Leonard Chess

{{Short description|Polish-American record executive (1917–1969)}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Leonard Chess

| birth_name = Lejzor Szmuel Czyż

| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1917|3|12}}

| birth_place = Motal, Poland

| death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1969|10|16|1917|3|12}}

| death_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.

| burial_place = Westlawn Cemetery

| occupation = Record company executive

| children = 3, including Marshall Chess

| spouse = Revetta Sloan

| parents =

| family = Jamar Chess (grandson)

|module={{Infobox musical artist

| background = non_performing_personnel

| embed = yes

| genre = {{hlist|Chicago blues|electric blues|blues|rock and roll|rhythm and blues|soul}}

| years_active = 1938–1969

| label = Chess, Checker, Argo, Cadet}}

}}

Leonard Samuel Chess (born Lejzor Szmuel Czyż; March 12, 1917 – October 16, 1969) was a Polish-American record company executive and the founder of Chess Records alongside his brother Phil. He was influential in the development of the recording industry, and electric blues, Chicago blues, and rock and roll.

Early life

Chess was born to Polish-Jewish parents in Motal, now in Belarus.Cohodas, Nadine (2000). Spinning Blues into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records. New York: St. Martins. [http://www.bluestogold.com/index2.html Bluestogold.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204194237/http://www.bluestogold.com/index2.html |date=February 4, 2017 }}{{Cite web|first=Nate |last=Bloom |author-link=Nate Bloom|title=Jewish Stars|publisher=Cleveland Jewish News|date=December 5, 2008|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/jewish-stars/article_267bed47-31ea-5941-8a06-f04ecc105ae1.html}}{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-phil-chess-dead-20161019-story.html|title=Phil Chess, co-founder of blues label Chess Records, dies|first=Tribune news|last=services|date=October 20, 2016 |publisher=chicagotribune.com|access-date=July 22, 2017}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keJvCQAAQBAJ&q=observant%20jew|first=Rich |last=Cohen|title=The Record Men: The Chess Brothers and the Birth of Rock & Roll|publisher=W. W. Norton|date=October 17, 2005|isbn=9780393352504}} He and his brother, Fiszel, sister, Malka, and mother arrived in New York in 1928 from Poland. They quickly went to Chicago to join their father, Joseph, who was already engaged in the liquor business, which was illegal at the height of Prohibition and controlled in Chicago by Al Capone.Gordon, Robert, 2003, Can't Be Satisfied: The Life and Works of Muddy Waters, pp. 89–90 The family name was changed to Chess, with Lejzor becoming Leonard and Fiszel becoming Philip.

Chess Records

Leonard and his brother Phil became involved in the black nightclub scene on the South Side of Chicago in 1938 running a series of jazz clubs, culminating in the Macomba Lounge.Guralnick, Peter, I Feel like Going Home, 1971, p. 219 In 1947, Leonard became associated with Aristocrat Records, increasing his share in the company over time; eventually he and Phil would acquire complete control. The Chess brothers moved the company away from black pop and jazz and other genres into down home blues music with artists such as Muddy Waters.{{Pop Chronicles|4|2}} In 1950, the Chess brothers renamed the company Chess Records. "My Foolish Heart" (Gene Ammons), "Rollin' Stone" (Muddy Waters), and "That's All Right" (Jimmy Rogers) were among the first releases on the new label. Leonard Chess played bass drum on one of Muddy Waters' sessions in 1951, specifically on the tracks "She Moves Me" and "Still A Fool".{{sfn|Palmer|1982|p=164/5}}

Chess contacted Sam Phillips (of Sun Records) to help find and record new artists from the South. Phillips supplied Chess with recordings by Howlin' Wolf, Rufus Thomas, and Doctor Ross among others. Of these, Howlin' Wolf in particular became very popular, and Chess Records had to vie for him with other companies which had also been supplied with Wolf recordings by Phillips. In time, other important artists signed with Chess Records, including Bo Diddley and Sonny Boy Williamson, while Willie Dixon and Robert Lockwood Jr. took on a significant role behind the scenes. In the 1950s, Chess Records' commercial success grew with artists such as Little Walter, The Moonglows, The Flamingos, and Chuck Berry, and in the '60s with Etta James, Fontella Bass, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Laura Lee, and Tommy Tucker, as well as with the subsidiary labels Checker, Argo, and Cadet. As the 1960s progressed, Chess's recording enterprise branched out into other genres including gospel, traditional jazz, spoken word, comedy, and more. In the early 1960s, Chess became involved in the broadcasting business as part owner of WVON-AM radio and later acquired WSDM-FM, both in Chicago.

Personal life and legacy

File:Grave of Leonard Chess (1917–1969) at Westlawn Cemetery, Norridge.jpg

In 1941, he married Revetta Sloan, who was also Jewish; they had three children: son Marshall and two daughters, Elaine and Susie.{{Cite book|last=Cohodas|first=Nadine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43526859|title=Spinning blues into gold : the Chess brothers and the legendary Chess Records|date=2000|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=0-312-26133-0|location=New York|oclc=43526859}}{{Cite web|first=Nate |last=Bloom |author-link= Nate Bloom |title=Will the real music mogul stand up? Two films highlight role of Jewish immigrants in popularizing blues and rock |date=April 16, 2010 |publisher=Jewish Standard|url= https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/will-the-real-music-mogul-stand-up/ }}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZASIpS00zv8C&q=marshall+chess+daughters&pg=PA188|first=John |last=Collis|title=The Story of Chess Records|date=October 15, 1998 |pages=188 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=9781582340050 }} On October 16, 1969, six months after selling his namesake label to General Recorded Tape, Leonard Chess died of a heart attack. He was buried at Westlawn Cemetery in Norridge, Illinois.

Music industry historian John Broven has written that "Leonard Chess was the dynamo behind Chess Records, the label that, along with Atlantic and Sun, has come to epitomize the independent record business. ... Leonard Chess set new standards for the industry in artist development, deal making, networking, and marketing and promotion…"Broven, John (2009). Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 116. {{ISBN|978-0-252-03290-5}} He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, posthumously, in the non-performer category.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/leonard-chess|title=Leonard Chess|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2018}}

Film and TV adaptations

Chess was the focus of 2008 movies Cadillac Records (portrayed by Adrien Brody) and Who Do You Love? (portrayed by Alessandro Nivola){{cite web|title=Fictional History: What It Was Like to Start Rock 'n' Roll, Sort Of|author=Holden, Stephen|author-link=Stephen Holden|date=April 8, 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/movies/09who.html|work=The New York Times}} which are also fictional accounts of the ascent (and descent) of the label itself and the personnel who were involved or recorded at Chess Records.

He is portrayed by Rob Morrow on CMT's drama series titled Sun Records.

References

Bibliography

{{cite book

| last = Palmer

| first = Robert

| author-link = Robert Palmer (American writer)

| title = Deep Blues

| year = 1982

| location = New York City

| publisher = Penguin Books

| isbn = 0-14006-223-8

| url-access = registration

| url = https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm

}}

External links

{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p64130/biography}}
{{Rockhall}}
[http://campber.people.clemson.edu/chess1.html The Chess Label Part I (1950–1952) ]
[http://campber.people.clemson.edu/chess2.html The Chess Label Part II (1953–1955) ]
[http://www.history-of-rock.com/chess_records.htm Chess Records]
[http://www.bsnpubs.com/chess/chesscheck.html The Chess Story]
[http://culture.pl/en/article/chess-records-how-two-polish-brothers-made-music-history Chess Records: How Two Polish Brothers Made Music History]