Lao script#Consonants

{{further|Tai Noi script}}

The Lao script ultimately derived from a variant of the Old Khmer script of Angkor, through the Sukhothai script. By the late 15th century, a form of the Sukhothai script had reached the Mekong River basin, after which the script developed differences between its Thai and Lao variants. In the 1960s, the Lao People's Revolutionary Party simplified the spelling to be phonemic and omitted extra letters used to write words of Pali-Sanskrit origin.Daniels, Peter T. & Bright, William. (Eds.). (1996). The World's Writing Systems (pp. 460–461). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.https://hal.science/hal-02358511/document

In the 1930s, Maha Sila Viravong, a Buddhist scholar, backed by the Buddhist Institute in Vientiane and the Buddhist Academic Council, added an additional set of Lao characters to support Pali and Sanskrit, thereby filling the missing gaps in the existing script.{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Vinodh |last2=Mitchell |first2=Ben |last3=Jansche |first3=Martin |last4=Brawer |first4=Sascha |title=Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17106-lao-for-pali.pdf}} While the Buddhist Institute published books that utilised these extended Indic characters, they did not see widespread usage, and fell out of usage by 1975. In 2019, the extended Indic characters were added to Unicode 12.{{Cite web |title=Lao Characters for Pali added to Unicode 12 {{!}} Computer Science Blog |url=https://blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/csblog/2019/03/06/lao-characters-for-pali-added-to-unicode-12/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk}}

File:Evolution of the Lao Script.png

File:WatThatLuang Sign.JPG

The twenty-seven consonants of the Lao alphabet are divided into three tone classes—high (ສູງ {{IPA|lo|sǔːŋ|}}), middle (ກາງ {{IPA|lo|kàːŋ|}}), and low (ຕ່ຳ {{IPA|lo|tām|}})—which determine the tonal pronunciation of the word in conjunction with the four tone marks and distinctions between short and long vowels. Aside from tone, there are twenty-one distinct consonant sounds that occur in the Lao language. Each letter has an acrophonical name that either begins with or features the letter prominently, and is used to teach the letter and serves to distinguish them from other, homophonous consonants. The letter ອ is a special null consonant used as a mandatory anchor for vowels, which cannot stand alone, and also to serve as a vowel in its own right.

The letter ຣ (r) is a relatively new re-addition to the Lao alphabet. It was dropped as part of a language reform because most speakers pronounced it as "l", and had an ambiguous status for several decades. A 1999 dictionary does not include it when listing the full alphabet but does use it to spell many country names.{{cite book |last1=Kangpajanpeng |first1=Kiao |last2= Vilaipan |first2=Vilaisat |last3= Vongnaty|first3= Kunlapan|date=1999|title= English-Lao, Lao-English Dictionary|trans-title=ວັດຈະນານຸກົມ ອັງກິດລາວ ລາວອັງກິດ |language=lo |publisher=Vientiane }} A comprehensive dictionary published by a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Information and Culture did not include it.{{cite book |last=Konnyvong |first=Syviengkhek |date=2005 |title=Dictionary of the Lao Language |trans-title=ວັດຈະນານຸກົມພາສາລາວ |language=lo |location=Vientiane}}. However, as the Lao vocabulary began to incorporate more foreign names (such as Europe, Australia, and America) it filled a need and is now taught in schools.{{cite book |date= 2007|title= Lao Language, level 1|trans-title= ພາສາລາວ|language=lo |location=Vientiane |publisher=Ministry of Education and Sports}} The letter ຣ can also be found in Unit 14 (ບົດທີ 14 ຮ ຫ ຣ) of a textbook published by the government.ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກິລາ (Ministry of Education and Sports), & ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສຶກສາ (Research Institute for Educational Sciences). (2019). ແບບຮຽນ ພາສາລາວ ຊັ້ນປະຖົມສຶກສາ ປີທິ1 ເຫຼັ້ມ1. Retrieved 12 May 2020 from http://www.moes.edu.la/dge/primary-textbooks-grade-1.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301004605/http://www.moes.edu.la/dge/primary-textbooks-grade-1.php |date=1 March 2021 }} It is generally used as the first consonant of a syllable, or to follow a leading consonant, rarely as a final consonant.

The table below shows the Lao consonant, its name, its pronunciation according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as well as various romanization schemes, such as the French-based systems in use by both the US Board of Geographic Names and the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (BGN/PCGN), the English-based system in use by the US Library of Congress (LC), Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) used in Thailand, and finally its Unicode name. A slash indicates the pronunciation at the beginning juxtaposed with its pronunciation at the end of a syllable.

; Notes

{{Notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຝຟ|1=The Unicode names for the characters ຝ (FO TAM) and ຟ (FO SUNG) are reversed. This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable.}}

{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຣລ|1=The Unicode names for the characters ຣ (LO LING) and ລ (LO LOOT) are reversed. This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable.}}

}}

Lao also uses digraphs based on combinations of the silent (unpronounced) ຫ ຫ່ານ with certain other consonants, some of which also have special ligature forms that are optionally used.

In the Thai script, certain consonants are preceded by tone modifiers. This is because high consonants or low consonants cannot produce the full 5 tones of Thai. For instance, tone modifier ห can turn low consonants into high ones. This also explains why the Lao script reserved consonants with the same sounds (e.g. ຂ and ຄ /kʰ/, ສ and ຊ /s/). Both high and low consonants are needed to produce full five (or six) tones of Lao.

Such design also exists in Lao. Sonorants ງ, ຍ, ນ, ມ, ລ, ວ are originally low consonants, but when they're preceded by ຫ, they become high consonants.

The older versions of the script also included special forms for combinations of ພ (pʰ) + ຍ (ɲ), ສ (s) + ນ (n), and ມ (m) + ລ (l). In addition, consonant clusters that had the second component of ຣ (r) or ລ (l) were written with a special form ◌ຼ underneath the consonant.Ronnakieat, N.Davis, Garry W. (2015). The story of Lao r: Filling in the gaps. Journal of Lao Studies 2, 97–109. Retrieved from http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Davis.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309115625/http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Davis.pdf |date=9 March 2016 }} Since these were not pronounced in Lao, they were removed during various spelling reforms, and this symbol only appears in the ligature ຫຼ.Ivarsson, Søren. (2008). Creating laos: the making of a lao space between indochina and siam, 1860–1945. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Inst of Asian Studies.

Lao characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation).

:^* In Luang Prabang dialect.

:^** Depends on the dialect.

Lao characters in final position. In the old documents, the letter ຽ could be found in place of ຍ.

In its earlier form, Lao would be considered a full abugida, in which the inherent vowel is embedded in the consonant letters. The 1975 spelling reform by the Lao government shallows the orthography: the main vowels are now written explicitly, but the rest of vowel diacritics still apply.Unicode Consortium. (2019). Lao. In The Unicode Standard Version 12.0 (p. 635). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium. However, many Lao outside of Laos, and some inside Laos, continue to write according to former spelling standards. For example, the old spelling of ສເຫຼີມAllen Kerr, with the assistance of Sing Bourommavong, Houmpheng Phetmongkhonh, Samreung Singhavara, and Somsangouane Loungsisomkham, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1972, Catholic University Press, reprinted 1992 by White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok) "to hold a ceremony, celebrate" contrasts with the new ສະເຫລີມ/ສະເຫຼີມ.William L. Patterson and Mario E. Severino, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1995, Dunwoody Press)

Vowels are constructed from only a handful of basic symbols, but they can be combined with other vowel forms and semi-vowels to represent the full repertoire of diphthongs and triphthongs used in the language.

Vowels cannot stand alone or begin a syllable, so the silent consonant ອ, which can function as a vowel in its own right, is used as a base when spelling a word that begins with a vowel sound.

The names of the vowels are just as easy as saying sala (ສະຫຼະ, {{IPA|lo|sā.lāʔ|}}) before the vowel sign.

Some vowels have unique names, and these are ໃ◌ (ໄມ້ມ້ວນ, {{IPA|/mâj mûan/}}, "rolled stem"), ໄ◌ (ໄມ້ມາຍ, {{IPA|/mâj máːj/}}, "unwound stem"), ◌ົ (ໄມ້ກົງ, . {{IPA|/mâj kòŋ/}}, "straight stem"), ◌ັ (ໄມ້ກັນ, . {{IPA|/mâj kàn/}}, "ear stem"), ◌ຽ (ວິລາມ, {{IPA|/wīʔ láːm/}}), and ◌ໍ (ນິກຄະຫິດ, {{IPA|/nīk kʰāʔ hǐt/}}).Southeast asian language resource lao dictionary. (2005). Retrieved from http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612172359/http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm |date=12 June 2010 }}

Although a dotted circle ◌ is used on this page to represent the consonant, in standard Lao orthography a small x symbol is used for this purpose.

Traditionally this was a simple, stylized, sans-serif x and it was included in Lao fonts before Unicode became widespread.

Unicode does not make it available as part of the Lao alphabet set, and a lower-case sans-serif x is often used instead.

Some vowels change their forms depending on whether they appear in the final or medial position.

:^* In the Northern (Luang Prabang) dialect of Lao, ໃ◌ is pronounced as {{IPA|[aɰ]}} rather than {{IPA|[aj]}}; similarly, in the Northeastern (Houaphanh) dialect, ໃ◌ is pronounced as {{IPA|/ɯ/}}.

As in the neighboring Thai script, ◌ະ is used to represent a glottal stop after a vowel.

Lao is traditionally not written with spaces between words. Spaces are reserved for ends of clauses or sentences. Periods are not used, and questions can be determined by question words in a sentence. Traditional punctuation marks include ◌໌, an obsolete mark indicating silenced consonants; ໆ, used to indicate repetition of the preceding word; ຯ, the Lao ellipsis that is also used to indicate omission of words; ฯ, a more or less obsolete symbol indicating shortened form of a phrase (such as royal names); and ฯລฯ, used to indicate et cetera.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

In more contemporary writing, punctuation marks are borrowed from French, such as exclamation point !, question mark ?, parentheses (), and «» for quotation marks, although "" is also common. Hyphens (-) and the ellipsis (...) are also commonly found in modern writing.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

{{Numeral systems}}

According to Article 89 of the 2003 Amended Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Lao alphabet, though originally used solely for transcribing the Lao language, is also used to write several minority languages.National Assembly No. 25/NA, 6 May 2003. Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180175 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229054452/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180175 |date=29 December 2013 }} WIPO Lex.{{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=Article 89 as cited here did not specifically mentioned minority languages}}

1. Additional Lao characters used to write Pali/Sanskrit, the liturgical language of Theravāda Buddhism, are now available with the publication of Unicode 12.0.Rajan, V., Mitchell, B., Jansche, M., & Brawer, S. (2017). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17106r-lao-for-pali.pdf Revised Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615000628/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17106r-lao-for-pali.pdf |date=15 June 2019 }}. The font Lao Pali (Alpha) can be downloaded from Aksharamukha.[http://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/LaoPali Lao (Pali)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224110819/http://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/LaoPali |date=24 February 2021 }}. Aksharamukha. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
2. Additional Lao characters used to write Khmu’ were also encoded.Hosken, Martin. (2010). [http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10335r-n3893r.pdf Proposal to add minority characters to Lao script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003043348/http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10335r-n3893r.pdf |date=3 October 2020 }}.Miller, Michelle. (2013). [http://www.sealang.net/mks/mks42miller.pdf A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102170835/http://www.sealang.net/mks/mks42miller.pdf |date=2 January 2020 }}. Mon-Khmer Studies, 42, 12–25. The script has also been adapted for Katu, while Tai-speaking groups in Viet Nam including the Tai Dam and White Tai use a similar script (called Tai Viet).{{Citation |last=Jenny |first=Mathias |title=Writing systems of MSEA |date=2021-08-23 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide |pages=879–906 |editor-last=Sidwell |editor-first=Paul |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142-036/html |access-date=2024-12-06 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110558142-036 |isbn=978-3-11-055814-2 |editor2-last=Jenny |editor2-first=Mathias}}
3. An older version of Lao, Tai Noi, was also used by the ethnic Lao of Thailand's Isan region before Isan was incorporated into Siam.Tsumura, Fumihiko. (2009). Magical Use of Traditional Scripts in Northeastern Thai Villages. Senri Ethnological Studies, 74, 63–77. Its use was banned by the Thai government and supplemented with the very similar Thai alphabet in 1871; however, the region remained culturally and politically distant until further government campaigns and integration into the Thai state (Thaification) were imposed in the 20th century.Ronnakiat, Nantana (1992). Evidence of the Thai Noi alphabet found in inscriptions. The Third International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, 1326 – 1334. Attempts to encode Thai Noi in Unicode have been made.Mitchell, Ben. (2018). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18072-toward-thai-noi.pdf Towards a comprehensive proposal for Thai Noi/Lao Buhan script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615005555/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18072-toward-thai-noi.pdf |date=15 June 2019 }}.
4. The applicability of Lao script for other minority languages requires further evaluations.Lew, Sigrid. (2014). A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies. Writing Systems Research, 6(1), 25–40. doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.846843

Some minority languages use other writing systems. For example, the Hmong adopted the Romanized Popular Alphabet to spell the Hmong languages.

File:Buddhapanditsabhacandapuri.jpg and Sanskrit derivation, but were removed, reducing the consonant inventory and the similarity of spelling between Thai and Lao.]]The modern Lao alphabet cannot be used to transcribe Pali, due to spelling reforms. In the 20th century, Maha Sila Viravong designed the additional characters to transcribe Pali, based on research into various epigraphic sources, including precursor characters that can be traced back to the Tai Noi script. Extended characters to support Lao Pali were added to Unicode 12 in 2019.{{Cite web |title=Lao Characters for Pali added to Unicode 12 {{!}} Computer Science Blog |url=https://blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/csblog/2019/03/06/lao-characters-for-pali-added-to-unicode-12/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk}} Below are the consonant letters used for Pali, including their IAST transcriptions (the ones in gold are extended characters not found in the modern Lao alphabet). For additional details, see the Thai script page's sections for the alphabetic table and usage for Sanskrit and Pali.

The extended characters are listed below:

Linux has been available in Lao since 2005.{{cite web|url=http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/Survey/Lao.pdf|title=Survey of Language Computing in Asia|access-date=8 October 2019|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119204720/http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/Survey/Lao.pdf|url-status=usurped}}

Windows did not officially support Lao until Windows Vista.{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms776260(VS.85).aspx|title=Microsoft Windows help page|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019130420/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms776260(VS.85).aspx|url-status=live}} User-generated fonts are freely available online.{{cite web|url=http://www.amerilao.org/faq_3.html|title=AMERILAO.org site How to "Setup Internet Explorer to read Lao font"|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231249/http://www.amerilao.org/faq_3.html|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=usurped}}

In December 2011, the Lao Ministry of Science and Technology, in cooperation with the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, officially{{cite web|url=http://www.aihd.mahidol.ac.th/sites/default/files/images/new/pdf/aseannews/l1_30.pdf|title=New font drives IT development in Laos|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213918/http://www.aihd.mahidol.ac.th/sites/default/files/images/new/pdf/aseannews/l1_30.pdf|url-status=live}} authorized the use of Phetsarath OT{{Cite web |url=http://www.phetsarath.gov.la/ |title=Phetsarath OT Information page" |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511201340/https://www.phetsarath.gov.la/ |url-status=live }} as the standard national font.

The Phetsarath OT font was already adopted by the government in 2009; however, Lao users were unable to use it, as international software manufacturers did not include the font in their software systems. Mobile devices were not able to use or show Lao language. Instead, mobile phone users had to rely on Thai or English as language.

The Laos Ministry of Post and Telecommunications asked local technicians to develop a software system of international standard that would enable the Phetsarath OT font to be like other font systems that local users could access.

In March 2011, the Lao company XY Mobile presented{{cite web|url=http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Video_FileVDO/VDO_Lao_tablet.htm|title=Vientiane Times Laos unveils first Tablet|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803001213/http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Video_FileVDO/VDO_Lao_tablet.htm|url-status=live}} the Phetsarath OT on mobile phones as well as tablet PCs using the mobile device operating system Android.

iOS supports Lao script on iPhones and iPads.

{{Main|Lao (Unicode block)}}

The Unicode block for the Lao script is U+0E80–U+0EFF, added in Unicode version 1.0. The first ten characters of the row U+0EDx are the Lao numerals 0 through 9. Throughout the chart, grey (unassigned) code points are shown because the assigned Lao characters intentionally match the relative positions of the corresponding Thai characters. This has created the anomaly that the Lao letter {{lang|lo|ສ}} is not in alphabetical order, since it occupies the same code-point as the Thai letter {{lang|th|ส}}.

{{Unicode chart Lao}}

• Romanization of Lao
• Lao Braille
• Literature of Laos

{{reflist}}

• Lew, Sigrid. "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.846843 A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies".] Writing Systems Research ahead-of-print (2013): 1–16.[http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/research/lew_2013_a_linguistic_analysis_of_the_lao_writing_system__authors_accepted_manuscript.pdf Authors’s accepted manuscript]
• Simmala, Buasawan and Benjawan Poomsan Becker (2003), Lao for Beginners. Paiboon Publishing. {{ISBN|1-887521-28-3}}

• [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/lang2.htm The Lao Alphabet at SEAsite]
• [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061012190818/http://www.mpi.nl/world/persons/private/enfni/Enfield_ELL2_Laos_lg_situation_2004.pdf Laos – language situation] by N. J. Enfield
• {{cite web|url= http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E80.pdf |title=The Unicode Standard 5.0 Code Charts }} {{small|(90.4 KB)}} Lao Range: 0E80 – 0EFF, from the Unicode Consortium

{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lao Alphabet}}

Category:Lao language

Category:Brahmic scripts

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Category:Writing systems without word boundaries

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