Linslade Tunnel
{{Short description|Railway tunnel in England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox tunnel
| name = Linslade Tunnel
| image = Linslade_tunnels_West_Coast_Main_(Rail)_line_UK.jpg
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| caption = North portals of Linslade tunnels with a Virgin Trains West Coast Pendolino heading south towards London Euston
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| line = West Coast Main Line
| location = Bedfordshire
| coordinates = {{coord|51.9254|-0.6765|region:GB-CBF_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
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| startwork = 1833
| opened = 1837
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| rebuilt = 1857 and 1876
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| owner = Network Rail
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Linslade Tunnel is a railway tunnel in Bedfordshire, England (in an area that was historically in Buckinghamshire), on the West Coast Main Line about {{convert|0.54|mi|km|1}} north of Leighton Buzzard railway station and built under Linslade Woods. Consisting of three individual bores, the tunnel is the only one on the London and Birmingham Railway to have been built on a bend.{{Cite book |last=Roscoe |first=Thomas |title=The London and Birmingham Railway |publisher=Charles Tilt |year=1839 |location=London |pages=72}} This was necessitated by the refusal of local landowners to allow the railway to pass closer to Leighton Buzzard, where the river has created a gap in the Greensand Ridge.{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Paul |title=Leighton Buzzard and Linslade: A History |publisher=Phillimore |year=2008 |isbn=9781860774959 |location=Chichester |pages=79}}
The first bore was constructed during the 1830s, the engineering of which having been performed by the pioneering railway builder George Stephenson. The only of the three bores to accommodate double track, it was first opened to traffic during 1837.
During 1857, the eastern bore was added to serve the goods line from Bletchley to Primrose Hill and support a rebuild of Leighton Buzzard station incorporating a dedicated platform for the Dunstable branch line. Elsewhere on the line, goods trains shared the "up" track through twin-track tunnels.{{Cite book |last=Biddle |first=Gordon |title=Britain's Historic Railway Buildings: A Gazetteer of Structures |publisher=Ian Allan |year=2011 |edition=2nd |location=Hersham |pages=120}} In 1876 a second freight line was added with twin-track tunnels except at Linslade, where a second single-track tunnel was added to the west of the original twin-track tunnel. A new pair of passenger lines was added at the west of Leighton Buzzard station and the tracks through the twin-track tunnel were reallocated so that the passenger lines were served by the western single bore and the western track in the twin-track tunnel. This resulted in the unusual arrangement that, through the tunnel, trains "drive on the right".
During the 1960s, Linslade Tunnel was outfitted with overhead electrification as part of a wider scheme to introduce electric traction on the West Coast Main Line. In the 1970s, the tunnel portals on either side of the tunnel were recognised as Grade II listed buildings due to their connection to early railway engineering history. During the 2010s, remedial engineering works were performed in the tunnel.
Design
The London and Birmingham Railway was opened in 1837. Robert Stephenson, the railway's chief engineer, was determined to keep the gradients on the route to a maximum of 1:330 which required significant engineering works. From the end of Tring Cutting to just south Leighton Buzzard railway station, the railway is carried on a series of embankments, after which it enters another deep cutting before reaching a small patch of sandstone high ground under Linslade Woods. A generation earlier, the Grand Junction Canal had followed the western edge of the floodplain of the River Ouzel, taking two fairly tight bends as a result. Once Stephenson was forced away from the town by local landowners, he was obliged to tunnel through the ridge to maintain his desired gradient and radius of curvature.{{Cite book |last=Biddle |first=Gordon |title=Britain's Historic Railway Buildings: A Gazetteer of Structures |publisher=Ian Allan |year=2011 |edition=2nd |location=Hersham |pages=102}}Jenkinson, p. 15.Beckett, p. 90.
The tunnel consists of three bores; the central bore was the first to be constructed and opened with the line in 1837. The contract for its construction was issued around 1834, one of the first contracts on the route.{{cite web |url = https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3089215 |title = Contract 5C: Cheddington to Leighton Buzzard: Bridge no 136 Linslade tunnel: plan and cross sections, south elevation, north elevation, north battlement details |publisher = nationalarchives.gov.uk |date = c. 1834}} The central bore is {{convert|272|yd|abbr=off}} long and was built wide enough to carry two tracks. It has a depth of roughly {{convert|55|yd}}, its excavation involved the removal of 20,433 cubic yards (15,600 m3) of spoil. The tunnel was built on a slight curve. Around the time of its opening it was described as relatively spacious.Freeling 1838, p. 107.
The tunnel portals at the northern end are heavily decorated. Above and around the openings is a red-brick retaining wall, except for the westernmost (the last one to be built) which is in blue brick. Above these is a blue-brick crennelated (castellated) parapet and a series of turrets flank the mouths of the portals. This use of blue brick suggests that the castellation was renewed when the westernmost tunnel was bored.{{National Heritage List for England |num=1114529 |desc=North Tunnel Entrance of Linslade Tunnel |accessdate=25 March 2024}}Biddle (2016), p. 196. The south portals are less elaborate but still decorated. They have significant batter (a sloping wall), rusticated voussoirs at the mouths and a rolled cornice above.{{National Heritage List for England |num=1146402 |desc=South Tunnel Entrance of Linslade Tunnel |accessdate=25 March 2024}}
History
File:Linslade with Up express emerging from the Tunnel geograph-2741714-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg express emerging from Linslade Tunnel's southern portal, October 1948]]
During the 1960s, Linslade Tunnel, along with the majority of the West Coast Main Line, had overhead electrification apparatus installed, which facilitated the line's transition to electric traction.
On 9 December 1982, during the British Rail era, there was a fatal incident at Linslade Tunnel: a load which had been loosened by hump shunting at Toton sidings had fallen from one train and was struck by the next train passing through the tunnel, causing its derailment. The train hit a pier of the road bridge 100m to the north, killing its driver.{{cite web |url = http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/eventsummary.php?eventID=905 |title = Accident at Linslade Tunnel on 9th December 1982 |publisher = railwaysarchive.co.uk |accessdate = 27 July 2020}}{{cite web |url = http://virtual-library.culturalservices.net/webingres/bedfordshire/vlib/0.digitised_resources/linslade_digitisation_timeline.htm |title = Linslade Timeline |publisher = virtual-library.culturalservices.net |accessdate = 27 July 2020}}
During the late 2010s, deteriorated parts of the brickwork within Linslade Tunnel were repaired.{{cite web |url = http://www.neary.co.uk/news-info/16 |title = Neary Rail - Brickwork repair works to Linslade & Whitehouse Tunnels won |publisher = neary.co.uk |date = 1 August 2015}} In early 2020, there were more engineering works in the tunnel, largely focused on a comprehensive track renewal, to improve service reliability.{{cite web |url = https://www.networkrail.co.uk/stories/easter-engineering-works-complete/ |title = Easter engineering works complete |publisher = Network Rail |date = 14 April 2020}}
Both portals are Grade II listed buildings. The north portal is cited as an "interesting example of early railway architecture". The south portal, although less intricate, is included for completeness.
See also
References
=Citations=
{{Reflist}}
=Bibliography=
- {{cite book |last1=Beckett |first1=Derrick |title=Stephensons' Britain |date=1984 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |isbn=9780715382691}}
- {{cite book|last=Biddle|first=Gordon|title=Britain's Historic Railway Buildings: A Gazetteer of Structures|edition=second|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Hersham|year=2011|isbn=9780711034914}}
- {{cite book |last1=Biddle |first1=Gordon |title=Railways in the Landscape |date=2016 |publisher=Pen & Sword Transport |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781473862357}}
- {{cite book |last1=Jenkinson |first1=David |title=The London & Birmingham: A Railway of Consequence |date=1988 |publisher=Capital Transport Publishing |location=Ashford |isbn=9781854141026|ref=none}}
- E.C. and W. Osborne. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CcIHAAAAQAAJ&dq=Linslade+Tunnel&pg=PA135 "Osborne's London & Birmingham railway guide."] E.C. & W. Osborne, 1840.
- Freeling, Arthur. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ngoHAAAAQAAJ&dq=linslade+railway+tunnel&pg=PA107 "The railway companion, from London to Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester."] Whittaker & Co, 1838.
External links
- [https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co226471/linslade-tunnel-wash-drawing Period Linslade Tunnel drawing by John Cooke Bourne via sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk]
- [https://newsdesk.avantiwestcoast.co.uk/resources/linslade-tunnel Image of the approach to Linslade Tunnel via avantiwestcoast.co.uk]
- [https://mapio.net/pic/p-37787981/ Ventilation shaft details via mapio.net]
Category:Railway tunnels in England
Category:Rail transport in Bedfordshire