Land of Punt

File:Punt houses.gifs, three myrrh trees, a bird (Hedydipna metallica), a cow, an unidentified fish and a turtle, in water which in the original was green to show that it is salt or tidal,{{Cite web|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html|title=Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt.|website=digital.library.upenn.edu|accessdate=31 May 2021}} in a sketch from the walls of the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri, depicting a royal expedition to Punt]]

The earliest recorded ancient Egyptian expedition to Punt was organized by Pharaoh Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty (25th century BC), returning with cargoes of antyue and Puntites. However, gold from Punt is recorded as having been in Egypt as early as the time of Pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty.{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|p=161|Ref=none}}, vol. 1.

Subsequently, there were more expeditions to Punt in the Sixth, Eleventh, Twelfth and Eighteenth dynasties of Egypt. In the Twelfth Dynasty, trade with Punt was celebrated in popular literature in the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor.

In the reign of Mentuhotep III (11th dynasty, ca. 2000 BC), an officer named Hannu organized one or more voyages to Punt, but it is uncertain whether he personally traveled on these expeditions.{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|pp=427–433|Ref=none}}, vol. 1. Trading missions of the 12th dynasty pharaohs Senusret I, Amenemhat II and Amenemhat IV had also successfully navigated their way to and from the mysterious land of Punt.Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1996 hardback, p.145El-Sayed Mahfouz: Amenemhat IV at Wadi Gawasis, Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale A. (BIFAO) 2010, vol. 110, [165–173, 485, 491 [11 p.], {{ISBN|978-2-7247-0583-6}}, see also [http://www.refdoc.fr/Detailnotice?idarticle=54917997]

In the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Hatshepsut built a Red Sea fleet to facilitate trade between the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and points south as far as Punt to bring mortuary goods to Karnak in exchange for Nubian gold. Hatshepsut personally made the most famous ancient Egyptian expedition that sailed to Punt. Her artists revealing much about the royals, inhabitants, habitation and variety of trees on the island, revealing it as the "Land of the Gods, a region far to the east in the direction of the sunrise, blessed with products for religious purposes", where traders returned with gold, ivory, ebony, incense, aromatic resins, animal skins, live animals, eye-makeup cosmetics, fragrant woods, and cinnamon.{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Richard L. |title=Premodern Trade in World History |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134095803 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ&q=egypt+land+of+punt+cinnamon&pg=PA45 |access-date=28 June 2019 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Manansala |first1=Paul |title=The Naga race |date=1994 |publisher=Firma KLM |location=University of Michigan |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=as9GAAAAMAAJ&q=punt+sri+lanka+naga |access-date=28 June 2019 |language=en}} During the reign of Queen Hatshepsut in the 15th century BC, ships regularly crossed the Red Sea in order to obtain bitumen, copper, carved amulets, naptha and other goods transported overland and down the Dead Sea to Elat at the head of the gulf of Aqaba where they were joined with frankincense and myrrh coming north both by sea and overland along trade routes through the mountains running north along the east coast of the Red Sea.Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.

A 2005 expedition to Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt by archaeologist Kathryn Bard found remains of Egyptian seagoing vessels and hieroglyphic texts on stelae about royal expeditions to Punt, including cedar planks from Queen Hatshepsut's expedition in te 15th century BCE, demonstrating that Mersa/Wadi Gawasis was the port in Egypt from which trade to Punt some 1200 km south on the Red Sea was carried out.{{cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Archaeological Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt |publisher=Boston University |website= BU Arts & Scences Archaeology |url=https://www.bu.edu/archaeology/archaeological-investigations-at-mersa-wadi-gawasis-egypt/}}{{cite news |last=Stoddard |first=Tim |date=18 March 2005 |title=Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt |newspaper=B.U. Bridge |volume=7 |issue=23 |publisher=Boston University |url=https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/03-18/archaeologist.html |access-date=21 November 2024}}

File:Hatshepsut-tree.jpg, claimed to have been brought from Punt by Hatshepsut's Expedition, which is depicted on the Temple walls]]

A report of that five-ship voyage survives on reliefs in Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri.Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.149 Throughout the temple texts, Hatshepsut "maintains the fiction that her envoy" Chancellor Nehsi, who is mentioned as the head of the expedition, had travelled to Punt "in order to extract tribute from the natives" who admit their allegiance to the Egyptian pharaoh.Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147 In reality, Nehsi's expedition was a simple trading mission to a land, Punt, which was by this time a well-established trading post. Moreover, Nehsi's visit to Punt was not inordinately brave since he was "accompanied by at least five shiploads of [Egyptian] marines" and greeted warmly by the chief of Punt and his immediate family. The Puntites "traded not only in their own produce of incense, ebony and short-horned cattle, but [also] in goods from other African states including gold, ivory and animal skins." According to the temple reliefs, the Land of Punt was ruled at that time by King Parahu and Queen Ati.{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|pp=246–295|Ref=none}}, vol. 1. This well illustrated expedition of Hatshepsut occurred in Year 9 of the female pharaoh's reign with the blessing of the god Amun:

{{quote|Said by Amen, the Lord of the Thrones of the Two Land: "Come, come in peace my daughter, the graceful, who art in my heart, King Maatkare [i.e. Hatshepsut]... I will give thee Punt, the whole of it... I will lead your soldiers by land and by water, on mysterious shores, which join the harbours of incense... They will take incense as much as they like. They will load their ships to the satisfaction of their hearts with trees of green [i.e., fresh] incense, and all the good things of the land."E. Naville, The Life and Monuments of the Queen in T.M. Davis (ed.), the tomb of Hatshopsitu, London: 1906. pp.28–29}}

File:Relief of Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt by Σταύρος.jpg ]]

While the Egyptians "were not particularly well versed in the hazards of sea travel, and the long voyage to Punt must have seemed something akin to a journey to the moon for present-day explorers... the rewards of [obtaining frankincense, ebony and myrrh] clearly outweighed the risks."Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.148 An extensive account of the expedition, based on the tableaux, was provided by Amelia Edwards in 1891.{{sfn|Edwards|1891|pp=275–296}}

According to Stuart Tyson Smith, Egyptologist and professor of anthropology at University of California, Santa Barbara, "The scene of an expedition to Punt from Queen Hatshepsuis mortuary complex at Deir el-Bahri shows Puntites with red skin and facial features similar to Egyptians, long or bobbed hair, goatee beards, and kilts".{{cite web |last1=Smith, Stuart Tyson. Redford, Donald (ed.). p28-29 |title=Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt – Volume 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3/page/n35/mode/2up |date=1 February 2001}}

Hatshepsut's 18th dynasty successors, such as Thutmose III and Amenhotep III, also continued the Egyptian tradition of trading with Punt.Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, pp.145–146 The trade with Punt continued into the start of the 20th dynasty before terminating prior to the end of Egypt's New Kingdom. Papyrus Harris I, a contemporary Egyptian document that details events that occurred in the reign of the early 20th dynasty king Ramesses III, includes an explicit description of an Egyptian expedition's return from Punt:

{{quote|They arrived safely at the desert-country of Coptos: they moored in peace, carrying the goods they had brought. [The goods] were loaded, in travelling overland, upon asses and upon men, being reloaded into vessels at the harbour of Coptos. [The goods and the Puntites] were sent forward downstream, arriving in festivity, bringing tribute into the royal presence.K. A. Kitchen, "Punt and how to get there", Orientalia 40 (1971), 184–207:190.}}

After the end of the New Kingdom period, Punt became "an unreal and fabulous land of myths and legends."Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.146 However, Egyptians continued to compose love songs about Punt, "When I hold my love close, and her arms steal around me, I'm like a man translated to Punt, or like someone out in the reedflats, when the world suddenly bursts into flower."{{Cite book|title=Mysterious Lands|last=O'Connor|first=David B|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-1844720040|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/88 88]|url=https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/88}}

File:Punt2.JPGAt times, the ancient Egyptians called Punt Ta netjer (tꜣ nṯr), meaning "God's Land".{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|p=658|Ref=none}}, vol. II. This referred to the fact that it was among the regions of the Sun God, that is, the regions located in the direction of the sunrise, to the East of Egypt. These eastern regions' resources included products used in temples, notably incense. Older literature maintained that the label "God's Land", when interpreted as "Holy Land" or "Land of the gods/ancestors", meant that the ancient Egyptians viewed the Land of Punt as their ancestral homeland. W. M. Flinders Petrie believed that the Dynastic Race came from or through Punt and that "Pan, or Punt, was a district at the south end of the Red Sea, which probably embraced both the African and Arabian shores."[https://archive.org/stream/historyofegypt01petr#page/n33/mode/2up 'A history of Egypt' Vol. I, p. 13] Moreover The Making of Egypt (1939) states that the Land of Punt was "sacred to the Egyptians as the source of their race."{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Moreover, E. A. Wallis Budge stated that "Egyptian tradition of the Dynastic Period held that the aboriginal home of the Egyptians was Punt...".Short History of the Egyptian People, by E. A. Wallis Budge. Budge stated that "Egyptian tradition of the Dynastic Period held that the aboriginal home of the Egyptians was Punt..." James Breasted in 1906 argued that the term Ta netjer was not only applied to Punt, located southeast of Egypt, but also to regions of Asia east and northeast of Egypt, such as Lebanon, which was the source of wood for temples.{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|p=451,773,820,888|Ref=none}}, vol. II.

On the murals of the Hatshepsut temple at Deir el-Bahri, the King and Queen of Punt are depicted along with their retinue. Due to her unusual appearance, the Queen was sometimes hypothesized to have had advanced steatopygiaD.W. Phillipson. 2005. African archaeology, page 81 of 389 pages or elephantiasis.{{cite journal|last1=Christenson|first1=Bernard|title=Queen of Punt|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=May 2006|volume=42|issue=9|pages=1344–5|doi=10.1086/503306|pmid=16586397|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-pdf/42/9/1344/900616/42-9-1344a.pdf|access-date=20 March 2017|doi-access=free}}

File:NC Punt.jpg

The majority opinion places Punt in the Horn of Africa, based on the fact that the products of Punt (as depicted in the Hatshepsut illustrations) were abundantly found in the Horn of Africa but were less common or sometimes absent in Arabia. These products included gold and aromatic resins such as myrrh, frankincense, and ebony; the wild animals depicted in Punt included giraffes, baboons, hippopotami, and leopards. Richard Pankhurst states: "[Punt] has been identified with territory on both the Arabian and the Horn of Africa coasts. Consideration of the articles that the Egyptians obtained from Punt, notably gold and ivory, suggests, however, that these were primarily of African origin. ... This leads us to suppose that the term Punt probably applied more to African than Arabian territory."{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jcpQqkHr328C | title = The Ethiopians: A history | isbn = 978-0-631-22493-8 | last1 = Pankhurst | first1 = Richard | year = 2001| publisher = Wiley }}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAnTJQWWnoAC|title=Frederick Monderson - Google Books|isbn=9781425966447 |accessdate=31 May 2021|via=books.google.com|last1=Monderson |first1=Frederick |date=September 2007 |publisher=AuthorHouse }}{{cite book |last1=Manzo |first1=Andrea |title=Ancient Egypt in its African context : economic networks, social and cultural interactions |date=2022 |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1009074544 |pages=133–160}}

In 2003, Ian Shaw wrote that "There is still some debate regarding the precise location of Punt, which was once identified with the region of modern Somalia. A strong argument has now been made for its location in either southern Sudan or the Eritrean region of Ethiopia, where the indigenous plants and animals equate most closely with those depicted in the Egyptian reliefs and paintings".{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Ian |title=The Oxford history of ancient Egypt |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780192804587 |pages=317 |edition=New}}

According to Simon Najovits, the area comprising Somalia, Djibouti, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and Sudan in the Horn of Africa is considered the most likely location.Simson Najovits, Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2, (Algora Publishing: 2004), p.258.

In 2010, researchers from the University of California, Santa Cruz analyzed hair from two mummified baboons using oxygen isotope analysis and were able to work out where they originated. The researchers compared the oxygen isotope samples in the ancient baboons to those found in their modern-day brethren. The isotope samples in baboons in Somalia and Yemen did not match, but those in Eritrea and eastern Ethiopia did match. The research team concluded that Punt was most likely a circumscribed region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.{{cite news |last1=Jarus |first1=Owen |title=Baboon mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/baboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html |access-date=11 March 2023 |date=26 April 2010}}

In June 2018, Polish archaeologists who have been conducting research in The Temple of Hatshepsut since 1961 discovered the only depiction of a secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius) known from ancient Egypt in the Bas-reliefs from the Portico of Punt that depicted the great Pharaonic expedition to the Land of Punt.{{Cite web|url=http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C29964%2Cpolish-egyptologist-discovered-secretary-bird-temple-hatshepsut.html|title=Polish Egyptologist discovered a secretary bird in the Temple of Hatshepsut|last=Zdziebłowski|first=Szymon|date=20 June 2018|website=Science in Poland}}

In December 2020, primatologists from Dartmouth College examined tissues from mummified baboons recovered from New Kingdom and Ptolemaic sites in Egypt that were believed to have come from Punt. The study revealed that the mummified baboons were all born outside of Egypt and were hamadryas baboons. The hamadryas baboon is a species of baboon native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. The strontium ration in the tooth enamel confirmed that the baboons were born in an area stretching across present day Eritrea, Ethiopia and north western Somalia.{{cite web |last1=Bressan |first1=David |title=3300-Year-Old Baboon Skull Is Thought To Have Come From The Lost Land Of Punt |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2020/12/21/3300-year-old-baboon-skull-is-thought-to-have-come-from-the-lost-land-of-punt/?sh=1acef4ef2f76 |website=forbes.com |access-date=20 May 2023}}

It has been suggested that Punt might be located in eastern Sudan and western Eritrea where the Gash Group (about 3000 to 1800 BC) and later the Jebel Mokram Group flourished. Especially at Gash Group sites, many Egyptian pottery vessels and Egyptian faience beads were found, indicating close contacts with Egypt. Found Red Sea shells demonstrate contact with the Red Sea coast.Kathryn A. Bard, Rodolfo Fattovich (2018): Seafaring Expeditions to Punt in the Middle Kingdom Brill, {{ISBN|9789004368507}}, pp. 158–171{{Cite book|last=Raue|first=Dietrich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXWcDwAAQBAJ&q=Gash+Group&pg=PA347|title=Handbook of Ancient Nubia|date=2019-06-04|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-042038-8|language=en}}

A news website in 2023 published evidence that DNA taken from mummified baboons may have shown where Punt was in Eritrea.{{cite news

|journal=Ars Technica

|first=Miriam |last=Fauzia

|date=11 November 2023

|title=Mummified baboons point to the direction of the fabled land of Punt

|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/11/mummified-baboons-point-to-the-direction-of-the-fabled-land-of-punt/

|accessdate=12 November 2023

}} A primarily German team of researchers published the results of extracting mitochondrial DNA from a mummified baboon. By comparing that with mitochondrial DNA extracted from 14 museum specimen baboons from the 19th and 20th centuries with known provenances, they concluded that the mummified baboon came from modern-day Eritrea.{{cite journal

|first1=Franziska |last1=Grathwol

|first2=Christian |last2=Roos

|first3=Dietmar |last3=Zinner

|first4=Benjamin |last4=Hume

|first5=Stéphanie M |last5=Porcier

|first6=Didier |last6=Berthet

|first7=Jacques |last7=Cuisin

|first8=Stefan |last8=Merker

|first9=Claudio |last9=Ottoni

|first10=Wim |last10=Van Neer

|first11=Nathaniel J |last11=Dominy

|first12=Gisela H |last12=Kopp

|display-authors=3

|title=Adulis and the transshipment of baboons during classical antiquity

|doi=10.7554/eLife.87513.sa0

|journal=eLife |year=2023

|volume=12 |article-number=e87513

|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/87513

|accessdate=12 November 2023

|doi-access=free

}}

As the mummified baboon dates from a period when Egypt was trading with Punt, it may be assumed to come from there, and the authors suggested (but were unable to prove) that Punt is likely to be the same as the later-classical port city of Adulis.

Dimitri Meeks disagrees with the Horn of Africa hypothesis and points to ancient inscriptions that locate Punt in the western coast of the Arabian Peninsula, from the Gulf of Aqaba to Yemen, he has written that "Texts locating Punt beyond doubt to the south are in the minority, but they are the only ones cited in the current consensus about the location of the country. Punt, we are told by the Egyptians, is situated – in relation to the Nile Valley – both to the north, in contact with the countries of the Near East of the Mediterranean area, and also to the east or south-east, while its furthest borders are far away to the south. Only the Arabian Peninsula satisfies all these indications."

Some scholars have argued that Punt is the early Pandyan island of Tamraparni, present day Sri Lanka.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBhuAAAAMAAJ&q=punt+pandyan|title=History of Tamilakam. Darkness at horizon|last1=Kuppuswamy (Prof.)|first1=T. V.|last2=Kulkarni|first2=Shripad Dattatraya|last3=India)|first3=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bombay|date=1995|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira|page=71|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0o9AAAAMAAJ&q=land+of+punt+pandyan|title=Ancient Indian History|last1=Pillai|first1=Madhavan Arjunan|date=1988|publisher=Ashish Publishing House|isbn=9788170241881|page=223|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuauHI4dfHoC&q=land+of+punt+pandyan|title=Brahmavidyā: The Adyar Library Bulletin|date=1947|publisher=Adyar Library and Research Centre.|page=40|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}{{cite journal|last1=Stavig|first1=Gopal|date=1989–1992|title=Historical Contacts Between India and Egypt Before 300 A.D|url=http://www.vedantawritings.com/IndEgypt.pdf|journal=Journal of Indian History|pages=1–22|access-date=30 June 2019}} An artifact datable to the Fifth Dynasty was originally stated to be made from Diospyros ebenum wood, a tree which is originally of Southern India and Sri Lanka. However, such identification is now considered unconfirmed because of the unlikelihood of such an early contact between Egypt and the Indian subcontinent, together with the difficulty of correctly identifying a plant specimen dead for thousands of years.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj7A9jJrZP0C&q=punt+sri+lanka+egypt&pg=PA338|title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology|last1=Nicholson|first1=Paul T.|last2=Shaw|first2=Ian|last3=Press|first3=Cambridge University|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521452571|page=338|language=en|access-date=28 June 2019}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWHvAgAAQBAJ&q=Diospyros+ebenum+egypt&pg=PA435|title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries|last1=Lucas|first1=A.|last2=Harris|first2=J.|date=2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486144948|page=435|language=en|access-date=28 June 2019}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXiMtMnPHikC&q=Diospyros+ebenum+egypt&pg=PA129|title=Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary|last1=Burton|first1=Anne|date=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004035140|page=9|language=en|access-date=28 June 2019}}

{{Portal|Africa}}

• Aethiopia, a classical geographical term which was applied to parts of Sub-Saharan Africa which included Sudan and Ethiopia
• Ophir, an unidentified place mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a source of riches for Solomon's Temple
• Tarshish, another unidentified place mentioned in the Bible

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• [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506221249/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html |date=6 May 2023 }} by Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards (1891)
• {{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/~ib205/hatshepsut_temple.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121130032654/http://ib205.tripod.com/hatshepsut_temple.html |title=Deir el-Bahri: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut |archive-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/bauwerke/djeser/dj_portico_2_hall_punt.htm |title=Hall of Punt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022032425/http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/bauwerke/djeser/dj_portico_2_hall_punt.htm |archive-date=22 October 2016 |url-status=dead }} at Deir el-Bahri
• {{cite web|url=http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/punt/puntlage.htm |title=Where was Punt? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125738/http://maat-ka-ra.de/english/punt/puntlage.htm |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }} discussion by Dr. Karl H. Leser
• [http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/QUEEN.html Queen of Punt syndrome]

;News reports on Wadi Gawasis excavations

• {{cite news |last=Stoddard |first=Tim |date=18 March 2005 |title=Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt |newspaper=B.U. Bridge |volume=7 |issue=23 |url=https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/03-18/archaeologist.html |access-date=21 November 2024}}: Excavations at Wadi Gawasis, possibly the ancient Egyptian port Saaw.
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7190 Remains of ancient Egyptian seafaring ships discovered] (New Scientist, 23 March 2005).
• {{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/745/hr1.htm |title=Sailing to distant lands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923020538/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/745/hr1.htm |archive-date=23 September 2012 |publisher=Al Ahram |date=2 June 2005 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web|url=http://science.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1088919.php/Ancient_ship_remains_are_unearthed_at_Egyptian_Red_Sea_port |title=Ancient ship remains are unearthed |publisher=Deutsche Press Agentur |date=26 January 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208231638/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/science/news/article_1088919.php/Ancient_ship_remains_are_unearthed_at_Egyptian_Red_Sea_port |archive-date= 8 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231061938/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11705263/#.WRCLpbzyv1I 4,000-year-old shipyard unearthed in Egypt] (MSNBC, 6 March 2006).

{{History of Africa}}

{{Ancient seafaring}}

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Category:Geography of ancient Egypt

Category:Ancient Somalia

Category:Countries in ancient Africa

Category:History of the Red Sea

Category:Foreign contacts of ancient Egypt

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Category:History of South Arabia

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Category:Former monarchies of Africa

Category:History of Djibouti