Libyan Army (1951–2011)

The origin of the Royal Libyan Army can be traced back to the Libyan Arab Force (popularly known as the Sanusi Army).{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=241}} Established in August 1940 to fight against the Italians, it was a unit of Arab exiles mostly of Cyrenaican origin, although the unit also had a small number of Tripolitanian volunteers and Sudanese men living in Egypt recruited by the future king of Libya, Sayed Idris and led by British officers.{{cite web |last1=Marchant |first1=Charlotte |title=The National Archives - The Libyan Arab Force during the Second World War |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/the-libyan-arab-force-during-the-second-world-war/ |website=The National Archives blog |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=15 August 2022}}

The battalions of the Libyan Army Force were largely used as auxiliaries, constructing defensive works, patrolling, and guarding military installations and prisoners, though they saw combat during the siege of Tobruk.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=241}}

With the withdrawal of Axis forces from Libya in 1943, the Force changed its name to "The Cyrenaica Defence Force" and was disbanded shortly after, with most of its members joining the newly formed gerdarmerie in the British administered Libya.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=241}}

When Libya gained its independence in 1951, veterans of the original Sanusi army formed the nucleus of the Royal Libyan Army.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=241}} Until the discovery of oil in the late 1950s, Libya had an insignificant military, given its small population and lack of resources. King Idris deliberately divided his security forces into a regular army and a variety of gendarmerie forces. These gendarmes primary mission was to prevent any dissidence from the Armed Forces.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=241}}

After the discovery of oil, the Royal Libyan Army was slowly expanded with British assistance and by 1969, it was estimated to have a strength of 6,500 men, about half the size of the armed police (largely recruited from tribes considered loyal by the king).{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=241}}

King Idris, fearing a military led coup largely neglected the Royal Libyan Army,{{sfn|St. John|2023|page=88}} refusing to provide it with tanks, artillery and armored personnel carriers that could potentially be used by mutineers against him,{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=242}} relying instead on the Cyrenaica Defense Force and the Tripolitania Defense Force to protect his reign.{{sfn|St. John|2023|page=88}} He also relied on several lightly armed territorial forces and the mobile National Security Force, which was equipped with armored cars and helicopters.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=241}} However, they didn't offer any resistance against the 1969 Libyan revolution led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.{{sfn|St. John|2023|page=88}}{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=242}}

Within a year after the coup, the Libyan Army size increased to 22,000 men, following a recruitment campaign as well the integration of 14,000 men from the disbanded National Security Force and Cyrenaica Defense Force.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=242−243}}

After Gaddafi and his fellow Free Officers severed ties with the United States and the United Kingdom, France became the main supplier of weapons to Libya until 1974, when the Soviet Union agreed to sell vast amounts of weaponry to Libya, far exceeding the needs of the country armed forces.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=243}}{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Gaddafi's Massive Artillery Force That Kept On Fighting A Year After His Death |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/12/gaddafis-massive-artillery-force-that.html |website=Oryx |access-date=14 September 2023}} Libyan training and logistics suffered with the sheer amount of equipment purchased and the wide diversity of equipment types.{{sfn|Cordesman|2004|pages=71−72}}

Though the Libyan army had a large amount of fighting equipment at its disposal, the vast majority was bought in the 1970s and 1980s and was largely obsolete at the time of the 2011 Libyan Civil War.{{cite news |last1=Mouterde |first1=Perrine |title=Obsolete and inept, yet Gaddafi's forces hang on |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110309-gaddafi-military-libya-civil-war-mercenaries-army-rebels |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=France 24 |date=9 March 2011 |language=en}} A high percentage remained in storage and a large amount of equipment has also been donated to friendly countries in the Middle East, Africa, South America, and North Korea as well. The Libyan Army was generally regarded as neither efficient nor well trained.{{sfn|Cordesman|2004|pages=71−72}}

From the late seventies to the mid to late eighties the army was involved in four major incursions across the Chadian border. The Libyan Army suffered great losses in these conflicts especially that of the Toyota War of 1987 largely due to poor tactics and western aid to Chad.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|pages=248−251}}{{sfn|Powell|2020|page=328}} All of these incursions were eventually repulsed and Libya no longer occupies Chad. This conflict was known as the Chadian–Libyan War. In February 2011, the First Civil War broke out and several units of the army mutinied and defected to the opposition, with battles taking place across much of the country.

In September 2011, the pre-civil war Libyan Army had been effectively destroyed by a combination of NATO air strikes and combat with rebel forces, with the Libyan Army forces still loyal to Gaddafi abandoning their posts in Tripoli as the rebels took the city, and the remnants of Gaddafi's loyalist army holed up in Sirte, Sabha and Bani Walid.{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/22/libya-gaddafi-forces-battle-rebels | location=London | work=The Guardian | first1=Luke | last1=Harding | first2=Lizzy | last2=Davies | title=Libya: Gaddafi forces battle on after rebels enter Tripoli | date=22 August 2011}}

In 2009 the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated that the Ground Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya numbered 25,000 with an additional, estimated, 25,000 conscripts (total estimated 50,000).

The IISS estimated that the ground forces were organised into 11 border defence and 4 security zones, one regime security brigade (the 32nd Khamis Brigade), 10 tank battalions, 10 mechanised infantry battalions, 18 infantry battalions, 6 commando battalions, 22 artillery battalions, 4 surface-to-surface missile brigades and 7 air defence artillery battalions.IISS, The Military Balance 2009, p. 256

Doctrine was a mixture of Egyptian doctrine which was adopted after the 1969 coup and socialist principles derived from the concepts of a People's Army.

In 2011, the IISS estimated that Libya had more than 2,421 artillery pieces including 444 self-propelled guns, more than 647 towed artillery pieces, 830 multiple rocket launchers, and 500 mortars.{{sfn|Military Balance 2011|page=320}} A significant amount was put into storage prior to the 2011 civil war.

The IISS also estimated that Libya had 45 FROG-7 tactical ballistic missile launchers in service.{{sfn|Military Balance 2011|page=320}}

In the 1990s, Libya purchased an estimated number between 5 and 100 Hwasong-6 missiles from North Korea.{{sfn|Cordesman|2004|pages=453−454}} The Libyan government was also interested in buying Hwasong-7 missiles, but apparently never did.{{sfn|Bechtol|2010|page=59}}

After Gaddafi voluntarily renounced his weapons of mass destruction program in 2003, all Hwasong-6 missiles were scrapped, while Libya was allowed to keep its stockpile of FROG-7 and Scud-B missiles.{{sfn|Cordesman|2004|pages=453−454}}

In 1968, King Idris signed a contract with the British for the installation of an air defense system to be delivered in five years at a cost of US$300 million. The British would supply anti-air missile systems, radars, and provide training as well, but these plans were cancelled after the monarchy was overthrown in 1969, and Gaddafi sought Soviet assistance instead.{{sfn|Metz|Library of Congress|1989|page=242}}

In 2011 the IISS estimated that the Libyan army operated more than 424 surface-to-air missile systems, and 490 anti-aircraft guns (both towed and self-propelled),{{sfn|Military Balance 2011|page=320}} while the Air Defense Command (established in 1973){{sfn|Cordesman|Nerguizian|2009|page=72}} operated more than 216 SAM systems, as well some AA guns.{{sfn|Military Balance 2011|page=321}} By 2009, Libyan land-based air defenses were largely obsolete, however they were amongst the largest in the Middle East.{{sfn|Cordesman|Nerguizian|2009|page=72}}

Most of Libya's air defence systems were destroyed during the civil war,{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/libya-gaddafi-base-hit-in-second-night-of-allied-bombing|title = Libya: Gaddafi's air defences 'knocked out'|date = 21 March 2011}} how much, if any, remained intact afterwards is unknown. Many of the anti-aircraft guns captured by rebel forces were turned on Libyan Army ground forces after being bolted onto pick up trucks.{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/diy-weapons-of-the-libyan-rebels/100086/|title=DIY Weapons of the Libyan Rebels|work=The Atlantic|access-date=21 November 2014}}

{{More citations needed|section|date=April 2020}}

Small arms reported in service included TT pistol, Beretta M12, FN P90, SKS, AK-47, AK-74, Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965 and AKM assault rifles, the FN F2000, Soviet RPD machine gun, RPK machine gun, PK machine guns, DShK heavy machine gun, KPV heavy machine guns, SG-43 Goryunov, and a number of RPG type and anti-aircraft missile systems: RPG-2, RPG-7, 9K32 Strela-2.

A sharp series of border clashes occurred with Egypt in 1977, and Libyan forces were flown into Uganda in 1978 in an unsuccessful effort to defend Idi Amin's Uganda against invading Tanzanian forces. In addition, the Libyans conducted a series of campaigns in Northern Chad since 1980, launching a campaign against Chad that year and again in 1983. In April 1987, Libya suffered a disastrous defeat in Chad, losing nearly a quarter of its invasion force.

{{Main|Libyan–Egyptian War}}

On 19 July 1977, after a protest march by Libyans was stopped by Egyptian border guards, Libyan artillery units fired into Egypt. After further border violations were alleged by both sides, fighting escalated on the same day with an artillery duel, and, two days later, a drive along the coast by Egyptian armor and infantry during which the Libyan army was engaged. Egypt claimed successful surprise air strikes against the Libyan air base at Al Adem, just south of Tobruk, and surface-to-air missile batteries and radar stations were knocked out as well.

When the Egyptians withdrew on 24 July, most foreign analysts agreed that the Egyptian units had prevailed, although Libyan forces responded more effectively than had been expected. Libyan army hailed the encounter as a victory, using the fight as a justification for further purchases of modern armaments.

{{Main|Uganda–Tanzania War}}

In the case of Uganda, Libya had intervened on Idi Amin's behalf during his first confrontation with neighboring Tanzania in 1972 by airlifting a contingent of 4000 troops. During the invasion of Uganda by Tanzanian troops and Ugandan exiles in 1978, a new Libyan force estimated at 2,000 to 2,500 was sent, assisting in the defence of Entebbe and Kampala by covering road junctions with armored equipment.

Unprepared and undermotivated Libyan troops were quickly routed in attacks by foot soldiers. As many as 600 Libyans were estimated to have been killed during the Ugandan operation, and the remainder were hurriedly withdrawn. The troops had been led to believe that they were being airlifted into Uganda for training exercises with Ugandan units.

{{Main|Chadian–Libyan conflict}}

After nearly two decades, Col. Muammar Gaddafi's attempts to annex Northern Chad ended in 1987. In just the first three months of 1987, Libya lost almost all the territory it had held in Chad, between $500 million and $1 billion in weapons and one-third of its 15,000 troops. Over 4,494 Libyan soldiers were killed by Chad's forces between January and March 1987.

The Libyan Army was defeated by a force substantially inferior in numbers and equipment. Chad's victory was the result of a combination of Western funding, weapons and intelligence and Chadian courage, tactics and leadership. France provided air cover and troops to protect the Chadian rear areas, while the USA provided $240 million in equipment and weapons. The U.S. also contributed $75 million in emergency military aid, including transport aircraft and air defence systems.

The Chad forces displayed some remarkable tactical innovations: they used Toyota all-terrain vehicles, lightly armored French-made Panhard cars, and Milan antitank and Stinger antiaircraft missiles to destroy Libyan tanks and planes.

{{Main|First Libyan Civil War}}

File:People on a tank in Benghazi1.jpg

File:Palmaria bengasi 1903 0612 b1.jpg

In 2011 protests against the rule of Gaddafi started in Libya. They were inspired by similar protests in other Arab countries. Gaddafi used police and mercenary forces to violently suppress the protest.{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/20/libya-protests-benghazi-muammar-gaddafi | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Libya protests: More than 100 killed as army fires on unarmed demonstrators | date=20 February 2011}} This resulted in an armed uprising in Libya between pro-government and anti-government rebel forces. Parts of the army defected to the rebels and weapon depots were plundered by protesters.{{cite news |publisher=Boston.com |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/02/28/libya_rebels_gain_arms_defectors/ |title=Libya rebels gain arms, defectors |date=February 28, 2011 |access-date=10 March 2011}} After initial advances by the rebels, the Libyan Army began a counteroffensive and started pushing back the rebel fighters.{{cite web |title=Rebel forces retreat from Ras Lanuf |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=10 March 2011 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131041228856242.html |publisher=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web |title=Rebel push stalls outside Ras Lanuf |date=10 March 2011 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/libya/2011/03/2011310131427537949.html |access-date=10 March 2011 |publisher=Al Jazeera}} On 17 March 2011, the United Nations Security Council passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, authorizing the use of "all necessary means" to protect civilians in Libya, "excluding a foreign occupation force".{{cite web|title=Security Council Approves No-Fly Zone over Libya, Authorizing All Necessary Measures to Protect Civilians |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |access-date=20 March 2011 |publisher=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319093321/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2011 }} On Saturday, 19 March 2011, France began enforcement of the resolution by deploying French fighter aircraft over Libyan airspace.{{cite news | title=French military jet opens fire in Libya |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12795971 |access-date=20 March 2011 |work=BBC |date=19 March 2011}}

• First Battle of Benghazi 17–20 February
• Tripoli clashes 17–25 February
• Battle of Misrata 18 February – 15 May
• First Battle of Zawiya 24 February – 10 March
• 2011 Nafusa Mountain Campaign 1 March – 18 August
• First Battle of Brega 2 March
• Battle of Ra's Lanuf 4–12 March
• Battle of Bin Jawad 6 March
• Second Battle of Brega 13–15 March
• Battle of Ajdabiya 15–26 March
• Second Battle of Benghazi 19–20 March
• First Gulf of Sidra offensive 26–30 March
• Third Battle of Brega 31 March – 7 April
• Cyrenaican desert campaign 3 April – 12 June
• Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road 8 April – 21 May
• Battle of Wazzin 20 April – 29 July
• Battle of the Misrata frontline 16 May – 19 August
• 2011 Sabha clashes 8–13 June
• Zliten uprising 9–16 June
• Zawiya raid 11–12 June
• Battle of Zliten 21 July – 19 August
• Fourth Battle of Brega 14 July – 22 August
• Fezzan campaign 17 July – 27 September
• 2011 Msallata clashes 3–9 August
• Battle of Tawergha 11–13 August
• Battle of Gharyan 13–18 August
• Second Battle of Zawiya 13–20 August
• 2011 Ras Ajdir clashes 13–26 August
• 2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive 13–28 August
• Douz skirmish 19–20 August
• Battle of Tripoli 20–28 August
• Second Gulf of Sidra offensive 22 August – 20 October (End of the Libyan civil war)
• Battle of Bani Walid 9 September – 17 October
• Battle of Sirte 20 October

{{reflist|2}}

• {{cite book |last1=Metz |first1=Helen Chapin |author-link=Helen Chapin Metz |last2=Library of Congress |first2=Federal Research Division |title=Libya : a country study |date=1989 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1989. |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/li/libyacountrystud00metz_0/libyacountrystud00metz_0.pdf|access-date=14 September 2023}}
• {{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Libya |last1=St. John |first1=Ronald Bruce |date=15 March 2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781538157428 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cWxEAAAQBAJ |author1-link=Ronald Bruce St. John}}
• {{cite book |last1=Cordesman |first1=Anthony H. |title=The Military Balance in the Middle East |date=30 September 2004 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02676-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHrDEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Nathaniel K. |title=France's Wars in Chad: Military Intervention and Decolonization in Africa |date=17 December 2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48867-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9QGEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2011 |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-85743-606-8 |ref={{harvid|Military Balance 2011}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu-pcQAACAAJ |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Ian V. |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1988-89 |date=1 January 1988 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-0857-4 |language=English}}
• {{cite book |last1=Bechtol |first1=Bruce E. |title=Defiant Failed State: The North Korean Threat to International Security |date=October 2010 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-531-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UNI6NkvBY4C |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Cordesman |first1=Anthony H. |last2=Nerguizian |first2=Aram |title=The North African Military Balance: Force Developments in the Maghreb |date=2009 |publisher=CSIS |isbn=978-0-89206-552-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkaG73ZfydoC |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Glenn E. |last2=Library of Congress |first2=Federal Research Division |title=Yugoslavia : a country study |date=1992 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., [1992] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/yu/yugoslaviacountr00curt_0/yugoslaviacountr00curt_0.pdf}}

{{Loccs|country=Libya|abbr=ly|author= Helen Chapin Metz|date=1989}}

• Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, {{ISBN|0-8032-3733-2}}

{{Military of Libya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Libyan Army (1951-2011)}}

Category:Armies by country

Category:Military of Libya

Category:Military units and formations established in 1951

Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2011

Category:Military units and factions of the Libyan civil war (2011)

Category:1951 establishments in Libya