms of Drosophila mojavensis. I Interactions Between the Selected Forms |author=Koepfer, H. Roberta |journal=Evolution |year=1987 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=37–48 |doi=10.2307/2408971 |jstor=2408971 |pmid=28563762 }}

|1987

|Development time

|13

|

|Divergent

|Yes

|None

|Etges{{Citation|title=Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilis Drosophila mojavensis. IV. Correlated responses in behavioral isolation to artificial selection on a life-history trait |author=Etges, W. J. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1998 |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.1086/286154 |pmid=18811406 |s2cid=17689372 }}

|1998

|

|

|Peripatric

|

|Yes

|Pre-zygotic

|Arita & Kaneshiro{{Citation|title=Ethological Isolation Between Two Stocks of Drosophila Adiastola Hardy |author=Arita, Lorna H. & Kaneshiro, Kenneth Y. |journal=Hawaiian Entomological Society |year=1979 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 }}

|1974

|

|

|Peripatric

|

|Yes

|

|Ahearn{{Citation|title=Evolution of behavioral reproductive isolation in a laboratory stock of Drosophila silvestris | author=Ahearn, J. N. |journal=Experientia |year=1980 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=63–64 |doi=10.1007/BF02003975 | s2cid=43809774 }}

|1980

|Geotaxis

|38

|Vicariant

|Indirect

|No

|Pre-zygotic

|Soans et al.{{Citation|title=Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Allopatric and Sympatric Populations |author1=Soans, A. Benedict |author2=Pimentel, David |author3=Soans, Joyce S. |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1974 |volume=108 |issue=959 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1086/282889 |bibcode=1974ANat..108..117S |s2cid=84913547 }}

|1974

|Geotaxis

|16

|Vicariant

|Direct; divergent

|No

|Pre-zygotic

|Hurd & Eisenburg{{Citation|title=Divergent Selection for Geotactic Response and Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Sympatric and Allopatric Populations of Houseflies |author=Hurd, L. E. & Eisenberg, Robert M. |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1975 |volume=109 |issue=967 |pages=353–358 |doi=10.1086/283002 |bibcode=1975ANat..109..353H |s2cid=85084378 }}

|1975

|

|

|Peripatric

|

|Yes

|

|Meffert & Bryant{{Citation|title=Mating propensity and courtship behavior in serially bottlenecked lines of the housefly |author=Meffert, L. M. & Bryant, E. H. |journal=Evolution |year=1991 |volume=45 |issue= 2|pages=293–306 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04404.x |pmid=28567864 |s2cid=13379387 }}

|1991

|

|

|

|

|

|

|Regan et al.{{Citation|title=A direct experimental test of founder-flush effects on the evolutionary potential for assortative mating |author1=Regan, J. L. |author2=Meffert, L. M. |author3=Bryant, E. H. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=302–312 |pmid=14635869 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00521.x |doi-access=free }}

|2003

|Development time

|40–51

|

|Divergent

|Yes

|Pre-zygotic

|Miyatake & Shimizu{{Citation|title=Genetic correlations between life-history and behavioral traits can cause reproductive isolation |author=Miyatake, Takahisa & Shimizu, Toru |journal=Evolution |year=1999 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.2307/2640932 |pmid=28565193 |jstor=2640932 }}

|1999

|

|6; 6

|Reinforcement

|Direct; divergent

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Paterniani{{Citation|title=Selection for Reproductive Isolation between Two Populations of Maize, Zea mays L. |author=Paterniani, E. | journal=Evolution |year=1969 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=534–547 |doi=10.2307/2406851 |jstor=2406851 |pmid=28562870 }}

|1969

|

|

|Peripatric

|

|

|

|Jones, Widemo, & Arrendal{{Citation|title=Sexual selection and peripatric speciation: the Kaneshiro model revisited |author=Ödeen, Anders & Florin, Ann-Britt |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2002 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=301–306 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00378.x |doi-access=free }}

|N/A

|

|

|

|

|

|

|Leu & Murry{{Citation|title=Experimental evolution of mating discrimination in budding yeast |author=Leu, J. Y. & Murray, A. W. |journal=Current Biology |year=2006 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=280–286 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.028 |pmid=16461281 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2006CBio...16..280L }}

|2006

|

|

|Reinforcement

|

|

|

|Harper & Lambert{{Citation|title=The population genetics of reinforcing selection |year=1983 |author=Harper, A. A. & Lambert, D. M. |journal=Genetica |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1007/BF00123305 |s2cid=7947934 }}

|1983

|Pupal weight

|15 (6)

|

|Disruptive

|

|

|Halliburton & Gall{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection and assortative mating in Tribolium castaneum |year=1981 |author=Halliburton, Richard & Gall, G. A. E. |journal=Evolution |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=829–843 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04947.x |pmid=28581046 |doi-access=free }}

|1983

|Geotaxis

|

|

|Divergent

|

|

|Lofdahl et al.{{Citation|title=Incipient reproductive isolation and evolution in laboratory Drosophila melanogaster selected for geotaxis |author1=Lofdahl, L. Katharine |author2=Hu, Dan |author3=Ehrman, Lee |author4=Hirsch, Jerry |author5=Skoog, Linda |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=1992 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80307-0 |s2cid=53257556 }}

|1992

|

|[10 years]

|

|

|

|

|Moya et al.{{Citation|title=Founder-effect speciation theory: failure of experimental corroboration |author1=Moya, A. |author2=Galiana, A. |author3=Ayala, F. J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1995 |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=3983–3986 |pmid=7732017 |pmc=42086 |doi=10.1073/pnas.92.9.3983 |bibcode=1995PNAS...92.3983M |doi-access=free }}

|1995

|

|

|

|Divergent

|

|

|Dettman et al.{{Citation|title=Divergent adaptation promotes reproductive isolation among experimental populations of the filamentous fungus Neurospora |author1=Dettman, Jeremy R. |author2=Anderson, James B. |author3=Kohn, Linda M. |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=2008 |volume=8 |issue=35 |pages=35 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-35 |pmid=18237415 |pmc=2270261 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...35D }}

|2008

|

|500

|

|Divergent

|

|

|Dettman et al.{{Citation|title=Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast|year=2007|author1=Dettman, Jeremy R. |author2=Sirjusingh, Caroline |author3=Kohn, Linda M. |author4=Anderson, James B. |journal=Nature|volume=447|issue=7144|pages=585–588|doi=10.1038/nature05856|pmid=17538619|bibcode=2007Natur.447..585D |s2cid=4382609}}

|2007

|

|35

|

|

|

|

|Martin & Hosken{{Citation|title=The evolution of reproductive isolation through sexual conflict |author=Martin, Oliver Y. & Hosken, David J. |journal=Nature |year=2003 |volume=423 |issue=6943 |pages=979–982 |doi=10.1038/nature01752 |pmid=12827200 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..979M |s2cid=4379725 }}

|2003

|

|

|

|

|

|

|Wigby & Chapman{{Citation|title=No evidence that experimental manipulation of sexual conflict drives premating reproductive isolation in Drosophila melanogaster |author=Wigby, S. & Chapman, T. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2006 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1033–1039 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01107.x |pmid=16780504 |doi-access=free }}

|2006

|Sexual conflict

|48–52 (4; 4; 4)

|

|

|

|

|Bacigalupe et al.{{Citation|title=Sexual conflict does not drive reproductive isolation in experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura |author1=Bacigalupe, L. D. |author2=Crudgington, H. S. |author3=Hunter, F. |author4=Moore, A. J. |author5=Snook, R. R. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2007 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1763–1771 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01389.x |pmid=17714294 |doi-access=free }}

|2007

|

|

|

|

|

|

|Rundle et al.{{Citation|title=Divergent selection and the evolution of signal traits and mating preferences |author1=Rundle, Howard D. |author2=Chenoweth, Steve F. |author3=Doughty, Paul |author4=Blows, Mark W. |journal=PLOS Biology |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e368 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030368 |pmid=16231971 |pmc=1262626 |doi-access=free }}

|2005

|Mate recognition

|9 (3; 3)

|Reinforcement

|Natural

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Higgie et al.{{Citation|title=Natural selection and the reinforcement of mate recognition |author1=Higgie, Megan |author2=Chenoweth, Steve F. |author3=Blows, Mark W. |journal=Science |year=2000 |volume=290 |issue=5491 |pages=519–521 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5491.519 |pmid=11039933 |bibcode=2000Sci...290..519H |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:10714/Higgie_et_al_200.pdf }}

|2000

|Escherichia coli receptor exploitation

|35 cycles (6)

|Vicariant, sympatric

|

|

|Pre-zygotic

|Meyer et al.{{Citation|title=Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry |author1=Meyer, Justin R. |author2=Dobias, Devin T. |author3=Medina, Sarah J. |author4=Servilio, Lisa |author5=Gupta, Animesh |author6=Lenski, Richard E. |journal=Science |year=2016 |volume=354 |issue=6317 |pages=1301–1304 |doi=10.1126/science.aai8446 |pmid=27884940 |bibcode=2016Sci...354.1301M |doi-access=free }}

|2016

|Resistance to host plant toxin

|

|

|

|

|

|Overmeer{{Citation|title=Intersterility as a Consequence of Insecticide Selections in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) |author=Overmeer, W. P. J. |journal=Nature |year=1966 |volume=209 |issue=321 |pages=321 |doi=10.1038/209321a0 |pmid=5950361 |bibcode=1966Natur.209..321O |s2cid=4190896 |doi-access=free }}

|1966

|Resistance to host plant toxin

|

|

|

|

|

|Fry{{Citation|title=The role of adaptation to host plants in the evolution of reproductive isolation: Negative evidence from Tetranychus urticae Koch |author=Fry, James D. |journal=Experimental & Applied Acarology |year=1999 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=379–387 |doi=10.1023/A:1006245711950 |s2cid=2329637 |hdl=2027.42/41783 |hdl-access=free }}

|1999

|

|

|Hybrid

|

|

|

|Rieseburg et al.{{Citation|title=Role of Gene Interactions in Hybrid Speciation: Evidence from Ancient and Experimental Hybrids |year=1996 |author1=Rieseberg, L. H. |author2=Sinervo B. |author3=Linder, C. R. |author4=Ungerer, M.C. |author5=Arias, D. M. |journal=Science |volume=272 |issue=5262 |pages=741–745 |doi=10.1126/science.272.5262.741 |pmid=8662570 |bibcode=1996Sci...272..741R |s2cid=39005242 }}

|1996

|

|

|

|

|

|

|Greig et al.{{Citation|title=Hybrid speciation in experimental populations of yeast |author1=Greig, Duncan |author2=Louis, Edward J. |author3=Borts, Rhona H.|author4-link=Michael Travisano |author4=Travisano, Michael |journal=Science |year=2002 |volume=298 |issue=5599 |pages=1773–1775 |doi=10.1126/science.1076374 |pmid=12459586 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.1773G |s2cid=29972396 }}

|2002

|Life history

|

|

|

|

|

|Ghosh & Joshi{{Citation|title=Evolution of reproductive isolation as a by-product of divergent life-history evolution in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster |author=Ghosh, Shampa M. & Joshi, Amitabh |journal=Ecology and Evolution |year=2012 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=3214–3226 |doi=10.1002/ece3.413 |pmid= 23301185|pmc=3539013 |bibcode=2012EcoEv...2.3214M }}

|2012

|Mate behavior

|

|

|

|

|

|Bárbaro et al.{{Citation|title=Evolution of mating behavior between two populations adapting to common environmental conditions |author1=Bárbaro, Margarida |author2=Mira, Mário S. |author3=Fragata, Inês |author4=Simões, Pedro |author5=Lima, Margarida |author6=Lopes-Cunha, Miguel |author7=Kellen, Bárbara |author8=Santos, Josiane |author9=Varela, Susana A. M. |author10=Matos, Margarida |author11=Magalhães, Sara |journal=Ecology and Evolution |year=2015 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1609–1617 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1454 |pmid= 25937905|pmc=4409410 |bibcode=2015EcoEv...5.1609B }}

|2015

|

|~42,000; ~850 (20)

|Ecological

|

|

|Post-zygotic

|Anderson & Harmon{{Citation|title=Ecological and Mutation-Order Speciation in Digital Organisms |author=Anderson, Carlos J. R. & Harmon, Luke |journal=The American Naturalist |year=2014 |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1086/674359 |pmid=24464199 |s2cid=30400444 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014ANat..183..257A }}

|2014

|

|

|

|

|

|Complete reproductive isolation

|Seike et al.{{Citation|title=Molecular coevolution of a sex pheromone and its receptor triggers reproductive isolation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe |author1=Seike, Taisuke |author2=Nakamura, Taro |author3=Shimoda, Chikashi |journal=PNAS |year=2015 |volume=112 |issue=14 |pages=4405–4410 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501661112 |pmid= 25831518|pmc=4394278 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.4405S |doi-access=free }}

|2015

|Courtship song

|130

|

|

|

|

|Debelle et al.{{Citation|title=Evolution of divergent female mating preference in response to experimental sexual selection |author1=Debelle, Allan |author2=Ritchie, Michael G. |author3=Snook, Rhonda R. |journal=Evolution |year=2014 |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=2524–2533 |doi=10.1111/evo.12473 |pmid= 24931497|pmc=4262321 }}

|2014

|

|40 (16)

|

|

|

|

|Debelle et al.{{Citation|title=Natural selection hampers divergence of reproductive traits in a seed beetle |author1=Fricke, C |author2=Andersson, C. |author3=Arnqvist, G. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2010 |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=1857–1867 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02050.x |pmid= 20646133|s2cid=13815274 }}

|2010