Libertarian conservatism#Small government conservatism

In political science, libertarian conservatism is an ideology that combines the advocacy of economic and legal principles such as fiscal discipline, respect for contracts, defense of private property and free markets,{{sfn|Johnston|2007|pp=154–156}} fewer laws banning minor crimes, and the traditional conservative stress on self-help and freedom of choice under a laissez-faire and economically liberal capitalist society with social tenets such as the importance of religion and the value of religious morality{{sfn|Johnston|2007|p=154}} through a framework of limited, constitutional, representative government.{{sfn|Johnston|2007|pp=154–155}} For Margaret Randall, libertarian conservatism began as an expression of liberal individualism and the demand for personal freedom.{{cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.|title=The Rise of the City: 1878–1898|publisher=The Academy of Political Science|date=September 1933|orig-year=1933|pages=454–456|chapter=48}}{{cite book|last=Randall|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Randall|title=Sandino's Daughters: Testimonies of Nicaraguan Women in Struggle|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=January 14, 2018|orig-year=1995|pages=ii|chapter=Preface}}

In 2006, Nelson Hultberg wrote that there is "philosophical common ground" between libertarians and conservatives. According to Hultberg, "[t]he true conservative movement was, from the start, a blend of political libertarianism, cultural conservatism, and non-interventionism abroad bequeathed to us via the Founding Fathers". He said that such libertarian conservatism was "hijacked" by neoconservatism, "by the very enemies it was formed to fight—Fabians, New Dealers, welfarists, progressives, globalists, interventionists, militarists, nation builders, and all the rest of the collectivist ilk that was assiduously working to destroy the Founders' Republic of States".Hultberg, Nelson (December 20, 2006). [http://www.afr.org/Hultberg/122006.html "True Conservatism vs. Neo-Conservatism"]. Americans for a Free Republic. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820085956/http://www.afr.org/Hultberg/122006.html|date=August 20, 2008}}. Retrieved August 20, 2008.

Other scholars, such as conservative philosopher Russell Kirk, have highlighted the contrasts between conservatives and libertarians, stating that "to talk of forming a league or coalition between these two is like advocating a union of ice and fire".{{cite journal|last=Kirk|first=Russell|title=Libertarians: Chirping Sectaries|year=1981|journal=Modern Age|volume=25|issue=4|pages=345–51}} Libertarian activist Jerome Tuccille wrote: "Libertarianism is basically Aristotelian (reason, objectivity, individual self-sufficiency) while conservatism is just fundamentally Platonic (privileged elitism, mysticism, collective order)."{{cite book|author-last=Tuccille|author-first=Jerome|title=Radical Libertarianism: A Right Wing Alternative|year=1971|page=6|isbn=0672512327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nh8HAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill}}

According to Andrew Gilbert, conservative parties such as the British Conservative Party and the American Republican Party hold a significant libertarian conservative wing, although Gilbert argues that "it is questionable to what extent conservatism and libertarianism are compatible".Gilbert, Andrew (2018). British Conservatism and the Legal Regulation of Intimate Relationships. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 40. {{ISBN|9781509915897}}. "Political parties which are usually considered to be conservative parties (such as the US Republican Party or the British Conservative Party) are also known for having a significant libertarian grouping within their ranks (especially in America), yet it is questionable to what extent conservatism and libertarianism are compatible." According to Mark A. Graber, libertarian conservatives are "philosophically consistent liberal legal individualists".Passavent, Paul (2003). No Escape: Freedom of Speech and the Paradox of Rights. New York: New York University Press. pp. 48–49. {{ISBN|9780814766965}}.

In 1998, George Wescott Carey edited Freedom and Virtue: The Conservative/Libertarian Debate, a book which contains essays that Carey describes as representing "the tension between liberty and morality" and "the main fault line dividing the two philosophies".Carey, George Wescott, ed. (1998). Freedom & Virtue: The Conservative Libertarian Debate. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. {{ISBN|1882926196}}. For Brian Farmer, "Libertarianism is a form of Conservatism often considered separate from the more mainstream conservative ideologies, partially because it is a bit more extreme, and partially because Libertarians often separate themselves from other forms of more mainstream Conservatism".Farmer, Brian (2008). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. {{ISBN|9781443802765}}.

Libertarian conservatism subscribes to the libertarian idea of free-market capitalism, advocating minimal to no government interference in the market. A number of libertarian conservatives favor Austrian School economics and are critical of fiat money. Libertarian conservatives also support wherever possible privatizing services traditionally run or provided by the government, from airports and air traffic control systems to toll roads and toll booths.{{sfn|Heywood|2015|p=37}} Libertarian conservatism advocates economic freedom in the product and capital markets and consumption whilst excluding collective action, collective bargaining and labor organization in general.Zafirovski, Milan (2007). Democracy, Economy, and Conservatism: Political and Economic Freedoms and Their Antithesis in the Third Millennium: Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 309. {{ISBN|9780739117965}}.

{{Conservatism US}}

In the 1950s, Frank Meyer, a prominent contributor to the National Review, called his own combination of libertarianism and conservatism fusionism.Feser, Edward (December 22, 2001). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/feser2.html "What Libertarianism Isn't"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922124557/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2001/12/edward-feser/what-libertarianism-isnt/ |date=2018-09-22 }}. Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved December 22, 2001.Raico, Ralph (Fall 1964). [https://mises.org/story/1784 "Is Libertarianism Amoral?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422221215/https://mises.org/library/libertarianism-amoral |date=2019-04-22 }}. New Individualist Review. 3 (3): 29–36. The agorist philosopher Samuel Edward Konkin III coined the term right-libertarianism in order to describe this mixed ideology.{{cite web|url=http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html|title=Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III|website=www.spaz.org}}

In a 1975 interview with Reason, California Governor Ronald Reagan appealed to libertarians when he stated to "believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism".Klausner, Manuel (July 1975). [https://reason.com/1975/07/01/inside-ronald-reagan/ "Inside Ronald Reagan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065225/https://reason.com/1975/07/01/inside-ronald-reagan/ |date=2020-08-03 }}. Reason. Retrieved May 2, 2020. Ron Paul was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support Reagan's presidential campaign{{cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Jerry|title=Libertarian Candidate Rolls Out His Values|journal=San Francisco Chronicle|date=September 17, 1988}} and actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.{{cite journal|last=Nichols|first=Bruce|title=Ron Paul Wants to Get Americans Thinking: Republican-Turned-Libertarian Seeks Presidency|journal=Dallas Morning News|date=March 15, 1987}} However, Ron Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies after Reagan's election in 1980 and later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981,{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=J. Michael|title=Politics 88: Hopeless Presidential Race: Libertarian Plods On – Alone and Unheard|journal=Los Angeles Times|date=May 10, 1988|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html|access-date=January 31, 2012|archive-date=January 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143935/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|last=Kutzmann|first=David M.|title=Small Party Battles Big Government Libertarian Candidate Opposes Intrusion into Private Lives|journal=San Jose Mercury News|date=May 24, 1988|page=12A}} aghast that "in 1977, Jimmy Carter proposed a budget with a $38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $45 billion deficit—which turned out to be $113 billion—and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land". Ron Paul expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from the House of Representatives to prepare for a failed run for the Senate and eventually apologized to his libertarian friends for having supported Reagan. By 1987, Ron Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party as explained in a blistering resignation letter. While affiliated with both Libertarian and Republican parties at different times, Ron Paul stated to have always been a libertarian at heart.

In the 1980s, libertarians such as Ron Paul and Murray RothbardRothbard, Murray (1984). [https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon "The Reagan Phenomenon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143937/https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon |date=2023-01-18 }}. Free Life: The Journal of the Libertarian Alliance. Libertarian Alliance. '4 (1): 1–7. Retrieved September 20, 2020 – via the Mises Institute.Riggenbach, Jeff (February 5, 2011). [https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-%E2%80%94-and-after "The Reagan Fraud – and After"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143938/https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-and-after |date=2023-01-18 }}. Mises Institute. Retrieved September 20, 2020. criticized President Reagan, Reaganomics and policies of the Reagan administration for, among other reasons, having turned the United States' big trade deficit into debt and the United States became a debtor nation for the first time since World War I under the Reagan administration.Kilborn, Peter T. (September 17, 1985). [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/us-turns-into-debtor-nation.html "U.S. Turns Into Debtor Nation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213151724/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/us-turns-into-debtor-nation.html |date=2020-02-13 }}. The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2020.Johnston, Oswald (September 17, 1985). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-17-mn-20088-story.html "Big Trade Deficit Turns U.S. Into Debtor Nation : First Time Since 1914"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090052/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-17-mn-20088-story.html |date=2020-08-04 }}. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 2, 2020. Rothbard argued that the presidency of Reagan has been "a disaster for libertarianism in the United States"Weltch, Matt (September 9, 2011). [https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/ "Rothbard on Reagan in Reason"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001221800/https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/ |date=2020-10-01 }}. Reason. Reason Foundation. Retrieved September 20, 2020. and Ron Paul described Reagan himself as "a dramatic failure".

Already a radical classical liberal and anti-interventionist strongly influenced by the Old Right, especially its opposition to the managerial state whilst being more unequivocally anti-war and anti-imperialist,See Raimondo, Enemy; Brian Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement (New York: Public Affairs 2007). Rothbard had become the doyen of libertarianism in the United States.Raimondo, Enemy 372–383.Doherty 565–569. After his departure from the New Left, with which he helped build for a few years a relationship with other libertarians,Murray N. Rothbard, "Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty," Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought 1.1 (Spring 1965): 4–22.Roderick T. Long, "Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later" (Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference 2006). Rothbard had involved the segment of the libertarian movement loyal to him in an alliance with the growing paleoconservative movement,Raimondo, Enemy 266–295.Doherty 561–565. seen by many observers, libertarian and otherwise, as flirting with racism and social reaction.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/09/02/where-did-donald-trump-get-his-racialized-rhetoric-from-libertarians/|title=Where did Donald Trump get his racialized rhetoric? From libertarians|last=Sheffield|first=Matthew|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 September 2016|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012131625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/09/02/where-did-donald-trump-get-his-racialized-rhetoric-from-libertarians/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-insidious-libertarian-to-alt-right-pipeline|title=The Insidious Libertarian-to-Alt-Right Pipeline|last=Lewis|first=Matt|website=The Daily Beast|date=23 August 2017|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217165109/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-insidious-libertarian-to-alt-right-pipeline|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/|title=Libertarians have more in common with the alt-right than they want you to think|last=Ganz|first=John|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=19 September 2017|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807155429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/|url-status=live}} Suggesting that libertarians needed a new cultural profile that would make them more acceptable to socially and culturally conservative people, Rothbard criticized the tendency of proponents of libertarianism to appeal to "'free spirits,' to people who don't want to push other people around, and who don't want to be pushed around themselves" in contrast to "the bulk of Americans", who "might well be tight-assed conformists, who want to stamp out drugs in their vicinity, kick out people with strange dress habits, etc." whilst emphasizing that this was relevant as a matter of strategy. Rothbard argued that the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of "the tight-assed majority".Murray Rothbard, letter to David Bergland, June 5, 1986, qtd. Raimondo 263–264.

In the 1990s, Rothbard, Lew Rockwell and others described their libertarian conservative views as paleolibertarianism.{{cite journal|last1=Rockwell|first1=Lew|title=The Case for Paleo-libertarianism|journal=Liberty|issue=January 1990|pages=34–38|url=http://www.pericles.press/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liberty_Magazine.pdf|access-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144559/http://www.pericles.press/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liberty_Magazine.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}. In an early statement of this position, Rockwell and Jeffrey Tucker argued for a specifically Christian libertarianism. Later, Rockwell would no longer consider himself a "paleolibertarian" and was "happy with the term libertarian".Kenny Johnsson, [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/liberal-post-interview.html Do You Consider Yourself a Libertarian?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804094434/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2007/05/lew-rockwell/do-you-consider-yourself-a-libertarian/ |date=2019-08-04 }}, interview with Lew Rockwell, May 25, 2007. Those libertarians continued their opposition to "all forms of government intervention—economic, cultural, social, international" whilst upholding cultural conservatism in social thought and behavior. Paleolibertarians opposed a licentious libertarianism which advocated "freedom from bourgeois morality, and social authority". Rockwell later stated to have dropped that self-description because people confused it with paleoconservatism which libertarians such as Rockwell rejected. While distancing himself from the paleolibertarian alliance strategy, Rockwell affirmed paleoconservatives for their "work on the immigration issue", maintaining that "porous borders in Texas and California" could be seen as "reducing liberty, not increasing it, through a form of publicly subsidized right to trespass".{{cite web|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/paleoism.html|title=What I Learned From Paleoism|last=Rockwell|first=Llewellyn H.|publisher=Lew Rockwell.com|date=May 2, 2002|access-date=July 2, 2008|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610014040/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2002/05/lew-rockwell/what-i-learned-from-paleoism/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/liberal-post-interview.html|title=Do You Consider Yourself a Libertarian?|last=Johnsson|first=Kenny|publisher=Lew Rockwell.com|date=May 25, 2007|access-date=July 2, 2008|archive-date=August 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804094434/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2007/05/lew-rockwell/do-you-consider-yourself-a-libertarian/|url-status=live}}

In 2001, Edward Feser emphasized that libertarianism does not require individuals to reject traditional conservative values. Libertarianism supports the ideas of liberty, privacy and ending the war on marijuana at the legal level without changing personal values. Defending the fusion of traditionalist conservatism with libertarianism and rejecting the view that libertarianism necessarily requires support for a liberal culture, Feser implied that a central issue for those who share his viewpoint is "the preservation of traditional morality—particularly traditional sexual morality, with its idealization of marriage and its insistence that sexual activity be confined within the bounds of that institution, but also a general emphasis on dignity and temperance over self-indulgence and dissolute living".

Hans-Hermann Hoppe is a libertarian conservative, whose belief in rights of property owners to establish private covenant communities, from which homosexuals and political dissidents may be "physically removed",{{cite web|last=Hoppe|first=Hans-Hermann|date=11 April 2005|url=https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police|title=My Battle With The Thought Police|publisher=Mises Institute|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926200243/https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police|url-status=live}}Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2011). DemocracyThe God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy, and Natural Order. Transaction Publishers. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qARC56X5vxcC&pg=PA216E pp. 216–218] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143937/https://books.google.it/books?id=qARC56X5vxcC&pg=PA216e&redir_esc=y |date=2023-01-18 }}. {{ISBN|9781412815291}}. has been strongly criticized. Hoppe also garnered controversy due to his support for restrictive limits on immigration which critics argue is at odds with libertarianism.Guenzl, Simon (June 23, 2016). [http://libertarianpapers.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/article/2016/06/lp-8-1-7-2.pdf "Public Property and the Libertarian Immigration Debate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002005536/http://libertarianpapers.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/article/2016/06/lp-8-1-7-2.pdf |date=2020-10-02 }}". Libertarian Papers. 8 (1): 153–177. "I conclude that supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society." In Democracy: The God That Failed, first published in 2001, Hoppe argued that "libertarians must be conservatives".Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 2001) 189. Hoppe acknowledged "the importance, under clearly stated circumstances, of discriminating against communists, democrats, and habitual advocates of alternative, non-family centered lifestyles, including homosexuals".Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "[http://mises.org/daily/1792 My Battle With The Thought Police] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028052720/http://mises.org/daily/1792 |date=2014-10-28 }}," Mises Daily (Mises Institute, April 12, 2005). The quoted material in the text is intended as an elaboration of an earlier discussion in Democracy; Hoppe notes that "a few sentences" of Democracy: The God that Failed address this point and writes: "In its proper context these statements are hardly more offensive than saying that the Catholic Church should excommunicate those violating its fundamental precepts or that a nudist colony should expel those insisting on wearing bathing suits." In Democracy, he suggests that, in a stateless society, it would make sense for people forming communities "for the purpose of protecting family and kin" to eschew "tolerance toward those habitually promoting lifestyles incompatible with this goal." He says that "the advocates of alternative, non-family-centered lifestyles such as, for instance, individual hedonism, parasitism, nature-environment worship, homosexuality, or communism—will have to be physically removed from society, too, if one is to maintain a libertarian order." Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 2001) 218.Stephan Kinsella, "[https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/hoppe-on-covenant-communities-and-advocates-of-alternative-lifestyles/ Hoppe on Covenant Communities and Advocates of Alternative Lifestyles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001203619/https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/hoppe-on-covenant-communities-and-advocates-of-alternative-lifestyles/ |date=2020-10-01 }}," LewRockwell.com (n.p, May 26, 2010). In contrast to Walter Block,Walter Block, "A Libertarian Case for Free Immigration," Journal of Libertarian Studies 13.2 (Sum. 1998): 167–186. Hoppe argued that libertarianism need not be seen as requiring open bordersHans-Hermann Hoppe, "Natural Order, the State, and the Immigration Problem," Journal of Libertarian Studies 16.1 (Winter 2002): 75–97. and attributed "open border enthusiasm" to "egalitarianism".Hoppe, "Immigration" 93n23. Proponents of open borders, he maintains, "were initially drawn to libertarianism as juveniles because of its "antiauthoritarianism" (trust no authority) and seeming "tolerance," in particular toward 'alternative'—nonbourgeois—lifestyles. As adults, they have been arrested in this phase of mental development They express special 'sensitivity' in every manner of discrimination and are not inhibited in using the power of the central state to impose non-discrimination or 'civil rights' statutes on society. Consequently, by prohibiting other property owners from discrimination as they see fit, they are allowed to live at others' expense. They can indulge in their 'alternative' lifestyle without having to pay the 'normal' price for such conduct, i.e., discrimination and exclusion. To legitimize this course of action, they insist that one lifestyle is as good and acceptable as another. This leads first to multiculturalism, then to cultural relativism, and finally to 'open borders.'" While defending "market anarchy" in preference to both, Hoppe has argued for the superiority of monarchy to democracy, maintaining that monarchs are likely to be better stewards of the territory they claim to own than democratic politicians, whose time horizons may be shorter.Hoppe, Democracy.

Richard Epstein, Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, Albert Jay Nock, Richard Posner, Peter Schiff, Thomas Sowell, David Stockman, Dennis Miller, Peter Thiel, Jack Kemp, and Walter E. Williams have been described as libertarian conservatives.Rockwell, Lew; Tucker, Jeffrey (1991). [https://mises.org/library/cultural-thought-ludwig-von-mises-0 "Cultural Thought of Ludwig von Mises"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065045/https://mises.org/library/cultural-thought-ludwig-von-mises-0 |date=2020-08-03 }}. Journal of Libertarian Studies. Mises Institute. 10' (1): 23–52.https://www.nationalreview.com/2003/06/dennis-right-wing-menace-duncan-currie/ Former Congressman Ron Paul and his son Senator Rand Paul have been described as combining conservative and libertarian small government ideas and showing how the Constitution of the United States defends the individual and most libertarian views.{{cite web|url=https://www.lewrockwell.com/orig8/mafaldo1.html|title=The Conservative Case for Ron Paul|last=Mafaldo|first=Lucas|date=October 10, 2007|publisher=Lew Rockwell.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224403/https://www.lewrockwell.com/orig8/mafaldo1.html|archive-date=October 11, 2007|access-date=July 2, 2008}} Barry Goldwater who furthered conservatism in America was a libertarian conservative. Javier Milei, the current President of Argentina, has also been referred to as a libertarian conservative.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new hard-right president? |url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/javier-milei-argentinas-hard-president-142340903.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-CA}}

Filmmaker and producer Ivan Reitman, described his political views as "conservative-slash-libertarian".{{Cite web |date=2014-09-23 |title=Ivan Reitman Cops to Libertarian Subtext of Ghostbusters |url=https://reason.com/2014/09/23/ivan-reitman-cops-to-libertarian-subtext/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927054625/https://reason.com/2014/09/23/ivan-reitman-cops-to-libertarian-subtext/ |url-status=live }}

{{Portal|Conservatism|Libertarianism}}

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

• Anti-Federalism
• Chicago school of economics
• Democracy promotion
• Empire of Liberty
• Fiscal conservatism
• Freedom Caucus
• Jeffersonian democracy
• Libertarianism and Objectivism
• Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention
• Libertarian Republican
• Liberty Caucus
• Neo-libertarianism
• Paleolibertarianism
• Republican Liberty Caucus
• Starve the beast
• Supply-side economics
• Tea Party movement
• Western conservatism

{{div col end}}

{{reflist|2}}

• {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2015|title=Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations: Palgrave Key Concepts|location=London|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=9781137494771}}
• {{cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |title=Political Theory, Third Edition: An Introduction |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |isbn=0333961803}}
• {{cite book|last=Johnston|first=Larry|year=2007|title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781442600409|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john}}
• {{cite book |last=Van de Haar |first=Edwin |title=Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-1412855754 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey}}

• Ashford, Nigel; Davies, Stephen (2012). A Dictionary of Conservative and Libertarian Thought (Routledge Revivals). London: Routledge. {{ISBN|9781136708336}}.
• Blanchette, Jude (October 27, 2004). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig5/blanchette1.html "What Libertarians and Conservatives Say About Each Other: An Annotated Bibliography"]. LewRockwell.com. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
• Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2014). [https://mises.org/library/realistic-libertarianism "A Realistic Libertarianism is Right (Conservative) Libertarianism"]. Mises Institute. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
• Rothbard, Murray (1981). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard48.html "Frank S. Meyer: The Fusionist as Libertarian Manqué"]. Modern Age. Retrieved September 23, 2020 – via LewRockwell.com.

• [http://www.RLC.org Republican Liberty Caucus]. A group of libertarian conservatives.

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Category:Conservatism in the United States

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