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Lepraria

{{Short description|Genus of lichens}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Lepraria_lobificans_(EU).jpg

| image_caption = Lepraria lobificans

| taxon = Lepraria

| authority = Ach. (1803)

| type_species = Lepraria incana

| type_species_authority = (L.) Ach. (1803)

| synonyms_ref =

| synonyms =

  • Pulina {{au|Adans (1763)}}
  • Conia {{au|Vent. (1799)}}
  • Epinyctis {{au|Wallr. (1831)}}
  • Amphiloma {{au|Nyl. (1855)}}
  • Leproloma {{au|Nyl. (1883)}}
  • Leproloma {{au|Nyl. ex Cromb. (1894)}}

}}

Lepraria is a genus of leprose (powdery) crustose lichens that grows on its substrate like patches of granular, caked up, mealy dust grains.A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Lepraria s.l. that produce divaricatic acid, with notes on the type species of the genus L. incana, James C. Lendemer

, Mycologia 103(6): 1216-1229, [http://www.mycologia.org/content/103/6/1216.full] Members of the genus are commonly called dust lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-0-300-19500-2}}{{rp|305}}[http://eol.org/pages/36839/overview Dust Lichen (Lepraria), Encyclopedia of Life][http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Name Search] The main vegetative body (thallus) is made of patches of soredia (little balls of algae wrapped in fungus). There are no known mechanisms for sexual reproduction, yet members of the genus continue to speciate. Some species can form marginal lobes and appear squamulose. Because of the morphological simplicity of the thallus and the absence of sexual structures, the composition of lichen products (i.e., secondary metabolites made by lichens) are important characters to distinguish between similar species in Lepraria.

Taxonomy

Lepraria was circumscribed in 1803 by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius. Jack Laundon assigned Lepraria incana as the type species of the genus in 1992. It is in the family Stereocaulaceae.{{cite book |vauthors=Sharnoff S, Brodo IM, Sharnoff SD |title=Lichens of North America |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |year=2001 |isbn=0-300-08249-5}}

The taxonomy of Lepraria has undergone significant changes as new research methods have become available. Historically, some species now classified as Lepraria were placed in a separate genus called Leproloma, which was thought to be distinct based on features such as whitish colouring with yellow tints, a powdery surface composed of small lobes, and specific chemical compounds called dibenzofurans. However, molecular studies in 2002 showed that most species from both genera are actually part of the same evolutionary group.

Scientists use multiple characteristics to identify and classify Lepraria species, including their physical appearance (morphology), their chemical composition, and their genetic sequences. Different populations of the same species can have varying chemical compositions, known as {{lichengloss|chemotypes}}. This variation has led to debate among researchers about how to properly define species boundaries within the genus. While some researchers have proposed splitting the genus into many narrowly defined species based on small genetic or chemical differences, others advocate for a more conservative approach that considers multiple lines of evidence.

Description

Species of Lepraria are characterised by their powdery, crustose thalli, which are composed almost entirely of soredia—small, granular clusters of fungal and algal cells that allow for asexual reproduction. The thallus may appear loosely attached or more firmly integrated with the substrate, forming irregular, diffuse patches or well-defined, {{lichengloss|lobe|lobed}} margins. Most species exhibit shades of grey, greenish-grey, or cream, lacking the bright pigmentation seen in some other lichens.

Unlike many lichen-forming fungi, Lepraria species do not produce fruiting bodies (apothecia) or sexual spores (ascospores). Instead, their reproduction relies entirely on soredia dispersal. In some species, the soredia aggregate into larger clusters known as {{lichengloss|consoredia}}, which may give the thallus a rough or granular texture. Some species, particularly those in wetter or more sheltered environments, may develop a cottony or membranous appearance. The thallus can also have a {{lichengloss|hypothallus}}—a weft of fungal hyphae at the base—ranging in colour from white to dark brown or black.

The genus Lepraria is chemically diverse, with species producing a wide range of secondary metabolites, including depsides, depsidones, aliphatic acids, and terpenoids. These substances, detectable through thin-layer chromatography, are often the primary basis for distinguishing species. Many species grow in humid, shaded environments such as tree bark, moss-covered rocks, and soil, although some are found in more exposed, dry habitats.

Molecular phylogenetics studies have refined the circumscription of Lepraria. Several species formerly included in the genus, particularly those producing usnic acid, have been reassigned to other genera within the Lecanoromycetes, including Lecanora and Leprocaulon. This reclassification has clarified Lepraria as a lineage most closely related to the family Stereocaulaceae.

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Lepraria species occupy a wide range of habitats but are most commonly found in shaded, humid environments where direct rainfall is limited. Many species grow on tree bark, moss-covered rocks, or decaying wood, particularly in forests with stable humidity levels. Some taxa prefer rocky substrates, particularly siliceous or calcareous surfaces, and can colonise cracks or overhangs where they are partially sheltered. Other species thrive on soil, mosses, or plant debris, often in montane or subalpine environments.

While Lepraria is often associated with moist microhabitats, certain species tolerate or even prefer more exposed conditions, such as sunlit rock faces or dry forest floors. Some species are pioneers in disturbed habitats, rapidly colonising exposed surfaces where competition from other lichens or plants is low. In contrast, others show a preference for mature forests with stable microclimates, particularly in temperate regions.

The genus has a broad geographical distribution, occurring on every continent, including Antarctica. The highest species diversity is found in temperate zones, but representatives of Lepraria are also common in tropical and boreal forests, alpine regions, and oceanic islands. Some species exhibit narrow ecological preferences and are restricted to specific regions or substrate types, while others are cosmopolitan in their distribution. In 2011, 27 species were reported to occur in South America.

Species

{{As of|2025|January}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 85 species of Lepraria.

File:Lepraria finkii 13053487.jpg

File:Lepraria harrisiana - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

File:Lepraria lanata - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg

File:Lepraria xerophila - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

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References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite book |last1=Acharius |first1=E. |year=1803 |title=Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius |location=Stockholm |publisher=Impensis F.D.D. Ulrich |page=3 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44218093}}

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{{cite journal |last=Aptroot |first=A. |year=2002 |title=New and interesting lichens and lichenicolous fungi in Brazil |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=15–45 |url=https://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/9-2.pdf}}

{{cite journal |last1=Baajpai |first1=R. |last2=Nayaka |first2=S. |last3=Upreti |first3=D.K. |year=2018 |title=The Lichen genera Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Leprocaulon (Leprocaulaceae) in India |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=356 |issue=2 |pages=101–116 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.356.2.1}}

{{cite journal |last1=Barcenas-Peña |first1=Alejandrina |last2=Diaz |first2=Rudy |last3=Grewe |first3=Felix |last4=Widhelm |first4=Todd |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Contributions to the phylogeny of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) species from the Southern Hemisphere, including three new species |journal=The Bryologist |volume=124 |issue=4 |year=2021 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-124.4.494 |pages=494–505}}

{{Catalogue of Life |id=CDHMC |title=Lepraria |access-date=30 January 2025}}

{{cite journal |last1=Crespo |first1=Ana |last2=Arguello |first2=Arturo |last3=Lumbsch |first3=H. Thorsten |last4=Llimona |first4=Xavier |last5=Tønsberg |first5=Tor |title=A new species of Lepraria (Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae) from the Canary Islands and the typification of Lepraria isidiata |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=38 |issue=3 |year=2006 |doi=10.1017/s0024282906005846 |pages=213–221}}

{{cite journal |last1=Ekman |first1=Stefan |last2=Tønsberg |first2=Tor |title=Most species of Lepraria and Leproloma form a monophyletic group closely related to Stereocaulon |journal=Mycological Research |volume=106 |issue=11 |year=2002 |doi=10.1017/S0953756202006718 |pages=1262–1276}}

{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |last2=Øvstedal |first2=Dag Olav |last3=Gremmen |first3=Niek J.M. |year=2005 |title=A new Lepraria species from Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=93 |pages=273–275 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0093/0273.htm}}

{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |year=2006 |title=New species of sterile crustose lichens from Australasia |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=94 |pages=219–224}}

{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |year=2006 |title=A new species of Lepraria (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=58 |pages=20–23}}

{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |year=2008 |title=Additional new lichen taxa (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=63 |pages=30–36}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Flakus |first1=Adam |last2=Elix |first2=John A. |last3=Rodriguez |first3=Pamela |last4=Kukwa |first4=Martin |title=New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=43 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=57–66 |doi=10.1017/S0024282910000502}}

{{cite journal |last1=Flakus |first1=Adam |last2=Elix |first2=John A. |last3=Rodriguez |first3=Pamela |last4=Kukwa |first4=Martin |year=2011 |title=New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=57–66 |doi=10.1017/S0024282910000502}}

{{cite journal |last1=Fryday |first1=Alan M. |last2=Øvstedal |first2=Dag O. |title=New species, combinations and records of lichenized fungi from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=44 |issue=4 |year=2012 |doi=10.1017/s0024282912000163 |pages=483–500}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |last2=Kukwa |first2=M. |year=2006 |title=A new species of Lepraria (lichenized Ascomycetes) from Tasmania's wet forests |journal=Muelleria |volume=23 |pages=3–6}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Kukwa |first1=Martin |last2=Flakus |first2=Adam |title=Lepraria glaucosorediata sp. nov. (Stereocaulacae, lichenized Ascomycota) and other interesting records of Lepraria |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=108 |issue=1 |year=2009 |doi=10.5248/108.353 |doi-access=free |pages=353–364 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233485267}}

{{cite journal |last1=Kukwa |first1=Martin |year=2018 |title=Lepraria juanfernandezii, a new lichen species from the Southern Hemisphere |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=233–235 |doi=10.2478/pfs-2019-0019 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |authorlink=Jack Laundon |last1=Laundon |first1=Jack R. |title=Lepraria in the British Isles |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=1992 |pages=315–350 |doi=10.1017/S002428299200046X}}

{{cite journal |last=Laundon |first=Jack Rodney |title=Some synonyms in Chrysothrix and Lepraria |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=40 |issue=5 |year=2008 |doi=10.1017/S0024282908007238 |pages=411–414}}

{{cite journal |last=Lendemer |first=J.C. |year=2005 |title=Lichens of Eastern North America Exsiccati. Fascicle IV, nos. 151–200 |journal=Opuscula Philolichenum |volume=2 |pages=37–52}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |last2=Knudsen |first2=Kerry |last3=Elix |first3=John A. |year=2008 |title=Lepraria friabilis, a new species from eastern North America |journal=Opuscula Philolichenum |volume=5 |pages=61–66 |url=http://clade.ansp.org/botany/people/lendemer/Op5p8.pdf}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |year=2010 |title=Notes on Lepraria s.l. (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) in North America: New species, new reports, and preliminary keys |journal=Brittonia |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=267–292 |jstor=40980940 |doi=10.1007/s12228-010-9142-4}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |year=2010 |title=Lepraria larrainiana (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes), a new species from central Chile |journal=Gayana Botánica |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=238–241 |doi=10.4067/S0717-66432010000200010 |doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |title=A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Lepraria s.l. that produce divaricatic acid, with notes on the type species of the genus L. incana |journal=Mycologia |volume=103 |issue=6 |year=2011 |doi=10.3852/11-032 |pages=1216–1229}}

{{cite journal |last=Lendemer |first=J.C. |year=2012 |title=Perspectives on chemotaxonomy: molecular data confirm the existence of two morphologically distinct species within a chemically defined Lepraria caesiella (Stereocaulaceae) |journal=Castanea |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=89–105 |doi=10.2179/11-042}}

{{cite journal |last=Lendemer |first=J.C. |year=2012 |title=A tale of two species: molecular data reveal the chemotypes of Lepraria normandinoides (Stereocaulaceae) to be two sympatric species |journal=Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=118–130}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |title=A radical shift in the taxonomy of Lepraria s.l.: Molecular and morphological studies shed new light on the evolution of asexuality and lichen growth form diversification |journal=Mycologia |volume=105 |issue=4 |year=2013 |pages=994–1018 |doi=10.3852/12-338 |pmid=23709574}}

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{{cite journal |last=Lohtander |first=K. |year=1994 |title=The genus Lepraria in Finland |journal=Annales Botanici Fennici |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=223–231}}

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{{cite book |last1=Nash |first1=T.H. III |last2=Ryan |first2=B.D. |last3=Diederich |first3=P. |last4=Gries |first4=C. |last5=Bungartz |first5=F. |year=2004 |title=Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region |volume=2 |pages=665 |publisher=Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University |location=Tempe |isbn=978-0-9716759-1-9}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Orange |first1=Alan |last2=Wolseley |first2=Patricia |year=2005 |title=Two new thamnolic acid-containing Lepraria species from Thailand |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=247–250 |doi=10.1017/S0024282905015136}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lauri |last2=Saag |first2=Andres |last3=Randlane |first3=Tiina |title=World survey of the genus Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=41 |issue=1 |year=2009 |doi=10.1017/S0024282909007993 |pages=25–60}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Slavíková-Bayerová |first1=Štěpánka |last2=Orange |first2=Alan |title=Three new species of Lepraria (Ascomycota, Stereocaulaceae) containing fatty acids and atranorin |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=38 |issue=6 |year=2006 |pages=503–513 |doi=10.1017/S0024282906006177}}

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{{cite web |title=Synonymy. Current Name: Lepraria Ach., Methodus, Sectio prior (Stockholmiæ): 3 (1803) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=8732 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=30 January 2025}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Tønsberg |first1=T. |year=2002 |title=Notes on non-corticolous Lepraria s. lat. in Norway |journal=Graphis Scripta |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=45–51}}

{{cite book |last1=Tønsberg |first1=T. |year=2004 |chapter=Lepraria |editor-last1=Nash III |editor-first1=T.H. |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first2=B.D. |editor-last3=Diederich |editor-first3=P. |editor-last4=Gries |editor-first4=C. |editor-last5=Bungartz |editor-first5=F. |title=Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region |volume=2 |publisher=Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University |location=Tempe, Arizona |page=326 |isbn=978-0-9716759-1-9}}

{{cite journal |last1=Tønsberg |first1=T. |last2=Zhurbenko |first2=M. |year=2006 |title=Lepraria gelida, a new species from the Arctic |journal=Graphis Scripta |volume=18 |page=64}}

{{cite journal |last1=Tønsberg |first1=T. |year=2007 |title=Notes on the lLichen genus Lepraria in Great Smoky Mountains National Park; southeastern North America: Lepraria lanata and L. salazinica spp. nov. |journal=Opuscula Philolichenum |volume=4 |pages=51–54}}

{{cite journal |last1=Tretiach |first1=Mauro |last2=Muggia |first2=Lucia |last3=Baruffo |first3=Laurence |title=Species delimitation in the Lepraria isidiata-L. santosii group: a population study in the Mediterranean-Macaronesian region |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=41 |issue=1 |year=2009 |doi=10.1017/S0024282909008093 |pages=1–15}}

}}

{{Taxonbar |from1=Q6527811 |from2=Q61989003 |from3=Q10557818}}

Category:Lichen genera

Category:Lecanorales genera

Category:Taxa named by Erik Acharius

Category:Taxa described in 1803