Ligusticum
{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Ligusticum mutellinoides.JPG
| image_caption = Ligusticum mutellinoides
| taxon = Ligusticum
| authority = L.
| type_species = Ligusticum scoticum
| type_species_authority = L. {{cite book |author1=Le Roy Abrams |author2=Roxana Stinchfield Ferris |year=1923 |series=An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California |volume=3 |title=Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae, geraniums to figworts |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804700054 |chapter=Ligusticum L. Sp. Pl. 250. 1753 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSasAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA235 |pages=235–237}}
}}
Ligusticum (lovage,{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|authorlink = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}{{rp|824}} licorice root{{PLANTS|id=LIGUS|taxon=Ligusticum|accessdate=2 June 2015}}) is a genus of about 60 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae,{{cite book |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118546 |year=2005 |isbn=9781930723412 |chapter=Ligusticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753 |title=Apiaceae through Ericaceae |series=Flora of China |editor1=Flora of Chinaial Committee |editor2=Wu Zhengyi |editor3=Peter Raven |volume=14 |publisher=Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press |author1=Menglan She |author2=Fading Pu |author3=Zehui Pan |author4=Mark Watson |author5=John F. M. Cannon |author6=Ingrid Holmes-Smith |author7=Eugene V. Kljuykov |author8=Loy R. Phillippe |author9=Michael G. Pimenov }} native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its name is believed to derive from the Italian region of Liguria.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.
Species
- Ligusticum ajanense
- Ligusticum albanicum
- Ligusticum apiifolium
- Ligusticum brachylobum
- Ligusticum calderi
- Ligusticum californicum
- Ligusticum canadense
- Ligusticum canbyi - Canby's licorice root
- Ligusticum filicinum
- Ligusticum gingidium
- Ligusticum grayi - oshala, Gray's lovage
- Ligusticum holopetalum
- Ligusticum hultenii
- Ligusticum huteri
- Ligusticum ibukicola
- Ligusticum monnieri
- Ligusticum mutellina – alpine lovage
- Ligusticum porteri – oshá
- Ligusticum scoticum – Scots lovage
- Ligusticum striatum
- Ligusticum tenuifolium – Idaho lovage
- Ligusticum verticillatum – northern lovage
=Former species=
- Ligusticum mutellinoides – small alpine lovage, is a synonym of Neogaya simplex (L.) Meisn.{{cite POWO |id=845158-1 |title=Neogaya simplex |access-date=2 November 2021}}
== Moved to ''Conioselinum'' ==
In 2003, Pimenov moved a number of species to Conioselinum as he found them closer related to C. tataricum (the type species of C.) than to L. scoticum (the type species of L.).{{cite journal |last1=Pimenov |first1=Michael G. |last2=Kljuykov |first2=Eugene V. |last3=Ostroumova |first3=Tatiana A. |title=A Revision of Conioselinum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) in the Old World |journal=Willdenowia |date=2003 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=353–377 |doi=10.2307/3997438 |issn=0511-9618}} Another change C. anthriscoides ← L. sinense was made in 2015, as the C. sinomedicum name assigned in 2003 was illegitimate.<{{aut|Pimenov, M.G.}} & {{aut|Kljuykov, E.V.}} 2015. Nomenclatural correction for a Chinese species of Conioselinum (Umbelliferae). Skvortsovia 2(1): 28-34. [http://skvortsovia.uran.ru/2015/2103.pdf PDF]
- L. acuminatum → C. acuminatum
- L. filifolium → C. nematophyllum
- L. gmelinii → C. chinense
- L. pteridophyllum → C. pteridophyllum ≡ L. pteridophylla, L. reptans
- L. pseudoangelica → C. pseudoangelica = L. glaucifolium
- L. sinense → [heterotypic] C. anthriscoides = L. chuanxiong,{{cite web |title=Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844410-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}} L. markgrafianum, L. pilgerianum (≡ L. harry-smithii)
- gaoben 藁本; Szechuan lovage, Szechwan lovage, chuanxiong, chuan xiong 川芎
- L. smithii → C. smithii = L. longilobum (≡ L. longiloba), L. jeholense
- C. sinchianum = L. moniliforme
- L. tenuisectum → C. tenuisectum
- L. vaginatum → [heterotypic] C. tataricum
- L. tenuissimum → C. tenuissimum ≡ Angelica tenuissima = L. multifidum
Uses
The roots of several species are used as medicinal herbs. L. sinense (in older literature L. wallichi or L. chuanxiong) is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in Chinese herbology, where it is called chuānxiōng (川芎); in English, Szechwan lovage.{{Cite web |url=http://www.herbasin.com/database/chuanxiong.htm |title=Page about use in Chinese medicine |access-date=2006-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029102158/http://www.herbasin.com/database/chuanxiong.htm |archive-date=2006-10-29 |url-status=dead }} Chinese Ligusticum root contains alkaloids that have been shown in studies to inhibit TNF-alpha production and TNF-alpha-mediated NF-kappaB activation.{{cite journal|vauthors=Prieto JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, Máñez S, Giner-Larza EM, Ríos JL |year=2003 |title=Influence of traditional Chinese anti-inflammatory medicinal plants on leukocyte and platelet functions |journal=J Pharm Pharmacol |volume=9 |issue=55 |pages=1275–82 |doi=10.1211/0022357021620 |pmid=14604471 |url=http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php |accessdate=2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210175401/http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php |archivedate=2011-12-10 }} One study conducted in Japan showed the active compounds found in Ligusticum sinense have both anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing effects, exerting its anti-inflammatory benefits in the early and the late stages of processes in the inflammatory pathology.{{cite journal|author=Jim English |year=2010 |title=Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis |journal=Nutrition Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210175401/http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php |archivedate=2011-12-10 }}
L. porteri (osha) is used in Western herbal medicine.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
Both Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholens essential oils contain natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.Jihua Wang, Liang Xu, Ling Yang, Zhilong Liu and Ligang Zhou "Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils from Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholense (Umbelliferae) from China" Rec. Nat. Prod. 5:4 (2011) 314-318 [http://acgpubs.org/RNP/2011/Volume%205/Issue%201/41-RNP-1008-293.pdf Records of Natural Products]