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List of Apollo missions#Crewed Apollo missions

{{Short description|Missions and flights of NASA's Apollo Program}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}

File:Apollo 11 Launch - GPN-2000-000630.jpg to land the first men on the Moon]]

The Apollo program was a United States human spaceflight program carried out from 1961 to 1972 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which landed the first astronauts on the Moon.{{cite report|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/APSR-JSC-09423-OCR.pdf|title=Apollo Program Summary Report|date=April 1975|publisher=NASA|id=JSC-09423|access-date=September 29, 2017|archive-date=October 9, 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/APSR-JSC-09423-OCR.pdf|url-status=live}} The program used the Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles to lift the Command/Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) spacecraft into space, and the Little Joe II rocket to test a launch escape system which was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/little_joe_ii.html |title=Little Joe II |author=Bongat, Orlando |publisher=NASA |date=September 16, 2011 |access-date=January 30, 2019 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803074229/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/little_joe_ii.html |url-status=live }} Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission.

Apollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on the Apollo 11 mission, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their LM Eagle in the Sea of Tranquility and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the CSM Columbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm |title=Apollo 11 (AS-506) |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=March 10, 2020 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209050759/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm |url-status=dead }} Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 with twelve men having walked on the Moon{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/16/apollo-legacy-moon-space-riley |title=Apollo 40 years on: how the moon missions changed the world for ever |author=Riley, Christopher |newspaper=The Guardian |date=December 15, 2012 |access-date=January 1, 2019}} and {{convert|842|lb|kg}} of lunar rocks and soil samples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history.{{cite web |url=https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/ |title=Lunar Rocks and Soils from Apollo Missions |publisher=NASA |date=September 1, 2016 |access-date=January 30, 2019 |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723052227/http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/ |url-status=live }}

Two Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entire Apollo 1 crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/what-happened-apollos-2-and-3 |title=What Happened to Apollos 2 and 3? |author=Teitel, Amy |magazine=Popular Science|date=October 28, 2013 |access-date=March 3, 2018}} and the third landing attempt on Apollo 13 was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSM Odyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LM Aquarius as a "lifeboat" for these functions.{{cite report |date=September 1970 |title=Apollo 13 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/A13_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-02680 |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120152624/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/A13_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

Uncrewed test flights

From 1961 through 1967, Saturn launch vehicles and Apollo spacecraft components were tested in uncrewed flights.

= Saturn I =

The Saturn I launch vehicle was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights into low Earth orbit, but its {{convert|20000|lb||adj=on}} payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweight retrorocket module for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped, in favor of using the uprated Saturn IB to launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSM boilerplate testing, and three micrometeoroid satellite launches in support of Apollo.

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Saturn I missions

Mission

! {{abbr|LV|Launch Vehicle serial number}}

! Launch

! Pad

! class="unsortable"|Remarks

! class="unsortable"|Refs

SA-1

| SA-1 || data-sort-value="19611027"|October 27, 1961, 15:06 || LC-34 || Test of Saturn I first stage S-I; dummy upper stages carried water || style="text-align:center" | Hallion & Crouch, pp. 153{{ndash}}159{{cite report |date=March 1973 |title=Apollo 17 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/A17_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 21, 2017 |id=JSC-07904 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121052627/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/A17_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

SA-2

| SA-2 || data-sort-value="19620425"|April 25, 1962, 14:00 || LC-34 || Dummy upper stages released {{convert|86685|L|USgal|order=flip|sp=us}} of water into upper atmosphere, to investigate effects on radio transmission and changes in local weather conditions || style="text-align:center"|

SA-3

| SA-3 || data-sort-value="19621116"|November 16, 1962, 17:45 || LC-34 || Repeat of SA-2 mission || style="text-align:center"|

SA-4

| SA-4 || data-sort-value="19630328"|March 28, 1963, 20:11 || LC-34 || Test premature shutdown of a single S-I engine || style="text-align:center"|

SA-5

| SA-5 || data-sort-value="19640129"|January 29, 1964, 16:25 || LC-37B || First flight of live second stage. First orbital flight. || style="text-align:center"|

AS-101

| SA-6 || data-sort-value="19640528"|May 28, 1964, 17:07 || LC-37B || Tested first boilerplate Apollo command and service module (CSM) for structural integrity || style="text-align:center"|

AS-102

| SA-7 || data-sort-value="19640918"|September 18, 1964, 17:22 || LC-37B || Carried first programmable-in-flight computer on the Saturn I vehicle; last launch vehicle development flight || style="text-align:center"|

AS-103

| SA-9 || data-sort-value="19650216"|February 16, 1965, 14:37 || LC-37B || Carried Pegasus A satellite and boilerplate CSM || style="text-align:center"|

AS-104

| SA-8 || data-sort-value="19650525"|May 25, 1965, 07:35 || LC-37B || Carried Pegasus B satellite and boilerplate CSM || style="text-align:center"|

AS-105

| SA-10 || data-sort-value="19650730"|July 30, 1965, 13:00 || LC-37B || Carried Pegasus C satellite and boilerplate CSM || style="text-align:center"|

There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed to Apollo 1 posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple "Apollo" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renaming AS-201, AS-202, and AS-203 as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered.

= Saturn IB =

The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designated Saturn IB, by replacing the S-IV second stage with the S-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to {{convert|46000|lb|kg}}, enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module.

Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight.

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Saturn IB missions

scope="col"| Mission

! scope="col"|{{abbr|LV|Launch vehicle}} Serial No

! scope="col"|Launch

! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Remarks

! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Refs

scope="row"|AS-201

||Saturn IB

SA-201

|data-sort-value="19660226"|February 26, 1966,

16:12 GMT

Launch Complex 34

||First test of Saturn IB and Block I Apollo CSM. Suborbital flight landed the CM in the Atlantic Ocean, demonstrating the heat shield. Propellant pressure loss caused premature SM engine shutdown.

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row"|AS-203

||Saturn IB

SA-203

|data-sort-value="19660705"|July 5, 1966,

14:53 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

||No Apollo spacecraft; instrumentation and video observed on-orbit behavior of S-IVB liquid hydrogen fuel in support of restart capability design for Saturn V. Deemed a success, despite inadvertent destruction of S-IVB during final overpressure tank rupture test.

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row"|AS-202

||Saturn IB

SA-202

|data-sort-value="19660825"|August 25, 1966,

17:15 GMT

Launch Complex 34

||Suborbital flight to Pacific Ocean splashdown. CM heat shield tested to higher speed; successful SM firings.

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row"|Apollo 5

||Saturn IB

SA-204

|data-sort-value="19680122"|January 22, 1968,

22:48 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

||First flight of LM successfully fired descent engine and ascent engines; demonstrated "fire-in-the-hole" landing abort test.

|style="text-align: center;"|

= Launch escape system tests =

From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at the White Sands Missile Range for development of the launch escape system (LES). These included simulated "pad aborts", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturn space vehicle was still on the launch pad, and flights on the Little Joe II rocket to simulate Mode I aborts which might occur while the vehicle was in the air.

File:Apollo Pad Abort Test -2.jpg command module]]

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|+ {{sronly|Launch escape system tests}}

scope="col"| Mission

! scope="col"|Launch vehicle

! scope="col"|Launch

! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Remarks

! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Refs

scope="row" |QTV

|Little Joe II

|data-sort-value="19630828"|August 28, 1963,

13:05 GMT Launch Complex 36

|| Little Joe II qualification test

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row" |Pad Abort Test 1

| None

|data-sort-value="19631107"|November 7, 1963,

16:00 GMT Launch Complex 36

||Launch escape system (LES) abort test from launch pad

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row" |A-001

|Little Joe II

|data-sort-value="19640513"|May 13, 1964,

13:00 GMT Launch Complex 36

|| LES transonic test, success except for parachute failure

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row" |A-002

|Little Joe II

|data-sort-value="19641208"|December 8, 1964,

15:00 GMT Launch Complex 36

||LES maximum altitude, Max-Q abort test

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row" |A-003

|Little Joe II

|data-sort-value="19650519"|May 19, 1965,

13:01 GMT Launch Complex 36

||LES canard maximum altitude abort test

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row" |Pad Abort Test 2

|None

|data-sort-value="19650629"|June 29, 1965,

13:00 GMT Launch Complex 36

||LES pad abort test of near Block-I CM

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row" |A-004

|Little Joe II

|data-sort-value="19660120"|January 20, 1966,

15:17 GMT Launch Complex 36

||LES test of maximum weight, tumbling Block-I CM

|style="text-align: center;"|

= Saturn V =

Prior to George Mueller's tenure as NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight starting in 1963, it was assumed that 20 Saturn Vs, with at least 10 unpiloted test flights, would be required to achieve a crewed Moon landing, using the conservative one-stage-at-a-time testing philosophy used for the Saturn I. But Mueller introduced the "all-up" testing philosophy of using three live stages plus the Apollo spacecraft on every test flight. This achieved development of the Saturn V with far fewer uncrewed tests, and facilitated achieving the Moon landing by the 1969 goal. The size of the Saturn V production lot was reduced from 20 to 15 units.{{cite book|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/toc.html|title=Apollo Expeditions to the Moon|last1=von Braun|first1=Wernher|editor-last1=Cortright|editor-first1= Edgar M.|publisher=NASA Langley Research Center|year=1975|access-date=February 27, 2008|page=50|chapter=3.4|chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-3-4.html|isbn=978-9997398277|archive-date=February 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214215716/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/toc.html|url-status=live}}

Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate the super heavy-lift Saturn V which would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test.

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Saturn V missions

scope="col"| Mission

! scope="col"|{{abbr|LV|Launch vehicle}} Serial No

! scope="col"|Launch

! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Remarks

! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Refs

scope="row"|Apollo 4

||Saturn V

SA-501

|data-sort-value="19671109"|November 9, 1967,

12:00 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

||First flight of Saturn V rocket; successfully demonstrated S-IVB third stage restart and tested CM heat shield at lunar re-entry speeds.

|style="text-align: center;"|

scope="row"|Apollo 6

||Saturn V

SA-502

|data-sort-value="19680404"|April 4, 1968,

16:12 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

||Second flight of Saturn V; severe "pogo" vibrations caused two second-stage engines to shut down prematurely, and third stage restart to fail. SM engine used to achieve high-speed re-entry, though less than Apollo 4. NASA identified vibration fixes and declared Saturn V man-rated.

|style="text-align: center;"|

Alphabetical mission types

The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed by Owen Maynard in September 1967.{{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Courtney G. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |last3=Swenson |first3=Loyd S. |title=Chariots for Apollo: A History of crewed Lunar Spacecraft |publisher=NASA |year=1979 |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch9-5.html |chapter=Tragedy and Recovery |access-date=October 20, 2019 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007080924/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch9-5.html |url-status=dead }}{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Charles |last2=Cox |first2=Catherine Bly |title=Apollo: The Race to the Moon |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1989 |pages=315–16 |isbn=978-0-671-70625-8}} Two "A-type" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7.

The list was revised upon George Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.{{cite book |editor1-last=Cortright |editor1-first=Edgar M. |title=Apollo Expeditions to the Moon |publisher=Dover |year=2019 |page=171 |isbn=978-0-486-83652-2}} Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a "C-prime" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of a medium Earth orbital test. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program.

The initial A–G{{cite book |editor1-last=Cortright |editor1-first=Edgar M. |title=Apollo Expeditions to the Moon |publisher=Dover |year=2019 |page=172 |isbn=978-0-486-83652-2}} list was expanded to include later mission types:{{rp|466}} H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,{{cite book |title=The Apollo Spacecraft – A Chronology. Volume IV |publisher=NASA |year=1975 |access-date=January 29, 2008 |chapter=Part 2(D) – July through September 1967 |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/contents.htm#Volume%20IV |chapter-url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/v4p2d.htm |archive-date=February 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205020128/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/contents.htm#Volume%20IV |url-status=dead }} was incorporated into the J-type missions.{{rp|466}}

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Alphabetical mission types of the Apollo Program

! scope="col" | Mission type

! scope="col" | Missions

! scope=col class=unsortable | Description

scope="row" | A

| scope="row" | {{unbulleted list|Apollo 4|Apollo 6}}

| scope="row" | Uncrewed flights of launch vehicles and the CSM, to demonstrate its design and to certify its safety for humans.{{efn|name=Cortright|Although the A-type designation was used in official documents to refer only to Apollo 4 and Apollo 6,{{rp|466}} specifically their uncrewed orbital flights of the CSM and use of the Saturn V rocket, Samuel C. Phillips also used the A-type designation to refer to AS-201, AS-203 and AS-202: "A. Uncrewed flights of launch vehicles and the CSM, to demonstrate the adequacy of their design and to certify safety for men. Five of these flights were flown between February 1966 and April 1968; Apollo 6 was the last."}}

scope="row" | B

| scope="row" | Apollo 5

| scope="row" | Uncrewed flight of the LM, to demonstrate its design and to certify its safety for humans.

scope="row" | C

| scope="row" | Apollo 7

| scope="row" | Crewed flight demonstration of CSM in low Earth orbit. Saturn 1B.

scope="row" | {{Abbr|C′|C-prime}}

| scope="row" | Apollo 8

| scope="row" | Crewed flight demonstration of CSM in lunar orbit.{{rp|466}}

scope="row" | D

| scope="row" | Apollo 9

| scope="row" | Crewed flight demonstration of CSM and LM in low Earth orbit, operating the equipment together in space and (insofar as possible in Earth orbit) performing the maneuvers involved in a lunar landing.

scope="row" | E

| {{n/a}}

| scope="row" | Crewed flight demonstration of CSM and LM in medium Earth orbit, performing the maneuvers involved in a lunar landing.

scope="row" | F

| scope="row" | Apollo 10

| scope="row" | Crewed flight demonstration of CSM and LM in lunar orbit, performing all G-type mission goals except for the final descent to and landing on the lunar surface.

scope="row" | G

| scope="row" | Apollo 11

| scope="row" | Crewed lunar landing demonstration.{{rp|466}}

scope="row" | H

| scope="row" | {{unbulleted list|Apollo 12|Apollo 13 (planned)|Apollo 14}}

| scope="row" | Precision crewed lunar landing demonstration and systematic lunar exploration.{{rp|466}}

scope="row" | I

| {{n/a}}

| scope="row" | Reserved for lunar survey missions. (Not used)

scope="row" | J

| scope="row" | {{unbulleted list|Apollo 15|Apollo 16|Apollo 17}}

| scope="row" | Extended scientific investigation of the Moon on the lunar surface and from lunar orbit.{{rp|466}}

Crewed missions

The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based on U.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission.{{cite book |last=Shayler |first=David |date=August 26, 2002 |title=Apollo: The Lost and Forgotten Missions |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |pages=117, 124–125 |isbn=978-1-85233-575-5}}

Seven of the missions involved extravehicular activity (EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from the Scientific Instrument Module stored in the Service Module.{{cite web |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2017/12/17/walking-in-the-void-45-years-since-the-last-deep-space-eva/ |title=Walking in the Void: 45 Years Since the Last Deep-Space EVA |author=Evans, Ben |publisher=AmericaSpace |date=December 17, 2017 |access-date=January 30, 2019 |archive-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040856/https://www.americaspace.com/2017/12/17/walking-in-the-void-45-years-since-the-last-deep-space-eva/ |url-status=live }}

{{sticky header}}

class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"

|+ {{sronly|Crewed missions}}

scope="col" style="width:60px;"|Mission

! scope="col" style="width:60px;" class="unsortable"|Patch

! scope="col" style="width:125px;"|Launch date

! scope="col" style="width: 130px;" class="unsortable"| Crew

! scope="col" | Launch vehicle{{efn|name=sn|Serial number displayed in parentheses}}

! scope="col" | CM name

! scope="col" | LM name

! scope="col" | Duration

! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Remarks

! scope="col" style="width:60px;" class="unsortable"|Refs

scope="row" data-sort-value="01"|Apollo 1

|File:Apollo 1 patch.png

|data-sort-value="19670221"|February 21, 1967

Launch Complex 34 (planned)

|Gus Grissom
Ed White
Roger B. Chaffee

|Saturn IB
(SA-204)

| {{N/A}}

| {{N/A}}

| {{N/A}}

| Never launched. On January 27, 1967, a fire in the command module during a launch pad test killed the crew and destroyed the module. This flight was originally designated AS-204, and was renamed to Apollo 1 at the request of the crew's families.

| style="text-align: center;" |{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo1.html |title=Apollo 1 |date=June 14, 2012 |publisher=NASA |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=September 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927151858/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo1.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo1.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011501/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo1.cfm |archive-date=July 4, 2017|title=Apollo 1 (AS-204) |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 21, 2017}}{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/ |title=Apollo-1 (AS-204) |author=Garber, Steve |publisher=NASA |date=September 10, 2015 |access-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924113010/https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/ |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="07"|Apollo 7

|File:AP7lucky7.png

|data-sort-value=19681011"|October 11, 1968,

15:02 GMT

Launch Complex 34

|Wally Schirra
Donn F. Eisele
Walter Cunningham

|Saturn IB
(AS-205)

|{{N/a}}

|{{N/a}}

|10 d 20 h 09 m 03 s

|Test flight of Block II CSM in Earth orbit; included first live TV broadcast from American spacecraft.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo7.html |title=Apollo 7 |date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=NASA |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232217/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo7.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo7.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011501/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo7.cfm |archive-date=July 4, 2017|title=Apollo 7 (AS-205) |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 21, 2017}}{{cite report|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf|title=Apollo 8 Mission Report|date=February 1969|publisher=NASA|id=MSC-PA-R-69-1|access-date=September 29, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf|url-status=live}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="08"|Apollo 8

|File:Apollo-8-patch.png

|data-sort-value="19681221"|December 21, 1968,

12:51 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|Frank Borman
James Lovell
William Anders

|Saturn V

(SA-503)

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

|06 d 03 h 00 m 42 s

|First humans to leave Earth orbit and first to arrive at the Moon, first circumlunar flight of CSM, had ten lunar orbits in 20 hours. First crewed flight of Saturn V.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html |title=Apollo 8 |date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729174055/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo8.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011501/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo8.cfm |archive-date=July 4, 2017|title=Apollo 8 (AS-503) |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 21, 2017}}{{cite report |date=February 1969 |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="09"|Apollo 9

|File:Apollo-9-patch.png

|data-sort-value="19690303"|March 3, 1969,

16:00 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|James McDivitt
David Scott
Rusty Schweickart

|Saturn V

(SA-504)

|Gumdrop

|Spider

|10 d 01 h 00 m 54 s

|First crewed flight test of Lunar Module; tested propulsion, rendezvous and docking in Earth orbit. EVA tested the Portable Life Support System (PLSS).

| center;|{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo9.html|title=Apollo 9|date=July 8, 2009|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201729/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo9.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo9.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011501/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo9.cfm |archive-date=July 4, 2017|title=Apollo 9 (AS-504) |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 21, 2017}}{{cite report |date=May 1969 |title=Apollo 9 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A09_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-2 |archive-date=December 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225020449/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A09_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="10"|Apollo 10

|File:Apollo-10-LOGO.png

|data-sort-value="19690518"|May 18, 1969,

16:49 GMT

Launch Complex 39B

|Thomas P. Stafford
John Young
Eugene Cernan

|Saturn V

(SA-505)

|Charlie Brown

|Snoopy

|08 d 00 h 03 m 23 s

|"Dress rehearsal" for lunar landing. The LM descended to 8.4 nautical miles (15.6 km) from lunar surface.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo10.html|title=Apollo 10|date=July 8, 2009|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-date=October 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005153743/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo10.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo10.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011501/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo10.cfm |archive-date=July 4, 2017|title=Apollo 10 (AS-505) |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 21, 2017}}{{cite report |date=August 1969 |title=Apollo 10 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A10_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-00126 |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A10_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="11"|Apollo 11

|File:Apollo 11 insignia.png

|data-sort-value="19690716"|July 16, 1969,

13:32 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|Neil Armstrong
Michael Collins
Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin

||Saturn V

(SA-506)

||Columbia

||Eagle

||08 d 03 h 18 m 35 s

||First crewed landing in Sea of Tranquility (Tranquility Base) including a single surface EVA.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite report |date=November 1969 |title=Apollo 11 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-00171 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221154620/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="12"|Apollo 12

|File:Apollo 12 insignia.png

|data-sort-value="19691114"|November 14, 1969,

16:22 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|Charles (Pete) Conrad
Richard F. Gordon Jr.
Alan Bean

||Saturn V

(SA-507)

||Yankee Clipper

||Intrepid

||10 d 04 h 36 m 24 s

||First precise Moon landing in Ocean of Storms near Surveyor 3 probe. Two surface EVAs and returned parts of Surveyor to Earth.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-12 |title=Apollo 12 (AS-507) |date=August 17, 2021 |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112001404/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-12 |url-status=live }}{{cite report |date=March 1970 |title=Apollo 12 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/A12_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-01855 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506035755/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/A12_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="13"|Apollo 13

|File:Apollo 13-insignia.png

|data-sort-value="19700411"|April 11, 1970,

19:13 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|James Lovell
Jack Swigert
Fred Haise

||Saturn V

(SA-508)

||Odyssey

||Aquarius

||05 d 22 h 54 m 41 s

||Intended Fra Mauro landing cancelled after SM oxygen tank exploded. LM used as "lifeboat" for safe crew return. First S-IVB stage impact on Moon for active seismic test.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-13 |title=Apollo 13 (AS-508) |date=August 17, 2021 |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112001406/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-13 |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="14"|Apollo 14

|File:Apollo 14-insignia.png

|data-sort-value="19710131"|January 31, 1971,

21:03 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|Alan Shepard
Stuart Roosa
Edgar Mitchell

||Saturn V

(SA-509)

||Kitty Hawk

||Antares

||09 d 00 h 01 m 58 s

||Successful Fra Mauro landing. Broadcast first color TV images from lunar surface (other than a few moments at the start of the Apollo 12 moonwalk.) Conducted first materials science experiments in space. Conducted two surface EVAs.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-14 |title=Apollo 14 (AS-509) |date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112001401/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-14 |url-status=live }}{{cite report |date=May 1971 |title=Apollo 14 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/A14_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-04112 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222025709/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/A14_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="15"|Apollo 15

|File:Apollo 15-insignia.png

|data-sort-value="19710726"|July 26, 1971,

13:34 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|David Scott
Alfred Worden
James Irwin

||Saturn V

(SA-510)

||Endeavour

||Falcon

||12 d 07 h 11 m 53 s

||Landing at Hadley–Apennine. First extended LM, three-day lunar stay. First use of Lunar Roving Vehicle. Conducted three lunar surface EVAs and one deep space EVA on return to retrieve orbital camera film from SM.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-15 |title=Apollo 15 (AS-510) |date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=November 11, 2022}}{{cite report |date=December 1971 |title=Apollo 15 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/ap15mr.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-05161 |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/ap15mr.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="16"|Apollo 16

|File:Apollo-16-LOGO.png

|data-sort-value="19720416"|April 16, 1972,

17:54 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|John Young
Ken Mattingly
Charles Duke

||Saturn V

(SA-511)

||Casper

||Orion

||11 d 01 h 51 m 05 s

||Landing in Descartes Highlands. Conducted three lunar EVAs and one deep space EVA.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-16 |title=Apollo 16 (AS-511) |date=August 23, 2021 |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112001402/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-16 |url-status=live }}{{cite report |date=December 1971 |title=Apollo 16 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/A16_MissionReport.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 29, 2017 |id=MSC-07230 |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721181752/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/A16_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}

scope="row" data-sort-value="17"|Apollo 17

|File:Apollo 17-insignia.png

|data-sort-value="19721207"|December 7, 1972,

05:33 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

|Eugene Cernan
Ronald Evans
Harrison Schmitt

||Saturn V

(SA-512)

||America

||Challenger

||12d 13 h 51 m 59 s

||Landing at Taurus–Littrow. First professional geologist on the Moon. First night launch. Conducted three lunar EVAs and one deep space EVA.

|style="text-align: center;"|{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-17 |title=Apollo 17 (AS-512) |date=August 23, 2021 |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112001405/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/apollo-missions/apollo-17 |url-status=live }}

= Canceled missions =

{{Main|Canceled Apollo missions}}

Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations.

  • Before the Apollo 1 fire, two crewed Block I spacecraft missions were planned, but then it was decided that the second one would give no more information about the spacecraft performance not obtained from the first, and could not carry out extra activities such as EVA, and was canceled.
  • The Saturn V's all-up testing strategy and relatively good success rate accomplished the first Moon landing on the sixth flight, leaving ten available for Moon landings through Apollo 20,{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_18_20.html |title=Apollo 18 through 20 – The Cancelled Missions |author=Williams, David |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date=December 11, 2003 |access-date=March 3, 2018 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224161154/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_18_20.html |url-status=live }} but waning public interest in the program led to decreased Congressional funding, forcing NASA to economize. First, {{awrap|Apollo 20}} was cut to make a Saturn V available to launch the Skylab space station whole instead of building it on-orbit using multiple Saturn IB launches.{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/a/apollo20.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013125130/http://www.astronautix.com/a/apollo20.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 13, 2016|title=Apollo 20|publisher=Astronautix|access-date=March 15, 2018}} Eight months later, Apollo 18 and 19 were also cut to further economize, and because of fears of increased chance of failure with a large number of lunar flights.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/canceled-apollo-missions/ |title=Down to Earth: The Apollo Moon Missions That Never Were |author=Silber, Kennith |date=July 16, 2009 |magazine=Scientific American |access-date=January 1, 2019 |archive-date=January 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108102229/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/canceled-apollo-missions/ |url-status=live }}{{cite magazine|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a7166/why-apollo-really-stopped-at-17/|title=Why Apollo Really Stopped at 17|author=Rousseau, Steve|magazine=Popular Mechanics|date=September 2, 2011|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225748/https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a7166/why-apollo-really-stopped-at-17/|url-status=live}}

class="wikitable"

|+ {{sronly |Canceled missions}}

colspan=7 | As plannedcolspan=6 | As flown
scope="col"| Mission

! scope="col"| Type

! scope="col"| Date

! scope="col"| Landing site

! scope="col"| {{Tooltip|CDR|Commander}}

! scope="col"| {{Tooltip|CMP|Command Module Pilot}}

! scope="col"| {{Tooltip|LMP|Lunar Module Pilot}}

! scope="col"| Mission

! scope="col"| Launch date

! scope="col"| Landing site

! scope="col"| {{Tooltip|CDR|Commander}}

! scope="col"| {{Tooltip|CMP|Command Module Pilot}}

! scope="col"| {{Tooltip|LMP|Lunar Module Pilot}}

scope="row" | Apollo 12{{efn|If Apollo 11 was unable to land on the Moon, Apollo 12 would have been the US's next attempt. With the successful landing, Apollo 12 was converted to a geological mission.}}

| H

| November 1969

| Ocean of Storms

| Pete Conrad

| Richard F. Gordon Jr.

| Alan Bean

| Apollo 12

| November 14, 1969

| Ocean of Storms

| Pete Conrad

| Richard F. Gordon Jr.

| Alan Bean

scope="row" | Apollo 13

| H

| March 1970

| Fra Mauro highlands

| Alan Shepard

| Stuart Roosa

| Edgar Mitchell

| Apollo 13

| April 11, 1970

| Failed

| Jim Lovell

| Jack Swigert

| Fred Haise

scope="row"| Apollo 14

| H

| July 1970

| Censorinus crater

| Jim Lovell

| Ken Mattingly

| Fred Haise

| Apollo 14

| January 31, 1971

| Fra Mauro highlands

| Alan Shepard

| Stuart Roosa

| Edgar Mitchell

scope="row"| Apollo 15

| H

| November 1970

| Littrow crater

| David Scott

| Alfred Worden

| James Irwin

| Apollo 15

| July 26, 1971

| Hadley Rille

| David Scott

| Alfred Worden

| James Irwin

scope="row"| Apollo 16

| J

| April 1971

| Tycho crater

| John Young

| Jack Swigert

| Charles Duke

| Apollo 16

| April 16, 1972

| Descartes Highlands

| John Young

| Ken Mattingly

| Charles Duke

scope="row"| Apollo 17

| J

| September 1971

| Marius Hills

| Gene Cernan

| Ronald Evans

| Joe Engle

| Apollo 17

| December 7, 1972

| Taurus-Littrow

| Gene Cernan

| Ronald Evans

| Harrison Schmitt

scope="row"| Apollo 18

| J

| February 1972

| Schroter's Valley

| Richard F. Gordon Jr.

| Vance Brand

| Harrison Schmitt

| colspan="6" | CANCELED September 1970

scope="row"| Apollo 19

| J

| July 1972

| Hyginus Rille

| Fred Haise

| William Pogue

| Gerald Carr

| colspan="6" | CANCELED September 1970

scope="row"| Apollo 20

| J

| December 1972

| Copernicus crater

| Stuart Roosa

| Don L. Lind

| Jack Lousma

| colspan="6" | CANCELED January 4, 1970

See also

There were two NASA post-Apollo crewed spaceflight programs that used Apollo hardware:{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/apollo/skylab.html|title=The Skylab Program|publisher=NASA History Office|access-date=March 15, 2018|date=October 22, 2004|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225230359/https://history.nasa.gov/apollo/skylab.html|url-status=live}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

  • {{Include-NASA}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|title=Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base |last1=Hallion |first1=Richard P. |last2=Crouch |first2=Tom D. |year=1979 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |isbn=978-0-87474-505-4 |author-link1=Richard P. Hallion |author-link2=Tom D. Crouch |bibcode=1979atys.book.....H |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/apollotenyearssi0000unse_x3t9 }}

External links

  • [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/#.U9mqFkhFYu4 NASA page on Apollo Missions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619110949/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/#.U9mqFkhFYu4 |date=June 19, 2016 }}
  • [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html National Space Science Data Center (Goddard Space Flight Center): Apollo Program with links to books on Program]
  • [http://www.space.com/12771-nasa-apollo-missions-photo-countdown.html Space.com List of Apollo Missions.]
  • [http://www.astronomytoday.com/exploration/apollo.html AstronomyToday List of Missions]
  • [https://www.flickr.com/photos/projectapolloarchive/ Project Apollo Flickr Photo Archive]
  • [https://lunar-map.stargazing101.com Interactive Apollo Flag Locations Map]

{{Apollo program}}

{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}

{{NASA space program}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

*

Apollo

Apollo