Lionel Robbins

Robbins was born in Sipson, west of London, the son of Rowland Richard Robbins (1872–1960), known as Dick, and his wife Rosa Marion Harris;{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA11 |language=en}} his father was a farmer, a member of Middlesex County Council involved also in the National Farmers' Union, and the family was Strict Baptist.{{cite ODNB|id=31612|first=Susan|last=Howson|title=Robbins, Lionel Charles, Baron Robbins}} His sister Caroline became a noted Professor of History at Bryn Mawr College.{{cite ODNB|id=72015|first=J. R.|last=Pole|title=Robbins, Caroline (1903–1999)}}

Robbins was educated at home, at Hounslow College (a preparatory school) and at Southall County School.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA19 |language=en}} He went to University College London in October 1915, beginning an Arts degree and attending lectures by W. P. Ker, the medievalist Francis Charles Montague, and A. F. Pollard. Wishing to serve in World War I, he began training in early 1916 at Topsham, Devon. He was in the Royal Field Artillery as an officer from August 1916 to 1918, when he was wounded by a sniper on 12 April in the Battle of the Lys and returned home with the rank of lieutenant.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |pages=27–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA27 |language=en}}

During the war Robbins became interested in guild socialism, reading in G. D. H. Cole and by personal contact with Reginald Lawson, a connection from the Harris side of the family.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA41 |language=en}} Through Clive Gardiner, an artist commissioned by Dick Robbins in 1917 to paint his son's portrait, Robbins met first Alfred George Gardiner, Clive's father, and then his ally the activist James Joseph Mallon.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |pages=37, 55, 58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA37 |language=en}} After his convalescence and 1919 demobilisation from the army, Robbins was employed for about a year by the Labour Campaign for the Nationalization of the Drink Trade, a position found with Mallon's help. The campaign was an offshoot of the State Management Scheme set up during the war, and Robbins worked in Mecklenburgh Square, London for Mallon and Arthur Greenwood.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |pages=59–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA59 |language=en}}

In 1920, Robbins resumed studies at the London School of Economics (LSE), where he was taught by Harold Laski, Edwin Cannan and Hugh Dalton. He graduated B.Sc. (Econ) in 1923 with first class honours. Dalton's biographer Ben Pimlott wrote that Robbins was the "most promising student of his generation at the L.S.E."{{cite book |last1=Pimlott |first1=Ben |title=Hugh Dalton |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-41251-0 |page=160 |date=1985 |language=en}}

After graduation, Robbins found a six-month position as a researcher for William Beveridge, via Dalton. He had applied successfully to New College, Oxford for a fellowship in economics, with references from Alfred George Gardiner (shortly to be his father-in-law), Theodore Gregory and Graham Wallas.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA104 |language=en}} It was a one-year lecturing position, and he returned to LSE in 1925, again with Dalton's backing, as assistant lecturer, shortly becoming lecturer.

In 1927, Robbins returned to New College as a Fellow, but continued to teach at LSE, lecturing on a weekly basis. After the death in 1929 of Allyn Abbott Young, Professor of Economics at LSE, Robbins replaced him in the chair, and moved with his wife to Hampstead Garden Suburb. During the 1930s he built up the economics department, hiring Friedrich von Hayek, John Hicks and Nicholas Kaldor.

File:LSE Library at Lionel Robbins.jpg]]

Robbins clashed with John Maynard Keynes in early October 1930, on the Committee of Economists of the Second MacDonald ministry. It was a small working group chaired by Keynes, apart from the Economic Advisory Council, to consider economic policy in the Great Depression conditions, comprising also Hubert Henderson and Josiah Stamp from the council, with Arthur Cecil Pigou and Robbins representing academia.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA179 |language=en}}

Robbins refused to sign a draft by Keynes of proposals including tariffs and wanted the chance to submit a minority report. Keynes as chair would not grant the request, given that Robbins was in a minority of one.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA188 |language=en}} Robbins, who had compared the protectionist views to those of Lord Rothermere and Lord Beaverbrook, walked out of a meeting, and briefed Philip Snowden against the report that contained a version of his criticism, considered himself poorly treated. Bad feeling persisted for years between LSE and Cambridge economists.{{cite book |last1=Skidelsky |first1=Robert |title=John Maynard Keynes: The economist as saviour, 1920-1937 |date=1994 |publisher=Papermac |isbn=978-0-333-58499-6 |pages=375–377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFRAnwEACAAJ&pg=PA375 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Pimlott |first1=Ben |title=Hugh Dalton |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-41251-0 |page=162 |date=1985 |language=en}}

Initially, Robbins was opposed to Keynes's 1936 General Theory. His own 1934 treatise on the Great Depression is an analysis belonging to that period of his thought. Later, he accepted the need for government intervention.

Robbins joined the British government's Central Economic Information Service in summer 1940, from Cambridge to where the LSE had moved. The Service was split into the Central Statistical Office and the Economic Section, which Robbins headed as Director from September 1941.{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Lionel |last2=Meade |first2=James |title=The Wartime Diaries of Lionel Robbins and James Meade, 1943–45 |date=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-10840-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5uwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en}} The points system devised in 1941 for rationing of clothing, footwear and household goods, by Robbins with Peggy Joseph and James Meade, is considered a successful policy.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=371 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA371 |language=en}}

From 1942 Robbins worked largely on planning for post-war reconstruction, with Meade. When John Boyd Orr and Frank Lidgett McDougall successfully lobbied to put food security on the agenda of the United Nations, Robbins attended the resulting 1943 conference at Hot Springs, Virginia.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=441 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA441 |language=en}} He represented the United Kingdom also at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 and took part in the negotiation of the 1946 Anglo-American loan. Over this period, he became fully reconciled with John Maynard Keynes.

Post-war, Robbins wrote:

I grew up in a tradition in which, while recognition was indeed given to the problems created by the ups and downs of the trade cycle and the fluctuations of aggregate demand, there was a tendency to ignore certain deep-seated possibilities of disharmony, in a way which, I now think, led sometimes to superficiality and sometimes to positive error. I owe much to Cambridge economists, particularly to Lord Keynes and Professor Robertson, for having awakened me from dogmatic slumbers in this very important respect.The Economic Problem in Peace and War – Some Reflections on Objectives and Mechanisms, Read Books, 2007 (1st ed. 1947), pp. 68.

The Robbins Report of 1963 advocated substantial expansion of higher education in the United Kingdom, taking the line, often called now the "Robbins principle", that demand from those suitably qualified should drive its development. There was background at the LSE for the view taken, in work of Richard Layard and Claus Moser, and it drew also on recent ideas of Jean Floud and A. H. Halsey.{{cite book |last1=Mandler |first1=Peter |title=The Crisis of the Meritocracy: Britain's Transition to Mass Education Since the Second World War |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884014-5 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyX3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |language=en}}{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/7 7]|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/7|url-access= registration}} Robbins became the first Chancellor of the new University of Stirling in 1968. He also advocated major government support for the arts, as well as universities.

In later life, Robbins turned to the history of economic thought, publishing studies on English doctrinal history. His LSE lectures, as he gave them in 1980, were later published.{{cite book |last= Robbins |first= Lionel |editor1= Medema, Steven G. |editor2= Samuels, Warren J. |editor2-link = Warren Samuels |title= A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures |year= 1998 |place= Princeton |publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 9780691012445 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofeconomi0000robb/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater|url-access= registration |via= Internet Archive}}

Robbins is noted as a free market economist, and for his definition of economics.

As an undergraduate, Robbins felt he had gained much from Philip Wicksteed's The Common Sense of Political Economy (1910).{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA98 |language=en}} Within the earlier British tradition, he admired William Stanley Jevons's mastery of statistical evidence, and for theory which he thought had abiding relevance.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA288 |language=en}} Skidelsky takes Robbins to be a possible but in any case rare example of a British continuator of John Neville Keynes and his Scope and Method of Political Economy (1891).{{cite book |last1=Skidelsky |first1=Robert |title=John Maynard Keynes|volume=1, Hopes Betrayed, 1883-1920 |date=1983 |publisher=Macmillan |page=64 note |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6-4zQEACAAJ&pg=PA64 |language=en}} He corresponded with the American Frank Knight from 1931 until Knight's death in 1972.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA172 |language=en}}

{{further|An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science}}

The definition appears in the Essay by Robbins as:

:Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.Robbins, An Essay on the nature and significance of Economic Science, p. 15

After contention in the 1930s, this definition reached some general acceptance among economists. The book has six chapters, and the second half remains controversial.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA214 |language=en}}

The Essay was influenced by Nathan Isaacs, a close friend from the army, and a paper he had given to the Aristotelian Society in June 1931.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |pages=35 and 202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA202 |language=en}} The same month, Robbins sent Isaacs a copy of his inaugural lecture, commenting (in relation to business cycles) that its content was out of date through not taking account of work of the Austrians Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA176 |language=en}} Hayek's cycle theory, and Jacob Viner's work on the balance of payments for Canada, both developments of the 1920s, were used as contrasting examples, respectively of new theorisation and the checking of existing theories. Part of the intellectual framework was the insistence of Isaacs on the importance of inductive reasoning, where Robbins relied more naturally on deductions.

Robbins came to dislike collectivism.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=660 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA660 |language=en}} His early interest in Samuel George Hobson and G. D. H. Cole as proponents of guild socialism led him to join the National Guilds League, but did not last beyond 1920, though he continued longer with socialist views.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |pages=54–55, 74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA54 |language=en}} He became involved in the socialist calculation debate, taking the side of the Austrian School.

Robbins was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1944 Birthday Honours.{{London Gazette |issue=36544 |date=8 June 1944 |page=2568 |supp=y}} He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1955.{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Lionel+Robbins&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}} On 16 June 1959 he was created a life peer as Baron Robbins, of Clare Market in the City of Westminster.{{London Gazette |issue=41740 |date=16 June 1959 |page=3912}} He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966.{{Cite web |title=Lionel Charles Robbins |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/lionel-charles-robbins |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}} In the 1968 New Year Honours he was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH).{{London Gazette |issue=44484 |date=1 January 1968 |page=25 |supp=y}}

Robbins received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1967.{{Cite web|url=http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm|title=Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates|last=|website=www1.hw.ac.uk|access-date=2016-04-11}} The Lionel Robbins Building at the London School of Economics is named after him. Since 2009 that building has had on the exterior of it an installation artwork, Blue Rain, by the American artist Michael Brown.{{Cite web|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/exhibitions/a-landmark-library|title=LSE: A Landmark Library|access-date=7 December 2020}} There is also a Lionel Robbins Building at Nottingham Trent University.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntu.ac.uk/course/social-sciences/ug/bsc-hons-ug-paramedic-sciencehttps://www.ntu.ac.uk/course/social-sciences/ug/bsc-hons-ug-paramedic-science|title=NTU: Paramedic Science|access-date=7 December 2020}}

The early paper The Representative Firm (1928) has been considered Robbins's most celebrated article. In its origins a talk to the London Economic Club, it attacked a major concept of Alfred Marshall. Ralph George Hawtrey of the Club defended Marshall's ideas in a letter to Robbins, who within weeks submitted a version to Keynes as editor of the Economic Journal.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50109-5 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA155 |language=en}}

Robbins' 1966 Chichele lecture on the accumulation of capital (published in 1968) and later work on Smithian economics, The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy, have been described as imprecise.{{cite journal | last = Grampp | first = William D. | title = Robbins on the History of Development Theory | journal = Economic Development and Cultural Change | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 539–553 | date = April 1972 | issn = 0013-0079 | doi = 10.1086/450573| s2cid = 154513281 }}

• "Principles Of Economics", 1923, "Economics"
• "Dynamics of Capitalism", 1926, Economica.
• {{cite book |chapter= The Optimum Theory of Population |title= London Essays in Economics: In Honour of Edwin Cannan |editor1= Gregory, T.E. |editor1-link = Theodore Gregory|editor2= Dalton, Hugh |editor2-link= Hugh Dalton |place= London |publisher= George Routledge & Sons Ltd. |year= 1927 |url= https://archive.org/details/londonessaysinec0000greg/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater|url-access= registration |pages = 103–136 |via= Internet Archive}}
• "The Representative Firm", 1928, EJ.
• "On a Certain Ambiguity in the Conception of Stationary Equilibrium", 1930, EJ.
• Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science,{{cite book |last= Robbins |first= Lionel |title= An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science |place= London |publisher=Macmillan and Co., Limited |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186859/mode/2up?view=theater |year= 1935 |edition=2nd |via = Internet Archive}} 1932. [https://mises.org/resources/126 download]
• "Remarks on the Relationship between Economics and Psychology", 1934, Manchester School.
• "Remarks on Some Aspects of the Theory of Costs", 1934, EJ.
• {{cite book |title= The Great Depression |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|place= London |year= 1934 |url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.247164 |via= Internet Archive}} Scroll to chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar2osFxNDJgC&pg=PR13 links.]
• "The Place of Jevons in the History of Economic Thought", 1936, Manchester School.
• {{cite book |title= Economic Planning and International Order |year= 1937 |publisher= Macmillan |place= London |url=https://archive.org/details/economicplanning0000robb/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access= registration |via= Internet Archive}}
• "Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility: A Comment", 1938, EJ.
• {{cite book |title= The Economic Basis of Class Conflict and Other Essays in Political Economy |year= 1939 |url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.164036/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater |place= London |publisher= Macmillan and Co., Limited |via= Internet Archive}}{{Cite journal |last=Rumney |first=J. |date=1942 |title=Review of The Economic Basis of Class Conflict and Other Essays in Political Economy. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2769063 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=635–636 |doi=10.1086/218972 |jstor=2769063 |issn=0002-9602|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite book |title = The Economic Causes of War |year= 1939 |place = London |publisher= Jonathan Cape |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.262342/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater |via= Internet Archive}} ([https://mises.org/resources/5741/The-Economic-Causes-of-War via Mises.org])
• The Economic Problem in Peace and War, 1947.{{Cite journal |last=Pigou |first=A. C. |date=1948 |title=Central Planning and Professor Robbins |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549706 |journal=Economica |volume=15 |issue=57 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.2307/2549706 |jstor=2549706 |issn=0013-0427|url-access=subscription }}
• The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy, 1952.
• Robert Torrens and the Evolution of Classical Economics, 1958.
• Politics and Economics, 1963.
• The University in the Modern World, 1966.
• The Theory of Economic Development in the History of Economic Thought, 1968.
• Jacob Viner: A tribute, 1970.
• {{cite book |title= The Evolution of Modern Economic Theory |year= 1970 |url= https://archive.org/details/evolutionofmoder0000robb_y5g9|place= Chicago |publisher= Aldine Publishing Company |via= Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |title= Autobiography of an Economist |year= 1971 |place= London and Basingstoke |publisher= Macmillan London Ltd. |isbn= 9780333125083 |url= https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofe0000robb/page/n7/mode/2up |url-access= registration |via = Internet Archive}}
• Political Economy, Past and Present, 1976.
• Against Inflation, 1979.
• Higher Education Revisited, 1980.
• "Economics and Political Economy", 1981, AER.
• {{cite book |title= A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures |editor1= Samuels, Warren J. |editor2= Medema, Steven G. |year= 1998 |place= Princeton, NJ |publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-0-691-01244-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeconomi0000robb/page/52/mode/2up?view=theater&q=hume |url-access= registration}} Scroll to chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdw9kfG-EAAC&q=robbins+%22A+History+of+Economic+Thought%22 links.]

On 2 August 1924, Robbins married Iris Elizabeth Harris Gardiner, one of the daughters of the journalist and editor Alfred George Gardiner.{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Susan |title=Lionel Robbins |url=https://archive.org/details/lionelrobbinshis00hows |url-access=limited |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781139501095 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lionelrobbinshis00hows/page/n73 58], 109}} They had a daughter and a son; Ann and Richard.{{cite news |last1=Kerr |first1=Peter |title=Lord Robbins, economist, dies; active in the arts and education |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/18/obituaries/lord-robbins-economist-dies-active-in-the-arts-and-education.html |accessdate=30 January 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=18 May 1984 |location=New York}} His daughter married Christopher Louis McIntosh Johnson in 1958. His son was an artist and sculptor; the LSE has a bust of Lionel Robbins which was made by his son.{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/06/27/father-by-son-lionel-robbins-by-richard-robbins/|title=LSE: Lionel Robbins by Richard Robbins|date=27 June 2018 |access-date=7 December 2020}}

• Welfare definition of economics

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Lionel Robbins}}

• [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/exhibitions/lionel-robbins-the-economist-and-the-wider-world LSE Digital Library - Lionel Robbins]
• [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/peopList.asp?search=ss&sText=Lionel+Charles+Robbins Lionel Charles Robbins Photographs] from National Portrait Gallery, London
• {{Cite book |title=Lionel Robbins (1898–1984) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Robbins.html |work=The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics |edition=2nd |series=Library of Economics and Liberty |publisher=Liberty Fund |year=2008 }}
• [http://mises.org/profile/lionel-robbins Lionel Robbins Profile] from Ludwig von Mises Institute
• {{Internet Archive author |sname= Lionel Robbins}}
• {{NPG name}}

• {{Cite book|author=O'Brien, D P |author-link= Denis Patrick O'Brien |url= https://archive.org/details/lionelrobbins0000obri/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access= registration |title= Lionel Robbins|date= January 1988|publisher= MacMillan| isbn = 9781349096855 |via= Internet Archive}}

{{Guild Socialism}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Robbins, Lionel Baron Robbins}}

Category:1898 births

Category:1984 deaths

Category:British economists

Category:Historians of economic thought

Category:Life peers

Category:Alumni of University College London

Category:Academics of the London School of Economics

Category:People associated with the London School of Economics

Category:People from Hillingdon

Category:Fellows of the British Academy

Category:British Army personnel of World War I

Category:Royal Field Artillery officers

Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Category:Member of the Mont Pelerin Society

Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society