Light-mantled albatross

Light-mantled albatrosses share some identifying features with other Procellariiformes. They have nasal tubes on the upper bill called naricorns, though with albatrosses these are on the sides of the upper mandible rather than the top. They also have a salt gland above the nasal passage which excretes a concentrated saline solution to maintain osmotic balance, due to the amount of seawater imbibed.Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988) The bills of the Procellariiformes are unique in that they are covered with from seven to nine horny plates. These birds produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.Double, M. C. (2003)

The light-mantled albatross is largely sooty-brown or blackish, darker on the head, with paler upperparts from the nape to the upper tail-coverts which are grey to light grey, the palest on the mantle and back. The plumage has been described as being similar in appearance to the colouring of a Siamese cat.Pizzey, G. & Knight, F. (2003) The eyes are partly encircled with thin post-orbital crescents of very short grey feathers. The bill is black with a blue sulcus and a greyish-yellow line along the lower mandible, and is about {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}}.BirdLife International (2008) Measurements show that males and females are similar in size, with average length of {{convert|79|to(-)|89|cm|in|abbr=on}},Dunn, J. L. $ Alderfer, J. (2006) wing-span of {{convert|183|to(-)|218|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and weight of {{convert|2.5|to(-)|3.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.Robertson, C. J. R. (2003)Davies, J. N., et al. (1991)

The light-mantled albatross has a circumpolar pelagic distribution in the Southern Ocean. It ranges in latitude from the pack-ice around Antarctica, with the southernmost record from 78°S in the Ross Sea, to about 35°S, with occasional sightings further north along the Humboldt Current. It breeds on several subantarctic islands including the Prince Edward Island, Marion Island, Crozet Islands, Amsterdam Island, St. Paul Island, Kerguelen Islands, Heard Island, Macquarie Island, Campbell Island, Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands and South Georgia and at least on one island in the maritime Antarctic at 62°S on King George Island.Lisovski et al. (2009) Except when breeding, its habitat is entirely marine, and it will forage from the edges of the Antarctic pack-ice to about 40°S. When foraging during the breeding season, the birds will remain closer to their nest sites.

They have a loud shrill voice that is trumpet-like, and when threatened will snap their bills or utilize a throaty "gaaaa". When courting, they will utilize aerial displays and formation flying. They will also use mutual calling with deviations in tone brought occurring by head positioning, and finally, they use their tail in displays more than other albatrosses.

File:Kerguelen - Phoebetria palpebrata.jpg

File:Light-mantled sooty albatross. Campbell. Oscar Thomas.jpg

The species breeds in loose colonies or small groups, and sometimes is a solitary breeder. The nest is built on a vegetated cliff ledge, or a steep slope, sheltered from the prevailing westerly winds. Structurally it is a low mound of peat and mud, {{convert|15|to(-)|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|45|to(-)|55|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide at the base, with a cupped hollow at the top. It incorporates some plant material and a grass lining. Around October or November, a single egg is laid, which is not replaced if lost. Both sexes incubate alternately in shifts that vary from a day or two up to nearly a month in length. The incubation period is 65 to 72 days. After hatching in December or January, which takes 3 to 5 days, the chicks are brooded in shifts for about 20 days, following which they are left alone in the nests while the adults forage, returning to feed the chicks by regurgitation every 2 to 3 days. The entire nestling period from hatching to fledging, which occurs in May or June, lasts 140 to 170 days. Pairs form committed pair-bonds which may last for decades, being renewed through complex courtship displays at the breeding site. On average, birds begin breeding when they are 8 to 15 years old, after which they breed biennially, fledging a chick every five years or so. They are capable of breeding until at least 32 years old and living to 40 or longer.

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The principal diet of light-mantled albatrosses consists of squid and krill, though other crustaceans and fishHarrison, C. & Greensmith, A. (1993) are taken as well as seal, penguin and petrel carrion. They sometimes feed in association with pilot whales and southern right whale dolphins, and occasionally follow ships. Food is usually taken on or close to the surface of the ocean, within a depth of {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, though there is a record of a {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} dive.Kerkove, B. & Lindsay, A. (2008)

File:Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0A2A0250.jpg

The light-mantled albatross population is estimated at 58,000, from a 1998 estimate, and is declining. Threats and population status are poorly quantified and the species is classified as near threatened, with an occurrence range of {{convert|44300000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.

Potential predators on some breeding islands are giant petrels, feral cats and rodents. At sea they are threatened by bycatch in the longline fishery and through starvation by eating plastic marine debris.

{{Reflist|2}}

• {{cite book |author=American Ornithologists' Union|author-link1=American Ornithologists' Union |title=Check-list of North American Birds |chapter-url=http://www.aou.org/checklist/north/pdf/AOUchecklistTin-Falcon.pdf |edition=7th |year= 1998|orig-year=1983 |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union .|location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=1-891276-00-X |pages=10–11 |chapter= Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae: Albatrosses}}
• {{cite web| url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3971&m=1 | title=Light-mantled Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet | access-date=12 Mar 2009 | author=BirdLife International | year=2008| work=Data Zone}}
• {{cite web | url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51486.htm | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Genus Phoebetria - | access-date=22 Feb 2009 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 Aug 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{cite book |last1=Davies|first1=J. N. |last2=Marchant |first2=S. |last3=Higgins|first3=P. J.|title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds |volume=1: Ratites to Ducks |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne, Australia |isbn= 0-19-553244-9|pages=347–353 }}
• {{cite encyclopedia | last = Double| first = M. C. |editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Hutchins | editor2-first = Jerome A. | editor2-last = Jackson | editor3-first = Walter J. | editor3-last = Bock | editor4-first = Donna | editor4-last = Olendorf | others = Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | title = Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds) | edition = 2nd | year = 2003 | publisher = Gale Group | volume = 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins | location = Farmington Hills, MI | isbn = 0-7876-5784-0 | pages = 107–111}}
• {{cite book|last1=Dunn |first1=Jon L. |last2=Alderfer |first2=Jonathan |editor1-first=Barbara|editor1-last=Levitt |title=National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America|edition=fifth|year=2006|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=978-0-7922-5314-3|page=466|chapter=Accidentals, Extinct Species}}
• {{cite book|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Paul R.|last2=Dobkin|first2=David, S.|last3=Wheye|first3=Darryl|title=The Birders Handbook|edition=First|year=1988|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-671-65989-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0/page/29 29]–31|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0}}
• {{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=C.|last2=Greensmith|author-link1=Colin Harrison (ornithologist)|first2=A.|editor1-first=E.|editor1-last=Bunting|title=Birds of the World|year=1993|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=New York, NY|isbn=1-56458-295-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/49 49]|url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/49}}
• {{cite web| url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoebetria_palpebrata.html| last1=Kerkove|first1=B.|last2=Lindsay|first2=A.|year=2008|title=Phoebetria palpebrata|publisher=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=21 Jan 2009}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lisovski |first1=S. |last2=Pavel |first2=W. |last3=Weidinger |first3=K. |last4=Peter |first4=H.-U.|year=2009 |title=First breeding record of the light-mantled sooty albatross (Phebetria palpebrata) for the maritime Antarctic |journal=Polar Biology |volume=32 |issue= 12|pages=1811–1813 |doi=10.1007/s00300-009-0705-3|bibcode=2009PoBio..32.1811L |s2cid=35718020 |url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/52110/1/Lisovski_et_al-2009-PolBiol.pdf }}
• {{cite book |last1=Pizzey|first1=Graham |last2=Knight |first2=Frank |editor1-first= Peter|editor1-last=Menkhorst |title=The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia |edition=7th |year=2003 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=Sydney, Australia|page=88}}
• {{cite encyclopedia | last = Robertson| first = C. J. R. |editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Hutchins | editor2-first = Jerome A. | editor2-last = Jackson | editor3-first = Walter J. | editor3-last = Bock | editor4-first = Donna | editor4-last = Olendorf | others = Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | title = Albatrosses (Diomedeidae) | edition = 2nd | year = 2003 | publisher = Gale Group | volume = 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins | location = Farmington Hills, MI | isbn = 0-7876-5784-0 | pages =119–120 }}

{{Commons category|Phoebetria palpebrata}}

{{Wikispecies|Phoebetria palpebrata}}

• [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3971 Species factsheet] - BirdLife International
• [http://www.kiwifoto.com/galleries/birds/light_mantled_albatross/ Photos] - Christopher Taylor Nature Photography

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light-mantled albatross

Category:Birds of Patagonia

Category:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean

Category:Birds of the Indian Ocean

Category:Birds of the Southern Ocean

Category:Birds of the Campbell Islands

Category:Fauna of the Crozet Islands

Category:Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands

Category:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands

light-mantled albatross

Category:Birds of subantarctic islands

Category:Fauna of Macquarie Island