LdrD-RdlD toxin-antitoxin system
{{Infobox rfam
| Name = rdlD
| image = RdlD SScons.png
| width =
| caption = Conserved secondary structure of rdlD RNA.
| Symbol = rdlD
| AltSymbols =
| Rfam = RF01813
| RNA_type = Gene; antisense;
| Tax_domain = Enterobacteriaceae
}}
{{Infobox protein family
| Symbol = Ldr_toxin
| Name = LdrD Type I toxin-antitoxin system
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| Pfam = PF13940
| Pfam_clan =
| InterPro =
| SMART =
| PROSITE =
| MEROPS =
| SCOP =
| TCDB =
| OPM family = 469
| OPM protein = 5lbj
| CAZy =
| CDD =
| Membranome superfamily = 636
}}
RdlD RNA (regulator detected in LDR-D) is a family of small non-coding RNAs which repress the protein LdrD in a type I toxin-antitoxin system. It was discovered in Escherichia coli strain K-12 in a long direct repeat (LDR) named LDR-D. This locus encodes two products: a 35 amino acid peptide toxin (ldrD) and a 60 nucleotide RNA antitoxin.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawano M, Oshima T, Kasai H, Mori H |title=Molecular characterization of long direct repeat (LDR) sequences expressing a stable mRNA encoding for a 35-amino-acid cell-killing peptide and a cis-encoded small antisense RNA in Escherichia coli |journal=Mol. Microbiol. |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=333–349 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12123448 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03042.x|doi-access=free }} The 374nt toxin mRNA has a half-life of around 30 minutes while rdlD RNA has a half-life of only 2 minutes. This is in keeping with other type I toxin-antitoxin systems.{{cite journal |vauthors=Fozo EM, Hemm MR, Storz G |title=Small toxic proteins and the antisense RNAs that repress them |journal=Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=579–589, Table of Contents |date=December 2008 |pmid=19052321 |pmc=2593563 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00025-08 |url=}}
Northern blots showed that ldrD and rdlD are both transcribed and primer extension analysis showed the rdlD transcript is not translated.
Homologues exist in related Enterobacteriaceae such as Salmonella enterica and Shigella boydii. The Ldr peptide genes that have been discovered are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor.
LDR sequences
Four long direct repeat (LDR) sequences were identified during genetic sequencing of a 718kb segment of the E. coli genome.{{cite journal |vauthors=Oshima T, Aiba H, Baba T, etal |title=A 718-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 12.7–28.0 min region on the linkage map |journal=DNA Res. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=137–155 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8905232 |doi= 10.1093/dnares/3.3.137|doi-access=free }} One of these, LDR-D was studied further in order to determine the physiological function of these regions. The genes encoded by the other three LDRs, ldrA, ldrB and ldrC were confirmed to have the same activity as ldrD.
Physiological effects of LdrD
The LdrD protein causes growth inhibition, loss of cell viability, nucleoid condensation and alteration in purine metabolism when overexpressed. Once growth arrest has been achieved, it is irreversible. Another potential effect of elevated LdrD could be reduced levels of cAMP in the cell. It inhibits both translation and transcription, which contributes significantly to reducing the cell's viability.{{cite journal |vauthors=Spurio R, Dürrenberger M, Falconi M, La Teana A, Pon CL, Gualerzi CO |title=Lethal overproduction of the Escherichia coli nucleoid protein H-NS: ultramicroscopic and molecular autopsy |journal=Mol. Gen. Genet. |volume=231 |issue=2 |pages=201–211 |date=January 1992 |pmid=1310520 |doi= 10.1007/BF00279792|s2cid=22146869 }}
Suspected mechanism of inhibition
The precise mechanism by which RdlD inhibits LdrD is unknown, however it has been shown that RdlD seems to regulate LdrD expression at the post-transcriptional level. The RdlD antisense RNA does not overlap with the translational initiation region of ldrD, as is common with Type 1 toxin-antitoxin systems.
See also
References
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Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Van Melderen L, Saavedra De Bast M |title=Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: more than selfish entities? |journal=PLOS Genet. |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=e1000437 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19325885 |pmc=2654758 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000437 |doi-access=free }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Fozo EM, Makarova KS, Shabalina SA, Yutin N, Koonin EV, Storz G |title=Abundance of type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: searches for new candidates and discovery of novel families |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=3743–3759 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20156992 |pmc=2887945 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkq054 }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Fozo EM, Hemm MR, Storz G |title=Small toxic proteins and the antisense RNAs that repress them |journal=Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=579–589, Table of Contents |date=December 2008 |pmid=19052321 |pmc=2593563 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00025-08 |url=}}
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External links
- {{Rfam|id=RF01813|name=rdlD antitoxin}}