Lioré et Olivier LeO H-190

{{Infobox Aircraft Begin

| name= H-190

| image= Loire et Olivier LeO 194 left front photo NACA Aircraft Circular No.39.jpg

| caption= H-194

}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type

| type= Amphibian airliner

| national origin= France

| manufacturer= Lioré et Olivier

| designer=

| first flight= 1926

| introduced=

| retired=

| status=

| primary user=

| number built= 45

| developed from=

| variants with their own articles=

}}

The Lioré et Olivier H-190 was a biplane flying boat aircraft designed and produced by the French aircraft manufacturer Lioré et Olivier.{{cite book |last = Taylor |first = Michael J. H. |title = Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year = 1989 |publisher = Studio Editions |location = London |page = 580 }}

Developed as a passenger transport, various versions of the H-190 were also developed, including catapult-ready mail planes intended to be launched from transatlantic ocean liners and coastal patrol aircraft.

The sole LeO H-194 was flown by Marc Bernard together with a CAMS 37 flown by René Guilbaud in a long-distance expeditionary flight across Africa in late 1926. They covered {{convert|28000|km|mi|abbr=on}} in three months, covering Morocco, Mali, Nigeria, Belgian Congo, Mozambique and Madagascar.

Design

The Lioré et Olivier H-190 was a single-bay biplane flying boat with un-staggered wings and powered by a single engine that was mounted tractor-fashion underneath the upper wing and supported on struts in the interplane gap. While early-built aircraft had the pilot's open cockpit located aft of the wing, later-built aircraft had the pilot's cockpit relocated forward of the wing. The lines of the hull were designed around the desired marine qualities of the flying boat; it proved itself to handle well when subjected to five-foot waves.NACA 1937, p. 2. To maintain the hull's condition, regular applications of ordinary boat paint were required. While the flying boat's duralumin elements proved fairly durable, its steel fittings were not so long-living, despite the application of a protective baked enamel.NACA 1937, p. 5.

Its construction was conventional for the era and harnessed techniques previously used by the company on earlier seaplanes. The fuselage was composed entirely of wood, a large proportion of the framework, including the keel, chines, upper longerons and the majority of the transverse frames, were made from ash, while the deck beams consisted of four thicknesses of ash and spruce that were glued together.NACA 1937, p. 1. The submerged portion of the fuselage was entire1y covered with either a double or triple boarding of Cuban mahogany, upon which a protective layer of bituminous dope was applied. The portion above the waterline was covered with birch plywood instead, which had a special filler applied to it to absorb ultraviolet light and thus better preserve the condition of the wood. Underneath the propeller, the hull was reinforced by sheet metal as well as by a series of compact longitudinal strips, which assisted the crew in not slipping on the hull's rounded edge.NACA 1937, pp. 1-2.

The box spars were composed of spruce and plywood while the ribs had plywood webs and spruce flanges. The drag wires were piano wires that terminated in fastenings, the design of which was both patented and officially approved. The ties and wing bracing consisted of duralumin tubes while the flying wires consisted of a pair of piano wires held together by a fairing. The landing wires were streamlined and used Chobert fastenings. The floats were attached to the wing via four compact duralumin struts and consisted of a framework of ash that was covered by birch plywood.NACA 1937, pp. 2-3. The wing covering was doped fabric. Washers were typically used in conjunction with rivets.NACA 1937, pp. 3, 9. The tail unit consisted of a primary fin accompanied by two auxiliary fins, one above and one below the stabilizer, which was secured by a pair of duralumin struts and bracing wires. The ailerons, elevator, and rudder all had welded steel frames and fabric coverings.NACA 1937, p. 3.

The flying boat was typically powered by a Gnome et Rhône 9Ad Jupiter air-cooled radial engine, capable of generating up to 420 HP. The engine nacelle contained a supporting frame that was attached via four bolts to the spars of the upper wing and to the struts of the cabane; the nacelle itself was positioned between the two spars and consists of a steel-tubing framework enclosed in an aluminium cowling. Various elements were contained within this cowling, including a pair of fuel pumps, a fire extinguisher, oil radiator, oil sump and tank, as well as several sizable ports to ease inspection and servicing alike. A relatively robust propeller, composed of treated beechwood and partially covered by copper, was typically fitted; a spare propeller was also often carried.NACA 1937, pp. 3-4.

A cartridge ignition arrangement was used to start the engine; engine-related instrumentation included an oil-pressure indicator, a revolution counter, aero-thermometer, multiple fuel gauges, and a fuel regulator. General instrumentation included a drift meter, altimeter, inclinometer, and a pair of compasses; some aircraft were outfitted with 12-volt generators to power apparatus such as cameras.NACA 1937, p. 4. Fuel was housed within the fuselage across a total of six tanks composed of duralumin tanks, each having a capacity of 235 liters (7.36 gallons) and weighing only nine kg (roughly 20 lb.), while the fuel pipes were made of aluminium. Oil was stored in two locations, a 20-liter (21-gallon) tank in the hull and a 35-liter (9.2-gallon) gravity tank in the engine nacelle; a hand pump was used to transfer oil from the former to the latter.NACA 1937, pp. 2, 8. Anchoring was aided by the presence of a two-part hatch in the upper surface of the forward deck; baggage was held within a separate compartment just aft of the rear-most pair of fuel tanks.NACA 1937, pp. 8-9.

Variants

;H-190T:("Transport") - airliner powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 9Ab Jupiter engine; (five built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-190T, Amphibie de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=3947&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |language = French}}

;H-191:trainer powered by a {{convert|450|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Lorraine 12Eb; (one built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-191, Amphibie d'entrainement par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=3948&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French |date = 24 February 1998}}

;H-192:airliner similar to H-190T, but with cockpit in new position, powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 9Ab Jupiter; (2 built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-192, Amphibie de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=618&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French}}

;H-193:similar to H-192, but with reinforced wing, powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome & Rhône 9Ady; (five built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-193, Amphibie de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=619&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French}}

;H-193S:(S - "Surveillance") - maritime patrol version of H-193, powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 9Ad Jupiter; (15 built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-193S, Amphibie de surveillance par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=620&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French |date = 1 December 2003}}

;H-193HS:H-193S with a {{convert|500|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Hispano-Suiza 12Mb engine; (one converted).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-193HS, Amphibie de surveillance par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=621&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French}}

;H-194:version for long-distance flight, powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 9Ab Jupiter; (one built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-194, Hydravion de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=617&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French |date = 20 October 1996}}

;H-195:

;H-196:similar to H-193, powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 9Ab Jupiter; (one built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-196, Amphibie de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=624&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |language = French}}

;H-197S:(Sanitaire) - air ambulance version of H-193, powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 9Adz Jupiter; (one built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-197S, Amphibie de transport sanitaire par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=625&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French |date = 1 December 2003}}

;H-198:catapult-capable mailplane, powered by a {{convert|420|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 9Af Jupiter; (nine built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-198, Amphibie de transport postal par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=622&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French}}

;H-198/2:catapult-capable airliner with a {{convert|500|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Renault 12Ja engine; (three built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-198/2, Amphibie de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=623&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French}}

;H-199/1:twin-engine version, with second engine mounted in pusher-fashion in tandem with the first: examples with 2x {{convert|230|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Hispano-Suiza 6Mbr; (one built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-199/1, Hydravion de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=611&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French}}

;H-199/2:twin-engine version, with second engine mounted in pusher-fashion in tandem with the first: 2x {{convert|350|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Gnome-Rhône 7Kb engines; (one built).{{cite web |last1 = Parmentier |first1 = Bruno |title = Lioré et Olivier LeO H-199/2, Hydravion de transport par Aviafrance |url = https://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=612&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=825&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |publisher = Aviafrance |access-date = 18 February 2018 |location = Paris |language = French}}

Operators

;{{FRA}}

French Navy

Specifications (H-193S)

File:Loire_et_Olivier_LeO_194_3-view_NACA_Aircraft_Circular_No.39.jpg

{{Aircraft specs

|ref= Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928{{cite book |title = Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928 |editor1-last=Grey |editor1-first = C.G. |year = 1928 |publisher = Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd |location = London |pages = 18d–19d}}

|prime units?= met

|crew= 6/7 (minimum 3)

|length m= 12.5

|span m= 16.3

|height m= 4.17

|wing area sqm= 64

|aspect ratio=

|airfoil=

|empty weight kg= 1,750

|gross weight kg= 3,150

|max takeoff weight kg=

|max takeoff weight lb=

|max takeoff weight note=

|fuel capacity=

|more general=

|eng1 number= 1

|eng1 name= Gnome et Rhône 9Ad Jupiter

|eng1 type= Nine-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine

|eng1 hp= 420

|prop blade number= 2

|prop name= wooden fixed pitch propeller

|prop dia m=

|prop dia ft=

|prop dia in=

|prop dia note=

|max speed kmh= 170

|cruise speed kmh=

|cruise speed mph=

|cruise speed kts=

|cruise speed note=

|stall speed kmh=

|stall speed mph=

|stall speed kts=

|stall speed note=

|never exceed speed kmh=

|never exceed speed mph=

|never exceed speed kts=

|never exceed speed note=

|range km=620

|combat range km=

|combat range miles=

|combat range nmi=

|combat range note=

|ferry range km=

|ferry range miles=

|ferry range nmi=

|ferry range note=

|endurance=

|ceiling m=

|ceiling ft=

|ceiling note=

|g limits=

|roll rate=

|glide ratio=

|climb rate ms=

|climb rate ftmin=

|climb rate note=

|time to altitude=

|sink rate ms=

|sink rate ftmin=

|sink rate note=

|lift to drag=

|wing loading kg/m2= 49.2

|fuel consumption kg/km=

|fuel consumption lb/mi=

|power/mass= {{cvt|0.0606|hp/lb|kW/kg}}

|more performance=

|guns= 4x {{cvt|7.7|mm}} Lewis machine-guns on twin flexible mounts in front and rear gunner's compartments

|bombs=

}}

References

=Citations=

Bibliography

[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930090615 "Liore-Olivier LeO 194 seaplane"] National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1 April 1917. NACA-AC-39, 93R19905.