Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

{{Short description|Urban park and square in Washington, D.C., U.S.}}

{{Infobox park

| name = Lafayette Square

| image = Aerial view of LaFayette Park, located directly north of the White House on H Street between 15th and 17th Streets, N.W., Washington, D.C LCCN2011646652.tif

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| image_caption = Aerial view: Lafayette Square is the green space to the left of Pennsylvania Avenue (center), the White House grounds are to the right

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| map_caption = Location of Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C.

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| coordinates = {{coord|38|53|58.3|N|77|02|11.6|W|format=dms|region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}

| area = {{convert|7|acre}}

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Lafayette Square is a seven-acre (28,327 m²) public park located within President's Park in Washington, D.C., directly north of the White House on H Street, bounded by Jackson Place on the west, Madison Place on the east and Pennsylvania Avenue on the south. It is named for the general, the Marquis de Lafayette, a French aristocrat, and hero of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and includes several statues of revolutionary heroes from Europe, including Lafayette, while at its center is a famous statue of early 19th century U.S. president and general Andrew Jackson on horseback with both of the horse's front hooves raised.

Lafayette Square and the surrounding structures were designated the Lafayette Square Historic District in 1970.

History

=Initial plans=

File:Lafayette-scheffer.jpg

File:General Lafayette Statue (Washington, D.C.) - DSC01016.JPG, an 1891 statue of Lafayette by Alexandre Falguière and Antonin Mercié in Lafayette Square]]

File:Jackson's Memorial, Lafayette Park.jpg statue of Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills, pictured {{Circa|1900}}, erected in Lafayette Park in 1853]]

Planned by Pierre L'Enfant as part of the pleasure grounds surrounding the Executive Mansion, the square is part of President's Park, which is the larger National Park Service unit that also includes the White House grounds, The Ellipse, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building and grounds and the Treasury Building and grounds. In 1804, President Thomas Jefferson had Pennsylvania Avenue cut through the park and separated what would become Lafayette Square from the White House grounds. In 1824, that north side square including the park was officially renamed in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, the French general whose involvement was indispensable in securing victory in the American Revolutionary War.{{cite web|title=Lafayette Square Historic District. May 1, 1802|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc30.htm|publisher=National Park Service|ref=Lafayette Square|page=175|access-date=December 4, 2017|archive-date=April 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409112805/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc30.htm|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Foundation Document: The White House and President's Park|url=https://www.nps.gov/whho/planyourvisit/upload/WHHO_FD_2014_low.pdf|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=2 December 2017|ref=President's Park Foundation Doc|archive-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224210726/https://www.nps.gov/whho/planyourvisit/upload/WHHO_FD_2014_low.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Reservation List: The Parks of the National Park System, Washington, DC|url=https://www.nps.gov/features/foia/Reservation-List-2011.pdf|website=www.nps.gov|publisher=National Park Service; Land Resources Program Center; National Capital Region|access-date=25 November 2017|ref=Reservation List 2011|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222032738/https://www.nps.gov/features/foia/Reservation-List-2011.pdf|url-status=live}}

Named in honor of the naval war hero Commodore Steven Decatur,{{Cite web|title=The Historic Decatur House|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-historic-decatur-house|publisher=White House Historical Association|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721180524/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-historic-decatur-house|url-status=live}} the Decatur House borders Lafayette Square.DeNeen L. Brown, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/05/lafayette-square-slave-market-dc-protests/ A history lesson for Trump: Lafayette Square was once bordered by 'slave pens'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607185800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/05/lafayette-square-slave-market-dc-protests/ |date=2020-06-07 }}, Washington Post (June 5, 2020). Used for slave trading, the house remains as one of few surviving examples of an urban slave market.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/historic-preservation/explore-historic-buildings/heritage-tourism/our-capital/lafayette-square-washington-dc|publisher=General Services Administration|title=Lafayette Square, Washington, DC|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630035218/https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/historic-preservation/explore-historic-buildings/heritage-tourism/our-capital/lafayette-square-washington-dc|url-status=live}}

The land on what is now Lafayette Square was formerly used at various times as "a racetrack, a graveyard, a zoo, a slave market, an encampment for soldiers during the War of 1812, and the site of many political protests and celebrations." In the early and mid-19th century, the buildings around the square included the homes of Washington's most prominent residents, including William Wilson Corcoran, Martin van Buren, Henry Clay, Dolley Madison, John Hay, and Henry Adams.

=19th century=

In 1851, Andrew Jackson Downing was commissioned by President Millard Fillmore to landscape Lafayette Square in the picturesque style. On February 27, 1859, US Representative Daniel Sickles killed Philip Barton Key II in Lafayette Square. Key had come to the park for an affair with Sickles's wife, only to be discovered and killed by Sickles.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2015/05/15/a-few-bad-days-in-washington-d-c-history/|title=A few bad days in Washington, D.C., history|first=Beth|last=Marlowe|newspaper=Washington Post|date=May 15, 2015|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716044340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2015/05/15/a-few-bad-days-in-washington-d-c-history/|url-status=live}}

=20th century=

File:North Portico of the White House photo D Ramey Logan.jpg, erected in 1853]]

In the 20th century, the area around the square became less residential, with buildings increasingly occupied by offices and professional groups, especially in the 1920s, and the construction of the Treasury Annex.Sixteenth Street Architecture (Vol. 1), Commission of Fine Arts, 1978, pp. 1-7. The last resident, Mary Chase Morris of the O'Toole House (730 Jackson Place), died during the Great Depression era, and her former home became an office building.

Today's plan for the park dates from the 1930s. The park has five large statues. In the center stands Clark Mills' equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson, erected in 1853; it is the first bronze statue cast in the United States.{{Cite web|author=Kames M. Goode|title=Four Salutes to the Nation: The Equestrian Statues of General Andrew Jackson|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/four-salutes-to-the-nation|publisher=White House Historical Association|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2021-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904131551/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/four-salutes-to-the-nation|url-status=live}} In the four corners are statues of foreign Revolutionary War heroes:

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette (depicting the Marquis de Lafayette, of France, by sculptors Alexandre Falguière and Antonin Mercié, installed 1891);{{cite web|title=Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette, (sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000217&index=.NW|work=Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|id=IAS DC000217|access-date=2015-10-28|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104703/http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000217&index=.NW|url-status=live}}
Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau (depicting the comte de Rochambeau, of France, by sculptor Fernand Hamar, dedicated 1902);{{cite web|title=Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau, (sculpture).|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000072&index=.NW|work=Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|id=IAS DC000072|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204632/https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000072&index=.NW|url-status=live}}
Brigadier General Thaddeus Kosciuszko (depicting Tadeusz Kościuszko, of Poland, by sculptor Antoni Popiel, dedicated 1910);{{cite web|title=Brigadier General Thaddeus Kosciuszko, (sculpture).|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000215&index=.NW|work=Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|id=IAS DC000215|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627110134/https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000215&index=.NW|url-status=live}}
Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (depicting the Baron von Steuben, of Prussia, by sculptor Albert Jaegers, dedicated 1910).{{cite web|title=Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, (sculpture).|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000216&index=.NW|work=Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|id=IAS DC000216|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628213040/https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAS+DC000216&index=.NW|url-status=live}}

Lafayette Square was a popular cruising spot for gay men until the 1950s Lavender scare.{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/taas-lgbtqheritage-intro.htm|title=Telling All Americans' Stories: LGBTQ Heritage Introduction|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607194254/https://www.nps.gov/articles/taas-lgbtqheritage-intro.htm|url-status=dead}}

In the 1960s, Lafayette Square became more noted for its use as a protest location. Protests related to nuclear weapons, Israel, and the Vietnam War were held there.{{cite news|url=https://www.arnoldporter.com/en/perspectives/publications/1996/01/demonstrating-at-the-front-door-of-the-white-house|title=Demonstrating At The Front Door Of The White House|publisher=Arnold & Porter|year=1996|access-date=2022-02-14|archive-date=2022-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318233427/https://www.arnoldporter.com/en/perspectives/publications/1996/01/demonstrating-at-the-front-door-of-the-white-house|url-status=live}}

In the 1970s, the park was overrun with a large Eastern gray squirrel population, possibly "the highest density of squirrels ever recorded in scientific literature," which eventually destroyed many trees and flowers in the park.John Kelly, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/remembering-the-great-squirrel-purge-of-lafayette-square/2016/04/10/341217ca-fdb6-11e5-886f-a037dba38301_story.html Remembering the Great Squirrel Purge of Lafayette Square] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620010014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/remembering-the-great-squirrel-purge-of-lafayette-square/2016/04/10/341217ca-fdb6-11e5-886f-a037dba38301_story.html |date=2019-06-20 }}, Washington Post (April 10, 2016). The squirrels' large numbers were sustained because the public overfed the squirrels and also because nestboxes had been once been installed and maintained by the National Park Service. In 1985 and 1987, the issue was solved by a project in which the nest boxes were removed and many squirrels were captured and relocated away from Lafayette Square, to Fort Dupont Park and elsewhere.

In 1989, Drug Enforcement Administration agents arranged a crack cocaine purchase in Lafayette Park prior to US President George H. W. Bush's delivery of a national address that was part of his ongoing effort against drug abuse.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/tours/scandal/bushdrug.htm|title=Drug Buy Set Up For Bush Speech|first=Michael|last=Isikoff|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 22, 1989|access-date=June 7, 2020|archive-date=April 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419041900/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/tours/scandal/bushdrug.htm|url-status=live}}

Thomas and Concepcion Picciotto are founders of the White House Peace Vigil, which is the longest running anti-nuclear peace vigil in U.S. history, at Lafayette Square.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/07/AR2009020701843.html|title=From Lafayette Square Lookout, He Made His War Protest Permanent|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 8, 2009|author=Colman McCarthy|author-link=Colman McCarthy|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=August 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817181954/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/07/AR2009020701843.html|url-status=live}}

=21st century=

{{Further|Donald Trump photo-op at St. John's Church#Clearing Lafayette Square and St. John's}}

On June 1, 2020, amid mass protests in Washington, DC and nationally, which followed the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis; Lafayette Square and surrounding city streets were forcefully evicted of protesters, reporters, and clergy by police in riot gear using tear gas and clubbing them with batons. A day after the incident, a DOJ official said that U.S. Attorney General William Barr had personally ordered the park and surrounding areas to be cleared which resulted in a display of police aggression against a largely peaceful crowd.Carol D. Leonnig, Matt Zapotosky, Josh Dawsey & Rebecca Tan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/barr-personally-ordered-removal-of-protesters-near-white-house-leading-to-use-of-force-against-largely-peaceful-crowd/2020/06/02/0ca2417c-a4d5-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810070142/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/barr-personally-ordered-removal-of-protesters-near-white-house-leading-to-use-of-force-against-largely-peaceful-crowd/2020/06/02/0ca2417c-a4d5-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html |date=2020-08-10 }}, Washington Post (June 2, 2020). The act, carried out by U.S. Park Police, Arlington County police, Federal Bureau of Prisons officers, and Secret Service officers,Tom Jackman, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/06/09/park-police-lafayette-square/ Report: Park Police didn’t clear Lafayette Square protesters for Trump visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20210610012410/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/06/09/park-police-lafayette-square/ |date=2021-06-10 }}, Washington Post (June 9, 2021). was condemned by critics as a violation of the First Amendment right to freedom of assembly.{{Cite news|last=Epps|first=Garrett|date=June 2, 2020|title=Trump's Grotesque Violation of the First Amendment|website=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/trumps-grotesque-violation-first-amendment/612532/|access-date=2020-11-04|archive-date=2020-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603031031/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/trumps-grotesque-violation-first-amendment/612532/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie |author2-link=Maggie Haberman |last3=Rogers|first3=Katie|last4=Kanno-Youngs |author4-link=Zolan Kanno-Youngs |first4=Zolan|last5=Benner|first5=Katie|last6=Willis|first6=Haley|last7=Triebert|first7=Christiaan|last8=Botti|first8=David|date=June 2, 2020|title=How Trump's Idea for a Photo Op Led to Havoc in a Park|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/trump-walk-lafayette-square.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200606045227/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/trump-walk-lafayette-square.html|archive-date=June 6, 2020}} Bureau of Prison officials fired pepper spray munitions, contrary to the instructions of Park Police leadership. Although the D.C. Metropolitan Police was not involved in the initial advance of police against the crowd, MPD officers fired tear gas at demonstrators as they moved away from the park toward 17th Street.

A report by the U.S. Department of Interior Office of Inspector General (OIG), released in June 2021, was limited to examining the Park Police under its jurisdiction. It concluded that the Park Police action was part of a plan to install "antiscale fencing" and that these plans were made before Barr arrived on the scene at 6:10 p.m. and before Trump walked to the church.{{cite web |last1=Ebbs |first1=Stephanie |title=Police did not clear Lafayette Park area so Trump could hold 'Bible' photo op: Watchdog |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/police-clear-lafayette-park-area-trump-hold-bible/story?id=78171712 |publisher=ABC News |access-date=2021-06-09 |archive-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618124242/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/police-clear-lafayette-park-area-trump-hold-bible/story?id=78171712 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Wild |first1=Whitney |title=Watchdog report finds Park Police did not clear racial injustice protesters from Lafayette Park for Trump's visit to St. John's Church last June |date=9 June 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/09/politics/park-police-lafayette-square-protesters-donald-trump-bible/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=2021-06-09 |archive-date=2021-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609203116/https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/09/politics/park-police-lafayette-square-protesters-donald-trump-bible/index.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Dilanian |first1=Ken |title=Police did not clear D.C.'s Lafayette Park of protesters so Trump could hold a photo op, new report says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/police-did-not-clear-d-c-s-lafayette-park-protestors-n1270126 |website=NBC News |date=9 June 2021 |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618090257/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/police-did-not-clear-d-c-s-lafayette-park-protestors-n1270126 |url-status=live }} However, Park Police commanders could not agree on who gave the order to deploy or explain why radio transmissions were not recorded.{{Cite web |date=June 2021 |title=Review of U.S. Park Police Actions at Lafayette Park |url=https://www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/DOI/SpecialReviewUSPPActionsAtLafayetteParkPublic.pdf}} The OIG report found that, contrary to the Park Police operational plan, the Secret Service began their operation at 6:16 p.m., soon after Barr arrived and a full seven minutes before any dispersal order was given by the Park Police. The Secret Service apologized for this incident but the OIG for the Department of the Interior and the OIG for the Department of Homeland Security declined to investigate their actions. Similarly, the Park Police also deployed prior to completing dispersal orders. Park Police did not explain why the operation began before a widely announced curfew as requested by DC Police. The OIG report further stated that the Park Police's orders to disperse were not heard by all of the crowd and were generally ineffective. The OIG report stated that the evidence obtained by the OIG concerning Park Police "did not support a finding" that Trump's visit was the reason why the park was cleared. The OIG report concluded that the decision to clear the park was lawful and consistent with Interior's policy, but made no conclusions on whether the decision to clear the park was a good decision, nor did the OIG report make any conclusions about whether the police use of force was appropriate. The OIG report focused on the role of Park Police (which is part of the Interior Department), and not on the role of other agencies, such as the Secret Service, which is part of the Homeland Security Department. Interior OIG investigators did not interview Secret Service or White House personnel. As a result, the OIG report stated that OIG "cannot assess whether" Barr's visit to the park or any planned movement by Trump "influenced the Secret Service's actions, including its early deployment on to H Street." In 2020, Joseph V. Cuffari, the DHS Inspector General, blocked recommendations from his staff to conduct an investigation into the Secret Service's actions in the clearing of Lafayette Square.Carol D. Leonnig, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-trump-inspector-general/2021/04/19/87f20cc6-9eea-11eb-9d05-ae06f4529ece_story.html DHS watchdog declined to pursue investigations into Secret Service during Trump administration, documents show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611051148/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-trump-inspector-general/2021/04/19/87f20cc6-9eea-11eb-9d05-ae06f4529ece_story.html |date=2021-06-11 }}, Washington Post (April 19, 2021).

On June 22, 2020, demonstrators attempted to tear down the statue of Andrew Jackson at the center of the square. Following this incident, Lafayette Square was closed to the public. It was reopened on May 10, 2021.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dcs-lafayette-square-opens-gates-to-pedestrians-for-first-time-in-nearly-a-year/2021/05/10/9819ccf4-b1b6-11eb-9059-d8176b9e3798_story.html|title=D.C.'s Lafayette Square opens gates to pedestrians for first time in nearly a year|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=May 10, 2021|author=Marissa J. Lang|access-date=May 10, 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512202325/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dcs-lafayette-square-opens-gates-to-pedestrians-for-first-time-in-nearly-a-year/2021/05/10/9819ccf4-b1b6-11eb-9059-d8176b9e3798_story.html|url-status=live}}