List of French words of Gaulish origin

! French

! Cognates

! Etymology

! Possible Celtic Cognates

! Latin/Romance
equivalents

| FrProv alâ, allar, Friul lâ

| Gaul *allu

| Welsh êl 'that he may go', eled 'go!', Cornish ellev 'that I may go', Old Irish adall 'diverticulum'

| Lat ambulare (cf. Ital ambiare, Rom umbla), adnare (cf. Sp/Pg andar, Occ/Cat anar, Italian andare)

| Occitan alausa, Prov alauso, La Rochelle alousa, Sp alosa, G Alse

| Gaul alausa 'allis shad'

| none

| -

| Walloon alôye, Prov alauza, alauseta, Cat alosa, alova, OSp aloa, Sp alondra, It allodola, lodola

| Old French aloe, aloue, fr Latin alauda 'crest lark', fr Gaul, perhaps from *alaio 'swan'

| OIr elu 'swan', Irish/Scottish eala 'swan'; with suffix, Welsh alarch 'swan', Breton alarc'h 'swan'

| borrowed into Latin

| Prov embeissado, Occ ambaissada, Port embaixada, Sp embajada

| From Ital ambasciata 'charge, mission, embassy', fr Old Occ ambayassada 'embassy', from ambaissa 'service, duty' 'hostage', fr Gaul ambactus 'dependant, vassal'

| OIr amos, amsach 'mercenary, servant', Ir amhas 'wild man', W amaeth 'tenant farm', C ammeth 'farming', OBr ambaith

| -

| Occ amalenco, amalanco

| Prov. amalenco, amalanco, from Gaul. aballo 'apple' and -enco, diminutive suffix from Germanic -ing

| OIr aball, Ir/Sc ubhall, W afal, C aval, Br aval

| unknown in Latin

| -

| OFr andain 'wide step', from Gallo-Latin andagnis 'big step', from Gaul. ande 'big, great' and agnis 'step', from agi 'to move'

| Ir an- 'very' + OIr áin 'activity, play'

| -

| It ardesia

| Gaul. artuas 'stelae, stone plates', plural of *artuā 'stone, pebble'

| OIr art 'stone', Ir airtín, Sc airtein 'pebble'

| -

| OSp arapende, Sp arpende, Prov arpen

| ML arependis, fr Latin arepennis, from Gaulish

| OIr airchenn 'short mete or bound (abuttal); end, extremity', W arbenn 'chief'

| system of measurement alien to Latin

| Prov. ambans 'parapet', Occitan embans, French dial. arvan

| MFr auvans (pl) 'sloping roof', fr OFr anvant (1180), fr Gaul. andebanno 'overhang, forward jutting part of a roof', fr ande (augmentative prefix) + banno 'horn, antler'

| for banno, see below under section Patois

| unknown to Mediterranean architecture

| Occ avèn 'abyss, whirlpool', Cat avenc, Asturian aboñón 'channel, drain', Galician abeneiro, Port. amieiro 'alder (tree)'

| OFr avenc, from Old Occ, from Gaul. abona 'river'

| W afon, C avon, Br avon, aven, Sc abhainn, Ir abha, abhainn

| -

| Gasc bascojo 'hanging basket', Asturian bascayu, Port. basculho/vasculho, Béarn bascoyes, Fr (dial) bâchot, bachou

| OFr baschoe 'type of hod', from Gaul. bascauda 'wicker chest, hamper', from *basca 'binding'

| W basg 'plaiting', MIr basc 'neckband'

| -

| Sp baleo 'broom (plant)', Astur baléu

| OFr balain 'broom (plant)', from Gaul *balatno, metathesis of *banatlo

| MBr balazn (mod. balan), Sc bealaidh, Ir beallaidh vs. W banadl, C banadhel

| Lat. scobum (cf. Fr dial. écouvillon)

| Liguro berta 'magpie'

| Gaulish bardala, diminutive of bardos 'bard'

| MW bardd 'poet', OIr bard, MBr barzh 'minstrel', OC barth 'mime, jester'

| Lat. corydallus (from Greek korydallis)

| Sp/Port varga "thatch-roof hut, straw-roof hut", Cat/Pg/Occ/Liguro barga "wattle hut", Ital barca "haystack"

| Gaul bargā (Latin fundus bargae, in Tabula Veleiana, 2nd century)

| MIr barc 'fort; woodshed' (< *bargā)

| -

| -

| OFr bernaque, fr Gaul. barenica 'limpet', fr barenos 'rock, boulder' (cf. OIr barenn 'boulder'); for semantic development, compare Greek lépas 'rock' > lepás 'limpet'

| Ir báirneach, Sc bàirneach, W brennig, C brennik, Br bernig, brennig

| -

| Prov. bacha 'feeding trough', FrProv bachè, bacha 'large vat', Amognard bassie 'sink'

| OFr bacin, from ML baccinum, from LL bacca 'wine or water jug', from Gaulish 'burden, load to bear'

| Ir/Sc bac 'hindrance, heed', W baich 'load, burden', C begh 'load, burden', Br bec'h 'burden, toil'

| -

| Cat batre, Sp. batir, Emilian batü 'beaten, beat', Port. bater

| Latin battuere, from Gaulish *battu 'I strike, hit'

| W bathu 'to coin, mint (money)', C bathi 'to coin, mint (money)'

| -

| FrProv (Swiss) bache 'swamp hay', Prov bauco, balco 'rough-leafed grass, tuft of hay, swamp grass used as bedding', OProv terra bauca 'good, solid turf'

| OFr balche, from Gaul balco 'strong'

| OIr balc, Ir bailc, Sc bailceach, W/C balch, Br balc’h

| -

| Prov baumo, Cat balma, Lombardo balma, Piemontese barma, Ligurian arma

| Gaul *balma

| Ir baile 'home; town'

| -

| Cat bec, It becco, Port. bico, Sp pico

| Latin beccus 'beak', from Gaul *beccos 'beak', perhaps originally 'little'

| perhaps OIr becc 'little', Ir/Sc beag, W bach; diminutives C byghan, Br bihan

| Lat rostrum

| Lorrain belâ, blâ, Liguro bélloa, Venetian belita, Piem/Lomb. bellola, Sp dial. belida, bilidilla

| From FrPov belete, from Gaul bela

| MW beleu, W bele, belaod (pl.) 'marten'

| Lat mustella (cf. OFr moistele)

| It benna 'dung cart', G (Swabish) Bann 'cart, hod', G Behner 'basket', Du ben, benne 'basket', E bin

| Gaul benna

| W benn 'cart', OIr buinne, Br karr-banner 'truck bed', OBr benn 'caisson (chariot)'

| -

| Sp berro Ast berriu 'watercress' (< beruro)

| Gaul. berula 'cress', diminutive of beru 'stake, spit'

| W berwr, C/Br beler, OIr biror, Ir biolar, Sc biolaire; further to Ir/Sc bior, W bêr, C/Br ber

| -

| Prov bressà 'to rock', brès 'cradle', Port. berço 'cradle', Sp dial. brezar 'to rock', brezo 'cradle'

| OFr bers, berz 'cradle', fr Gaul. *bertu 'I rock', fr *berta 'load'

| Ir beartaim 'I rock', beárt 'load, action'; further to OIr brith, breth f. 'carrying; judgment', W bryd m. 'thought, mind, intent', C brys 'thought', Br bred 'psyche'

| Lat. cunabula

| Genoese (Liguro) bëo 'ditch, channel', Asturian beyu' 'narrow gorge' (< bedio) and buelga 'ditch' (< bodika)

| OFr bied, from Gaul. *bedo 'ditch; grave'

| W bedd 'grave', Br bez, C bedh

| -

| Prov. bilha 'stem, trunk'

| Gaul. *billia 'tall tree'

| Mx billey 'tree', Ir billeóg 'leaf', billeoir 'tree trunk', Sc bileag, bile 'leaf, blade'

| -

| Lyon emboto 'two handsful', Cat ambosta, almosta, Sp ambuesta

| Diminutive of OFr boisse 'dry measure of grain', Gallo-Lat. *bostia 'hollow of the hand', fr Gaul. *bosta; cognates from *ambostā

| Br boz, OW bos, MIr boss, bass, Ir bass; OIr imbas 'clasped hands'

| -

| OProv bonda

| Gaul. bunda 'base, bottom'

| OIr bunud, MIr bond, Sc bonn 'foundation', W bonedd 'base, foundation'

| -

| -

| OFr bonne, bosne, fr earlier bodne, Gallo-Lat. bodina ‘arbre frontière’, fr Gaul. bodînâ ‘troop’

| OIr buiden 'squadron', Ir/Sc buidhean/n 'regiment', W byddin 'grove', Br bodenn, bod 'thicket'

| -

|

| Gaul *bawā

| W baw 'filth, muck', budr 'dirty, messy', OIr búaidir 'dirty', Br (Ouessant) baouer 'gooey stubstance (from seaweed)', C beudhowr 'filthy water'

| Lat. lutum

|

| Gaul. boutigo 'cow byre', compound of bou 'cow' and tego 'house'

| Br boutig, W beudy, Ir bothigh; further to Ir bó, MW bu 'oxen' and Ir teach, g. tí, Sc taigh, Br/OC ti, C chi, W tŷ

| -

| -

| ML bugillō, fr Gaul., fr boccos 'soft'

| Br beuk, Ir bog

| Lat verbascum (cf. Sp varbasco)

| Ardennais boule, Prov bes(se), Cat beç, bedoll, Sp abedul (< betulu) and biezo (< betyo) Ast abedugu (< betuko)

| Diminutive of OFr boule, from Lat. betula, dim. of Gaul. betua 'birch'

| Ir/Sc beith, W bedw, Br bezv, Manx beih

| -

| Galician/Port. borba 'mud', Asturian borbolla 'bubble', Sp burbuja 'bubble'

| Gaul borvon 'spring, well'

| Ir bearbh 'boiling', W berw 'boiling, seething', Br berv 'broth, bubbling'

| -

| ONorm borzaine, French dial. bourg-épine, Walloon neûr-bôr, Basque burgi 'alder buckthorn', German Eberesche (Aberesche, Eberbaum) 'service-tree', Flemish haveres (influenced by haver 'oat')

| From Western dialect, from OFr bourgène, from Gaul *eburi-gena, from eburos

| W efwr 'cow parsnip', dial. (N) ewr, Br evor 'alder buckthorn', Sc iubhar 'yew', Ir iúr, OIr ibar

| -

| Prov brac, It brago, braco 'mud', OFr bragnier 'to plow'

| Gaul *bracu

| W bracu 'filth', MIr broch 'garbage'

| Lat pix (cf. Fr poix)

| Prov/Sp. braga, It braca, Emilian brêgh 'trousers' and braghein 'short trousers'; Br bragoù

| Lat. braca

| -

| -

| -

| Late Latin bragire, from Gaulish *bragu

| MIr braigid 'it crashes, explodes', Ir/Sc braigh 'to shriek, crackle', Br breugiñ 'to bray'

| -

| Berry/Picard brin, Prov/OSp bren, It (dials) brenno

| OFr bren 'bran, filth', from Gaul. brennos 'rotten'

| OIr brén, Ir bréan 'smelly, rancid', Sc breun, W braen 'stench', braenu 'to rot', Br brein

| Lat. caecum 'filth' (cf. Sp cieno)

| Prov/Cat branca 'paw', Port. braça 'treelimb', It brance 'claw, paw', Romansch dial. franka, Rum brânca

| Late Latin branca 'paw', from Gaul. *vranca

| Br brank, branc'h 'bough, antlers', Sc bràc 'branch, antler; reindeer'

| Lat. ramus

| Fr dial. brai, bray 'malt'

| OFr bracer, fr brace 'malt', fr Gaul brace

| OIr mraich, Sc braich, W/C brag 'malt', Br bragez 'wheat germ'

| -

| Occ/Cat. brau 'tough, wild'

| MFr brave, fr It bravo 'bold', fr Occ brau 'wild', fr Gaul. bragos 'show-off'

| MIr breagha 'fine', Ir breá, Sc brèagh, C bray, Br braga 'to strut around'

| -

| Pg/Galician/Astur/Salander braña, Port. brenha 'swampland, bogland, humid meadow', Sp breña 'scrubland', NW Cat braina 'field of grain whose ears have not sprouted yet', N. Ital. barena 'flood plain of a lagoon'

| OFr baraign, brahain, fr Lat. brana ‘sterile mare’, fr Gaul. *branna 'land where nothing grows', fr *brenno 'rotten'

| Ir branar, W braenar 'fallow', Br breinar; see bran above

| -

| Prov brogo, Emilian bröl 'orchard, vegetable garden', Germ. Brühl 'prairie'

| OFr bruil (attested ML breialo (Vienna Glossary)), fr Gaul *brogilos 'thicket, hunting reserve', diminutive of brogos 'country'

| W/C/Br bro 'country', Ir bruig, Sc brugh 'tumulus, large house', Mx broogh 'brae, bank'

| -

| Pic brife 'bit of bread'

| Gaul. briba

| W briw 'fragments', C bryw, Br brev 'broken', Sc breaban 'leather patch', Ir preaban 'parcel, piece, patch'

| -

| Emilian brisa 'bit of bread', 'nothing', 'not', It briciola

| OFr brisier, fr Gaul. brissu 'I break'

| OIr brissim, Ir/Sc bris, Mx brishey

| Lat frangere (cf. OFr fraindre)

| Asturian bruecu 'pointed, sharp'

| Gaul. brocca, fr broccos 'pointed'

| Sc brog 'awl; to prod', W procio 'to poke, thrust', Ir prioc; OIr brocc 'badger', Ir broc, W broch, Br broc'h

| -

| Cat brossa, Spanish, Asturian broza 'dead leaves, dead brushwood'; OFr bruisse 'chestnut hull, chestnut husk' (< Gaul. bruskia)

| OFr broce, fr Gaul. bruskia

| *bhreus-kyo < 'which it's broken', *bhreus-o 'break', P-Celt. *bruso 'fragile (EDPC: 81).

| -

| Gaul. bruge 'to troat'

| W broch 'din, tumult', Br broc'h(ad) 'quarrel, discord, falling out', Sc broiglich 'noise', broighleadh 'turmoil'; Ir brúcht 'belch'

| -

| Prov bruguiera 'moorland', Cat bruguera; Milan brüg, Ital brugo, Prov bruga, Germ (dial. Mainz) Brikane, Cat bruc; Sp brezo, (Navarre) beruezo, Gal breixo, Port brejo (< *broccius)

| Gallo-Lat. brucaria, fr brūcus, fr late Gaul *vroikos, fr earlier vroici, vroica

| W grug, dial. (Pembroke) gwrig, C grig, MBr groegan, Ir fraogh, Sc fraoch, Manx freoagh

| -

| Mantuan bög 'soft fruit, overripe fruit'

| OFr bucle, fr LL bugula, fr Lat bugīlla, fr Gaul., diminutive of buccos 'soft'

| MIr bocc 'soft', Ir/Sc bog 'soft', Br bouk 'soft, mild'

| -

! French

! Cognates

! Etymology

! Possible Celtic Cognates

! Latin/Romance

| OFr chavane 'small farmstead', Emilian capanoun 'barn', Lombard capanon

| fr Prov. cabana 'cob, cottage', fr Gaul. capanna 'hut', fr cappos 'cob, tent'

| W caban 'booth, hut', Br koban 'booth, awning', Ir/Sc cabán 'hut, booth, tent', Port cabana; further to W cab 'cot, tent', MIr cap(p) 'cart, bier'

| -

| MFr chaillou, chail, Pic caillau, Poit. chail, SwFr/Fr-Comt chaille, Port. calhau, Prov. calado, Astur. cayuela 'pebble, chestnut'

| Normand or Picard, fr Gaul. caliavo 'pebbly', fr cali 'pebble'

| W caill, C kell, Br kell, kall, Ir caull 'testicle'

| -

|Old Occ. canton from N. It. cantone

|O.Fr chant, L. canthus, from Gaul. cantos

|W cant, Br cant

| -

|Port. cerveja, Span. cerveza

| Gaul. cervesia

| C corev 'beer,' W cwrw 'beer, ale'

| -

| -

| OFr chainse 'tunic', fr L camisia 'shirt', fr Gaul.

| OIr caimmse 'shirt', W obs. cams(e) 'surplice, alb', C kams 'surplice, alb', Br kamps 'hem'

| *Note: chemise 'shirt' is an early learned borrowing and not inherited

| Sp. cambiar, Ast. cambéu 'exchange'

| OFr changier, from L cambiāre 'to barter', earlier cambīre, from Gaul cambion 'exchange'

| Br kemm 'exchange', OIr cimb 'ransom'

| Lat. muto, mutatio

| Basq ekarri 'to bring', OProv carruga 'cart' Astur. carru, Port. charrua, Emilian car 'chariot, wagon' and carét 'cart'

| L carrus 'chariot', fr Gaul. carros; L carracutium, fr Gaul. carruca 'ceremonial plough'

| Ir carr 'dray, wagon', W carr 'chariot', C/Br karr 'cart'

| -

| -

| MFr charenson, dim. of OFr *charenz, from LL *caranteus, fr Gaul. *carvantos, fr carvos 'stag'

| W carw, C karow, Br karv, OIr carbh, Ir cáirrfhiadh

| -

| Lorr charpagne 'hamper', Port cabaz 'hamper', Welche charpin ‘large osier basket’, Friul čharpint ‘cart axle’

| L carpentum, fr Gaul. carbanto 'carriage', fr carbos 'basket'

| Ir carbat, Sc carbad, W cerbyd, OBr cerpit

| -

| OPic coan, Judeo-French javan, FrProv (Swiss) tsavouan

| MFr chouan, fr L cavannus, fr Gaul.

| Ir ulchabhán, W tyllhuan, cuan, C kowann, Br kaouenn

| -

| Sp. camino, FrProv tch’mïn, Prov. camin, Astur. camín, Port. caminho

| LL camminus 'step, footpath, tollspot', fr Gaul. camani, plural of camanom 'step'

| Ir céim 'stride', pl. céimmenn, Sc ceum, W/C cam 'step', OW pl. cemmein 'steps', Br kam 'step'

| -

| Prov cassanh, Gasc casse, FrProv (Swiss) tsâno, Port. caixigo, Astur caxigu, Aragon caixico

| OFr chasne, chesne, fr LL casnus, fr Gaul. cassanos literally, 'twisted, gnarled'

| Ir cas 'to twist, turn, spin', W cosgordd 'to twist'

| L quercus

| Prov caitiu, Mantuan catif 'bad'

| OFr chaitif, blend of Gaul. caxtos 'prisoner' and Lat captivus 'prisoner'

| W caeth 'slave, confined', C keth 'slave', Br kaezh 'miserable, unfortunate', Ir cacht 'distress, prisoner'

| -

| It cavallo, Sp. caballo, Port. cavalo, Rum cal; Germ (Swabish) Kōb 'nag' (< cabō), Lom. cavall, Em. caval

| Latin caballus 'nag', from Gaul. caballos, variant of cabillos 'work horse, nag', dim. of cabō (> L)

| W ceffyl, Br kefel, Ir capall, Manx cabbyl

| Lat equus

| Gasc cleda 'small gate', Cat. cleda 'cattle pen, sheepfold', Aragonese cleta 'wooden gate', Portuguese cheda 'wagon bed', Basq gereta

| VL cleta, fr Gaul.

| W clwyd 'gate, hurdle', Br kloued 'fence, harrow', C kloes 'hurdle, lattice', Ir/Sc clíath 'hurdle'

| -

| Germ Glocke, Galician choco, Port. chocalho, 'cowbell'

| Gaul. clocca

| Ir/Sc clog, W cloch, C klogh, Br kloc’h

| Lat tintabulum

| Wal cosset, cosson, Morvan coisson ‘piglet’, Sp. cochino ‘pig’

| Gaulish *coccā ‘hip’, akin to coxo ‘foot’ (for sense development, compare obs. German †Hackshe ‘brood sow’ from Hachse ‘hock’)

| Old Irish coch ‘hip’; further to OIr coss ‘foot’, W coes, C koes, Br koaz ‘leg’

| -

| Occ comba 'valley', Cat coma, Port. comba, Astur. comba

| LL cumba 'dishes', fr Gaul. comba 'concave, cavity, depression'

| W cwm 'hollow', C komm 'small valley, dingle', Br komm 'trough, valley, deep water', Ir com 'chest cavity', OIr comm 'vessel'

| -

| -

| LL corma, fr Gaul. curmi 'ale, beer'

| OIr cuirm, coirm, gen. corma 'beer', W cwrw, cwrwf, cwrf 'ale', C/Br korev

| -

| Amognes coudrette, queudre, FrProv cudra, Romansch coller; Occ còila 'hazel switches, hazel osiers'

| OFr coldre, from Gallo-Latin colurus, blend of Gaul collos and Lat corulus

| OIr coll (mod. coill), W coll, C koll, Br (lit.) kollenn)

| Lat corulus

| -

| OFr coule, goule 'cowl', fr Lat. cucullus, fr Gaul., reduplication of cullo 'covering, shelter'

| OIr cuilche ‘mantel’, cuile ‘cellar’, MIr cul ‘defense, shelter’

| -

| Saintangois crénre, Prov crénher

| Old French creindre, from VL *cremere, from Gaul. *crenu ‘I shake’ + L tremere ‘to shake’

| W crynu, Br/C krena; W cryn 'shaking', Br kren, C crên

| Lat timere (cf. OFr temir, It temere, Rmsch temair, Cat temer)

| -

| Western dialect cravant 'wild goose', fr *cragu- + -ant, fr Gaul. *crago 'hoarse'

| W cregu 'to be hoarse', cryg 'hoarse', C kreg 'hoarse'

| -

| FrProv (Lyon) cramiot 'spittle'

| OFr cresme (influenced by LL chrisma 'ointment'), fr Gaul crāmum ‘skim, skin’

| W cramen 'scab', C kramm, Br kramm, kremm, MIr screm 'surface, skin'

| -

| -

| Gaul. crinos 'collapsed, fallen in'

| OIr ar-a-chrinim 'I collapse, crumble, shatter', crinner 'fall', crín 'withered, decayed'

| -

| Fr-Prov cros 'hollow, cave', Prov. cros 'tomb', Occ. cro, Ligurian creusa, creuso

| OFr crues, fr Gallo-Lat. crosus, fr Gaul. *crossos

| -

| -

| -

| Lat. damma, dammus, from Gaul dammos 'ox, stag'

| OIr dam 'ox, stag', damán 'fawn', Ir damh 'ox'; W dafad, C davas, Br dañvad 'sheep'

| -

| Poit endarde, Lombard dérbeda, Valais. diervet, Prov derbi, derti, It (dial) derbi, derbga

| Old French dertre, from Lat. derbita, from Gaul *derveta

| Br darvoued, derbod, W tarwyden, darwyden 'scurf, dandruff', OIr deir 'herpes'

| -

| Germ Kummer 'rubble', Sp. escombro 'rubble', Port. cômoro 'mound, hillock'

| OFr combre 'river barrage, dam', from ML combrus 'barricade of felled trees', from Gaul. combero 'river fork, dam'

| Br kember, W cymmer, Ir comar, cumar, OIr commor, cummar

| -

| Norm duve, FrCmt dôrve, Bas-Alpes endervo, Corrèze olvo

| Gaul. *dolba 'grub, caterpillar', from *dolbu 'I chisel, carve'

| OIr dolbaid 'he forms, shapes'

| -

| Tecino dren 'raspberry', Comasc dren 'blackberry', Milan drine 'hawthorn'; partially Pic fourdraine 'sloe'

| Gaul. drageno 'thorn, briar'; semantic development 'thorn bush' > 'aggressive bird'

| OIr draigen, Ir/Sc droigheann, W/Br draen, C drain/drein

| -

| It. drappo, Sp/Pg trapo, Emilian drap, Cat drap

| Late Latin drappus 'piece of fabric', from Gaul. *drappo 'shred, torn-off piece'

| W drab 'piece, shred', drabio 'to tear into pieces'

| -

| Prov draco 'wine lees', Dauph drachi 'stamped raisin bunch', Wall drâhé

| OFr drasche 'barley dregs; raisin skin', from Gaul. drasca

| MIr tresc 'refuse, offal', Ir treascach 'draffy', Sc treasg 'dregs'

| -

| Lyon drouille 'tatter', Dauph. drouille 'wood chip'

| OFr drille 'fabric scrap', fr Gaul. *drullo 'piece, shred'

| W dryll 'fragment, small piece', MBr druill, C dral 'scrap, fragment', Sc dreall/dreoll 'door bar';

| -

| Bourb drusine 'vigor', Amognard dru 'lively', druger 'to grow, get livelier', Prov. endrudi 'to enrich', OProv drut 'lover', NItal drü 'fat, thick', Milan druto 'exuberant'

| OFr dru 'lively; fat', from Gaul. drūtos

| W drud 'brave, valliant, furious', OIr drúth, édruith 'lewd, extravagnt', Sc drùth 'lecherous', Br druz 'fat, fit, fertile'

| -

| FrProv iserâblo

| OFr airable, from LL acerabulus, blend of abolo 'apple' and Lat. acer ‘maple’ (akin in formation to W criafolen 'rowan', afol tindoll 'medlar', OIr fic-abull 'fig tree')

| -

| Lat acer

| Sp. estaño, Emilian stajgn 'hard', Port. estanho

| Lat stagnum, var. stannum, fr Gaul. stannon (according to Pliny)

| Ir stán, OSc stàn, W ystaen, C sten, Br stean

| -

| Jersiais flianné 'flannel', Emilian flanèla 'flannel'

| Old Normand flanelle, fr OFr flaine 'coarse wool', fr Gaul. vlana 'wool'

| W gwlân 'wool', gwlanen 'flannel', C gwlan, Br gloan, Ir olann, Manx ollan

| -

| Walloon frigon

| OFr fregon, fr Gaul. *sprigo

| W ffreu 'fruit'

| -

| -

| Gaul. galia 'might', Mantuan gaiard'hardy, strong'

| W obsolete †gâl 'strength', gall 'energy', OBr gal, Br galloud 'power', C gallos 'ability', OIr gal, gallacht 'valor'

| -

| Fr dial. jalet 'stone projectile of cross bow'

| Normand or Picard, fr Gaul. gallos 'large rock'

| OIr gall 'stone pillar', gallán 'large upright stone'

| -

| Cat galleda ‘bucket’

| OFr jalon ‘liquid measure’, diminutive of jale 'porringer', fr LL galla ‘vessel, container’, fr late Gaul. *glāvo 'rain', fr earlier *glōvo

| W glaw 'rain', Br glao, C glaw

| -

| Fr dial. varaigne, Astur. varagaña 'enclosure'

| Gaul. varena 'enclosed area' (cf. varonadas (nom. pl.))

| Ir/Sc fearann 'land, enclosure', OIr feronn 'field', ferenn 'girdle, garter'

| -

| OFr jargerie, jarzerie 'cockle, weed', Val d’Aoste dardillon 'pignut'

| Gaul. gargos 'wild; bitter'

| Ir/Sc garg 'wild; bitter'

| -

| Normand glise

| OFr gleise, gloise, fr Gallo-Lat glisomarga 'clay marl', fr Gaul. gliso 'white'

| W glwys 'bright, pretty', OBr gloes 'pretty', OIr glése 'brightness', Ir/Sc gleus 'order, trim, tune'

| -

| -

| From *gladibu, blend of Lat gladius + Gaul. cladebos

| W cleddyf, Br kleze, C cledhe, OIr claideb, Ir claíomh, Sc claidheamh

| Lat ensis

| OProv glenar

| OFr glener, fr LL glenare, fr Gaul. glennu 'I gather, sort', fr glanos 'clear, pure'

| OIr glenn- 'to choose, amass', do-glinn 'he collects, gathers', MIr digliunn 'I glean', W (SW) dichlyn 'to select, sort out'

| -

| -

| OFr gobe, fr Gaul. gobbo

| Ir gob 'mouth', Sc/Manx gob 'beak', W gwp 'bird's head/neck'

| -

| Prov. gòrsa 'hedge, bush', Limousin gorso 'bush', Lombard gorz 'bush'

| OFr gort 'boundary hedge', from Gaulish gorto 'yard; hedge' (because of its shape)

| Ir gort 'wheatfield', W garth 'hill, enclosure', Corn gorth, OBr orth 'yard, enclosure'

| -

| Wal. djwèhe, Lorr. gosse, Ardenn. gosi 'gizzard', gosillon 'Adam's apple', Friul gose, It gozzo, Rum guşă ‘maw, goiter’, Emilian gòs

| OFr geuse, josier, from VL geusiae 'gizzard edges', from Gaulish, from *geusi 'to pour'

| W gewai 'glutton'

| -

| OProv goja, It gubba, Sp gubia, Port. goiva

| Gaul. gulbia 'piercer', fr *gulbu 'beak'

| OIr gulba 'sting', W gylyf 'sickle'

| -

| Occ grasan, graissan 'toad', Cat grexá 'toad', gresandu 'tadpole'

| MFr gresset, from Gaul. *craxantos (attested craxaulus), from craxa 'scab, rough patch'

| W crach 'crust, scab', C kragh 'scurf', Br krak 'gruff'

| -

| Fr (Western dials.) groue, Prov/Cat/Astur. grava, Venit grava, Friul grave

| Gallo-Lat. grava, fr Gaul. gravis

| Br gro 'silt', C grow 'gravel', W gro 'gravel'

| -

| -

| Western dialect, from guener, gueniller 'to wet, dampen', fr guène, gâne 'pond, pool', fr OFr gasne 'muddy pool', fr Gaul. vāgna ‘slope; moor’

| C/Br geun 'swamp', W gwaun 'lowland, meadow', Ir fann 'slanting, sloping', fána 'downward slope, hollow'

| -

! French

! Cognates

! Etymology

! Possible Celtic Cognates

! Latin/Romance

| Prov (Maritime) liéu[http://marius.autran.pagesperso-orange.fr/provencal/provencal_francais.html Jean-Claude Autran, Vocabulaire de la Provence maritime, 2009]

| Gaul. ivosor Germ. *īwa

| W yw, C ywin, Br iwin, OIr eó

| Lat. taxus (cf. Occ teis, FrProv dêx, Romansh taisch)

| Sp gancho 'large hook' (< gansciu)

| LL gascaria 'scratch-plough', fr Gaul. gansko 'branch'

| OIr gesca 'stem, branch'

| LLat. vervactum (cf. Fr guéret 'tilled but unsown field', Sp barbecho)

| Norm galir 'to throw'

| Gaul. gali 'to boil'

| Ir gailim 'to boil over', Manx gaal 'steam', Sc goil 'to boil', gèil 'to bubble, well up'

| -

| Pic gante, Occ cant, Sp canto, It canto 'corner'

| L canthus, cantus, fr Gaul. cantos

| Br kant 'ring', W cant 'felloe, rim', MIr céte 'gathering (in a circle)', Ir cétal, s. canó, OW canten, cantem

| -

| OProv/Sp garra 'claw', Prov garro, Fr dial. gare, jarre 'thigh'

| OFr garet, diminutive of gare 'leg, thigh', Mantuan garét, diminutive of 'leg' and galùn 'thighs' from Gaul. garra 'leg'

| W gar, C/Br garr, OIr gairri 'calves of the leg', Ir cara

| -

| OOcc gabella, Occ gavèl, Port. gavela, gabela, Sp gavilla

| LL gabella, fr Gaul. gabali 'armfull', fr gabu 'to take'

| W gafael 'to grasp, hold', C gavel 'grasp, hold', MIr gabáil

| -

| -

| Gaul. gabalaccos, fr gabalos 'fork', Mantuan giavlòt 'javelin'

| Ir gabhla, gen. gablach 'spear', W gaflach 'dart'

| -

| -

| L lancea, fr Gaul lankia, Mantuan lansa 'lance' and lansér 'lancer', Port. lança

| MIr do-léicim 'I toss, fling, launch'

| -

| Port. landa

| Gaul landa

| Breton lann 'heath', W llan 'village, yard', C lan 'open space, plain', lann 'enclosure', Ir/Sc lann 'enclosure'

| -

| Basq andere 'woman', Astur. andera 'heifer'

| OFr andier, fr Gaul. andero 'heifer; young woman'

| W anner 'heifer', Br (Leon/Corn) ounner, (Trég) annouar, (Vann) annoér 'heifer', Ir ainnir 'young woman'

| -

| Prov. lègo, Cat llegua, Sp legua, Pg légua, It lega

| LL leucas, fr Gaul. 'league marker'

| OIr líe, gen. líac 'stone', Ir liag 'stone'

| -

| Sp légamo, dial. lidia, liria, OIt led(g)a, Romansch glitta, Basq lekeda

| ML liæ, fr Gaul. lĭga 'sediment'

| OBr leh 'silt, deposit', Br lec'hi 'dregs', W llai 'silt, deposit'

| -

| Astur. lloca, Port. loca

| VL laucca, fr Gaul. loukā 'light'

| W llug 'shimmer, glint', OIr lúach 'bright'

| -

| Port. lota

| Gaul. lotta, literally 'flat(fish)' or 'wide(fish)'

| OIr lethaid 'he extends, expands', W lledu 'to extend, expand'; OIr lethan 'wide', W llydan; W lled 'flounders', C leyth 'flounder, flat-fish'

| -

| Béarn. leo, Prov lièio, Piém. leza, Rouerg leudo, leuzo; Romansch schliuza, schlieza

| VL leudia, leudico (5th century), fr Gaul. sludio 'sled'

| Ir slaod 'raft, float', Sc slaod 'drag, trail', OBr stloit 'dragging, sliding', Br stlej 'drag', W llithr 'glide'

| -

| It mantissa, mantisa 'a little something extra', Astur manta 'quantity'

| Gaul. manti

| Br meñt, meñd 'multitude, greatness', W maint 'size, capacity, quantity', C myns, Ir méid, méad 'size', Sc meud, miad

| -

| Basq mantar 'shirt, barque tarpaulin', Emilian mantèl 'coat'

| Diminutive of OFr mante, fr LL manta, fr L mantum, mantellum, fr Gaul. mantlon 'covering'

| Br malan, manal, C manal 'sheaf'

| -

| Sp/OIt/Ast/Port marga, Lyon margagni 'deep mud, muck', Germ Mergel

| OFr marle, fr LL margila (influenced by argilla 'white clay'), fr Gaul. marga

| Br marg

| -

| OProv melseca, Prov mèlze, ODauph melese, Piedmontese malëzz

| OFr-Prov melese (1313), fr LL melix, -icem, merger of Gaul melissos 'honey-sweet' + Latin larix 'larch'

| Sc meilise 'hedge mustard'; further to W melys 'sweet', C melys, Br milis 'honey-flavored', Ir/Sc milis 'sweet'

| Latin larix (cf. FrProv (Swiss) larze, It larice)

| OProv mena, Astur mena 'vein'

| LL mina, fr Gaul. *mēna 'ore, mine'

| W mwyn 'ore', C moen, Ir míanach 'ore'

| -

| Romansch mélen, Sardinian mélinu 'yellow'

| OFr moleine, influenced by mol 'soft', fr. LL melinus 'yellow', from Gaul. melinos

| Br melen, W/C melyn 'yellow, mullein'

| -

| Sp mocho 'he-goat', It montone 'ram'

| Gaul. *molton 'wedder'

| W mollt 'ram', Br maout 'wedder', C mols 'ewe', Ir/Sc mult 'ram'

| Lat. ovis

|

| OFr noe 'river bed', fr LL nauda 'marshland', fr Gaul., fr Proto-Celtic snauda, fr sna- 'to swim'

| MIr snúad 'river'

| -

| NItal (l)oppio 'guelder rose', Vegliot vaple 'maple', Astur. obleru 'thorn'

| Lat. (Milan) opulus (Varro, De re rustica, 1.8.3), from Gaul. opolos 'maple'

| Ogam Irish Oqoli, Irish MacOchaill (personal names)

| Latin viburnum

| Germ Pferd 'horse', Du paard 'horse'; Port vereda, Sp vereda 'pathway', Galician verea 'main road'

| LL paraverēdus 'pack horse, spare horse', fr Greek para + Lat. verēdus 'post horse', fr Gaul., fr ver- 'over' + redu 'running, swift'

| W gorwydd 'horse, charger'

| -

| Prov/Cat petit, Occ pichòn, pichòt, Rum pitì 'to shrink'

| ML pittitus (775), akin to LL pitinnus, pitulus 'tiny', from Gaul *pitt- 'tiny' ~ pit- 'tip, point'

| Br pizh ‘meticulous; frugal, stingy’, C pyth ‘tight with money, penny-pincher’; W pid 'tapering end, tip', obsolete †piden 'penis', Br pidenn 'penis'

| Latin putillus

| It pezza, Prov pessa, pesa, Port peça, Astur. petisa 'hopscotch'

| ML petia, petium, from Gaul petsi 'thing, part', from pet 'what'

| W peth 'thing', Br pez 'thing', C peyth, Ir/Sc cuid 'part'

| Latin pars

| Tuscan pincióne, Port pisco Cat pinsà, Sp pinzón, pinchón

| Gaul. *pincio

| W pinc, Br pint

| Latin fingilla (borrowed from Germanic)

| -

| Normand quai and Poitevin chai, fr LL caium 'surrounding wall or hedges', fr Gaul. caio 'hedge'

| W cae 'fence, hedge', Br kae, C ke

| -

| Cat. rega 'furrow', rec 'channel', Prov rega 'to furrow', Occ regon 'furrow'

| OFr roie, fr Gallo-Lat. rica, fr Gaul. 'furrow'

| W rhych, Br reg, Ir eitre, Sc riach

| L porca (cf. Cat pórca 'land, flower bed')

| Prov. rebous

| OFr rebors, fr LL reburrus 'swollen', from Gaul., from ro- 'very' + -borros 'stout, inflated'

| W bwr 'stout, sturdy, big', C borr 'fat; protuberance, paunch', OIr borr 'swollen, inflated', Ir borr 'pride, greatness'

| -

| -

| OFr resque, fr Gaul. rescos 'rough'

| -

| -

| It infrigno 'frowning', Lomb frignà 'to whimper, make a wry face'

| OFr enfrogne 'wry face, wrinkled nose' and froignier 'to stick one's nose up at', both from frogne, froigne 'wry face, wrinkled nose', fr late Gaul. frogna 'nostril', from earlier srogna

| W ffroen 'nose', Br froen, Ir sróine, Sc sròn

| -

| Occ rota, Sp rumbo 'course'

| Gaul reda 'carriage, run'

| Sc rod, Ir rodh, Br ronden

| -

| Fr-Prov (Jurassien) reûtche 'bark', Prov. rusco 'bark'

| OFr rusche, Gallo-Lat rūsca 'bark', fr. Gaul. rūsco

| Br/C rusk, W rhisgl, Ir rusg, Sc rùsg

| -

| Sp sayo

| LL sagum, saga, sagus, fr Greek ságos, fr Gaul. sagos 'coat', fr *seg- 'to hold on or together'

| no direct cognates; *segno > MIr sén 'snare', W hoenyn 'snare'; *segsmen > W hemin, Ir seaman 'rivet'

| -

| Norm/OFr sap, Romand sap, sab, sabs, Foréz sa, Occ (dial.) sap, Astur. sapera 'small oak'

| Savoy sapin, fr Lat. sappinus, compound of Lat. pinus 'pine' and Gaul. sappus

| W sybwydd 'fir', OC sibnit 'silver fir'

| -

| Fr-Prov ceran ‘hemp comb’

| OFr serans 'hemp comb', from Gaul. kērā, gen. kērans 'comb'

| OIr cír 'comb', Ir cìor, Sc cìr, Manx kere, gen. kereen

| -

| Occ. selhan, Romansch saglia 'strip in a swath over which grass is strewn', Emilian sia 'space between furrows'

| OFr seillon, fr silier 'to plough, till', fr Gaul *selia 'dirt mound', fr *selu 'I take away'

| OIr coisle ‘to leave’, fo-coisle ‘he takes away’, do-fochsla ‘to seize, carry off’

| -

|

| Gaul. soccos 'pig; ploughshare'

| Ir soc 'ploughshare, snout', suig 'pig', W swch, Br souc’h', C soch' ploughshare' / W hwch Br houc’h C hogh 'pig'

| Lat vomer

| Occ soca, It zocca, Emilian cioach, Lomb çoc, Aragon zoque; Romansch tschücha, Norm chuque, Berry suche, Piemontese süca, Sp chueca 'stump'

| OFr çoche, seuche, fr late Gaul. śokka, from earlier stokka 'part, piece'

| Br soc'h, C sogh obtuse, MIr tócht 'part, piece'

| -

| FrProv (Foréz) soue, souda 'pigpen'

| OFr seu, soit, fr LL (Salic Law) sotem, sutem, fr late Gaul. *sucotegos, compound of succos 'pig' + tegos 'house'

| no cognates, but similar formation to Ir bothigh 'cow byre', W dafaty 'sheepcot'

| Lat suile 'pigpen' (cf. OFr soil 'pigsty; wild boar's wallow')

| Lorr seuche, Savoy suçha, Prov suja, suga, Gasc soja, Cat sutja

| LL sugia, fr Gaul. sudia

| OIr súide, Ir súiche, Sc súithe, B huzel, C hudhygel, W huddugl

| Lat fulliginem (cf. Sp hollín, Pg fuligem, It fuligine, Romansch fulin, Rum funingine)

| Dauph. talapan 'gable', Prov. tauvero 'field border'

| OFr talu, fr LL talutium, fr Gaul. talos 'brow, steep'

| W tâl, taloedd, C/Br tal 'forehead, brow', OIr tal, taul 'shield boss, protrusion, hump'

| -

| -

| Gaul. tanno 'holm oak, live oak'

| Br tann 'red oak', glastann 'holm oak', OC tannen, C glastan 'holm oak', OIr caerthann 'service tree', tinne 'holly' (mod. teine 'furze, gorse')

| -

| It tasso, Sp tejon badger

| OFr taisniere, tesniere, fr taisse, taisson 'badger', fr VL taxo, fr Gaul. tasgō 'badger'

| Sc taghan 'marten', OIr (name) Tadhg 'badger'

| -

| Prov. tarenco, Port tranco, Sp tranca ‘cudgel, club’

| Gaul. tarǐnca 'screw, nail'

| OIr tairinge 'iron nail, tine', Ir tairne 'metal nail, tarrag', Sc tairnge 'nail'

| -

| OProv taraire, Romansch tareder, Sp taladro, Pg trado, Port trado,

| OFr tarere, fr Lat. taratrum, fr Gaul. taratron

| W taradr, Br tarar, C tarder, Ir tarachair

| -

| Cat/Port tona

| OFr tonne 'cask', fr LL tunna 'wine-skin', from Gaul. tonna 'skin, hide'

| Ir tonn 'skin, hide', W ton 'skin', C ton 'surface; lawn', Br tonnen 'rind, surface, head hair'

| -

| Bourg. traige 'small pass between houses'

| OFr triège 'track, trail', fr Gaul. tragos, gen. trageto 'foot'

| W troed, Br troad, C troes, OIr traig, gen. traiged 'foot', Ir/Sc troigh

| -

| Piem. trugnu, Cat tronya 'brat'

| Gaul. trugna 'nose, snout'

| W trwyn 'nose, snout', C troen 'nose', Br stroen 'snot'

| -

| Prov truans, Sp truhan 'buffoon, jester', Port truhão, truante, Galician trogo "sadness, pity"

| Gaul trugant, from trugos 'wretch'

| W truan 'wretched', Sc truaghan 'wretch, miserable creature'; further to OIr tróg, Ir trogha, W/C/Br tru 'wretched'

| -

| Gasc/Cat troja, Occ truèja, Ligurian trœa

| LL troia, fr Gaul. *trogia, from trogu 'to give birth'

| W troglwyth, trollwyth 'pig litter', C godra, Br godro 'to milk', OIr trog 'birth (delivery), litter', Sc trog 'to raise, rear'

| -

| Wall vindwesse, Pic ventoise

| LL vindēsia, fr Gaul. *vǐndǐsia, fr vindos 'white'

| no cognates exist, but like formations do: Br gwyniad 'dace, pollan', Sc fionnag 'whiting'

| -

| It vannello

| Gaul. vanello, venello 'swallow'

| W gwennol, C/Br gwennel, Ir fáinle, Sc ainleag

| -

| -

| LL vassalus, diminutive of Gaul. vassos 'youth, servant', Mantuan vasal 'vassal' and valét 'vallet'

| W/C gwas 'youth, page, servant', Br gwaz 'youth, vassal', MIr foss 'servant', Sc fasdadh 'rabble army'

| -

| Cat guilter 'mastiff'

| OFr veltre, vaultre, fr Gaul vertraha, fr vertragos, compound of ver- 'over' + tragos 'foot', ‘high-footed’, i.e. ‘fleet-footed’

| OIr traig 'foot', Ir troigh, W troed, Br troad + Ir for, Br war 'over, super', W gwor-

| -

| -

| Gaul. vela 'ring, tendril', fr. velu 'to bend'

| Ir fáil 'ring', Br gwalenn 'twig, rod; ring', OIr fillid 'he bends'

| -

| OProv vernha, Fr-Prov verna, Cat vern, Lomb sberna, Rouchi verne ‘draft-pole; purlin’, Liégois/Namurois vièrna ‘helm’

| Gaul. vernos 'alder'

| Br/W gwern, C gwernen, Ir fearn, Sc feàrna

| -

| Sp virar

| LL vīrāre, from Gaul *viru 'to deviate, veer off', from viros (see next)

| W gwyro 'to shift, deviate', Br goara 'to curve'

| -

| Friul viruele

| OFr virelle, fr Lat. viriola 'bracelet', diminutive of vira, viriæ, fr Gaul. viros 'round, crooked'

| Ir fiar 'bent, crooked', W gwyr, C gwarr 'nape, curve', Br goar, gwar

| -

| Occ vezoig, Bearnese bedulh, Spanish bodollo

| OFr vooge, fr LL vidubium 'wood-knife', fr Gaul., compound of vidu- 'wood' and -bi(d)on 'trimmer'

| Ir fiodhbha 'sickle', W gwyddif, C gwydhyv 'billhook', Br gouzifiad 'pike, boar-spear'

|

! Old French

! Cognates

! Etymology

! Celtic Cognates

! Latin/Romance

| It bevero, OSp befre

| LL beber (gen. bebrum), fr Gaul. bebros

| Sc beabhar, W/C befer, Br (dial) bieuzr, OBr beuer

| Lat. fiber, later replaced by castor (from Greek)

| Occ. brusc, brus 'hive', Prov bresco ‘waffle, honey cake’, FrPrv (Swiss) brètsi 'to curdle' (< *briscare)

| Gaul. *brisca, fr *briscos 'brittle'

| Br bresk 'brittle, fragile', MIr brisc, Ir briosg, Sc brisg

| Lat faba

| Poit brèche 'multi-colored cow', Sp breca 'pandora (mollusk)'

| Gaul. *brictilo, fr briccos 'spotted'

| W brithyll 'trout', C brythel 'mackerel', Br brezhell 'mackerel'; further to OIr brecc, Ir breac 'trout; multicolored', W brych 'spotted'

| -

| Old Provençal briu 'wild'

| Gaul *brigos

| OIr bríg 'pith, power, strength' (mod. brí 'strength, valor'), W bri 'repute, dignity, rank', Br bri 'respect', C bry 'worth'

| -

| Cat bruixa, Aragon broixa, Pg bruxa, Sp bruja

| VL *bruxtia, fr Gaul brixtia, fr brixtu 'charms, spells'

| MW brithron 'magic wand', Br bre 'witch, magic', breoù 'spells, charms', OIr brichtu 'spells', brigim 'to light up, illuminate', Brigit 'shining'

| VL strix (OFr estrie, It striga)

| -

| Gaul. bugi 'ghost, hobgoblin'

| W bwcibo 'devil', C buccabo; further to W bwg, bwgan 'ghost, hobgoblin', bwci 'hobgoblin', bwgwl 'threat, fear', C boekka 'hobgoblin, imp'

| -

| Gallo cutter

| Gaul. cudo 'hidden'

| W cudd, C cudh, Br kuzh

| -

| Galician dorna, Sp duerna 'kneading trough'

| Gaul durnos 'fist'

| B dourn 'hand', W dwrn, Ir/OIr/OBr/C dorn, Sc dòrn

| -

| -

| Gaul dunon

| OIr dú (g. don) 'place, countryside', Ir dún, Sc dùn, W din

| -

| Pic guernon, Prov gren, Sp greña ‘tangle, (greasy) lock of hair’

| Gaul grenna 'beard, mustache'

| Sc greann 'beard', Ir grann 'eyelash', OIr grend 'beard, mustache', W grann 'eyelid', Br gourenn, gourren 'eyebrow'

| -

| -

| Gaul *garmon

| Ir gairm 'call', W/Br garm 'shout'

| -

| Fr dial. mégauder 'to suckle' (> mégot 'cigarette butt')

| Gaul mes(i)gus

| OIr medg, Ir meadhg, Sc mèag, M meaig, W maidd, C meidh, OBr meid

| -

| Norman muchi, Walloon muchî, Poitevin muçaè, Gallo muczae, Picard mucher

| Gaul *mucciu 'I hide'

| OIr formúchtha, for-múigthe 'smothered, concealed'

| Lat celare

| -

| Gaul *nascā 'ring, link, band'

| MIr nasc, Sc nasg 'band, tieband, collar', OIr -naisc, nascim 'I tie', Br nask ‘hindrance (physical)’, naska 'to bind'

| -

| Prov nada, Cat naita, OSp nado ‘son’

| Gallo-Lat nata, fr Gaul gnātos, -a

| MW gnawt 'relative'

| -

| -

| Gaul osca

| W osg 'notch, scoring', Br aska 'to notch up, score'

| -

| Prov olca, Astur huelga (> Sp), Basq elge 'field'

| Gaul olca 'plowable field'

| -

| -

| -

| Gaul rino, reno

| W rhewyn 'stream', Ir rían 'tide, ocean waves'

| -

| Prov sesco 'rush'

| Gaul sesca 'sedge'

| Ir seisg 'sedge', W hesg, C/Br hesk

| -

| OProv sahus, It segugio, Sp sabueso, Pg sabujo

| VL segusiu, fr Gaul segusios, egusia, fr segu 'to follow'

| OIr sechem 'I follow', Ir seach 'to follow', MW -hei 'seeker', OBr cnouheiat 'nutgatherer'

|

| It soga 'rope, leather band', Sp soga 'linear measure', Pg soga 'rush rope', Picard soue 'well rope or chain', Basq soka

| Gaul sōca 'rope, chord'

| W syg 'chain', Br sug 'harness trace', Ir suag 'rope', Sc sùgan 'straw rope'

| Lat corda (cf. French chorde)

| Prov tascoun 'peg', Galician tasca, tascón 'swingle', Sp tascar 'to nail'

| Gaul tascon

| -

| -

| -

| Gaul tullo

| OIr telach, tulach 'hill', W twlch 'hump, bump'

| -

| Cat torca 'distaff'

| Gaul torcos 'neckring, necklace'

| OIr torc, W torch, Br torchenn 'rye straw necklace'

| -

! Regional Language/Dialect

! Cognates

! Etymology

! Celtic Cognates

! Latin/Romance

| -

| a + Gaul. brondā 'breast'

| W bron, C/Br bronn, OIr/Sc bruinne

| -

| OPic ancreu 'female salmon, hook salmon', Swiss Germ Anke 'Lake Constance trout', Rhine Franconian (Rhein)anke 'Rhine salmon'

| OWall ancrauwe, from LL ancoravus (4th century), from Gaul ancorago 'Rhine salmon, hook salmon', from anco 'curved, hooked' + rago 'before, in front'

| akin to W anghad 'clutch, grip', craf-anc 'claw', OIr éc 'hook', écath 'fish hook'; W rhag 'before', C/Br rag

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| Occ aranhon, Cat aranyó, Arag arañon, Esp. arándano < *agrani-dano

| VL *agrīnio ~ agranio, fr. Gaul. agrīna

| Ir áirne, OIr arni, Sc àirne, W eirinen, Br irin 'plum'

| Latin spīnus

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| Gaul. *aiba

| OIr óiph 'beauty, appearance', MIr áeb, Ir aoibh 'pleasant, humor', Sc aoibh 'civil look, cheerful face'

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| Gaul. adlinos

| MIr aidlen 'silver fir', C edhlen 'poplar', MBr ezlen

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| Acadian/Saintongeais amblet, Romansh (Engadine) umblaz

| OFr amblais, fr. ML amblatium (9th century), fr. Gaul. ambilation, fr. lation 'switch, rod'

| W llath 'wand, stalk', Br laz 'switch, draft-pole', OIr slatt 'twig, rod', Ir/Sc slat

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| Gaul. *ande-cinga, fr ande 'intensive prefix' + cinga 'walk'

| OIr cingid 'to walk', W rhygyngu 'to amble'

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| Galician abanqueiro 'waterfall' (orig. 'beaver dam' < abanco + -arium)

| Gaul. abanco 'dwarf; beaver'

| Irish abacc 'dwarf', Welsh afanc 'beaver; dwarf', Breton avank 'dwarf; sea monster'

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| Gaul. bannos 'top, horn, peak'

| Ir beann, OIr benn, W ban 'beacon, peak', MBr ban, Br binioù 'horn pipes'

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| FrProv (Chablais) bara 'heap of straw or stones', Lomb bar 'bunch, tuft, bar', Galician barra 'garret, loft, upper platform'

| Gaul. *barro 'tip, top'

| Ir barr 'tip, summet, top', Br barr 'treelimb', barren 'bar, rod', W bar 'nail', baren 'branch'

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| Saintongeais basir 'to die', La Rochelle basir 'to vanish, evaporate', Provençal basi 'to faint; die'

| Gaul. *bāsi

| OIr bás 'death', bebais 'he died'

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| Emilian bega

| Gaul. *becos

| OIr bech, Sc beach, OW beg (W begegyr 'drone')

| Latin apis (Occ abelha, OFr ef, avette)

| Gallo belocz, Mesquerais beurlosse, Champ balosse "plum", Wal biloke, Norm bloche, Occ (Vivarois) pelorsia, Sp bugallo, Portuguese bugalha 'oak gall'

| OFr belloche, beloce, from *bullucea, from Gaul. bolluca

| Br bolos, polos, polotrez 'blackthorn, sloe', Ir bulos 'prune', Sc bulaistear 'wild plum'

| Latin spīnus

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| Gaul. *bistlo 'bile'

| W bustl, OC bistel, Br bestl

| Lat splēn (cf. OFr esplen), VL *splēnica (cf. Friul splenge, Ladin splënja, Romansh spletga)

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| Gaul. bitu

| OIr bí, gen. bíde 'pitch', Ir bigh, Sc bìth 'resin, gum, birdlime'

| Latin pix (FrProv pege, Occ pega, Fr poix)

| Hautes-Alpes bletchar, Val d'Aosta blètsì

| Gaul. blegu 'I milk'

| Ir blighim 'to milk', Sc bleagh; further to Ir bleacht, Sc bliochd, W blith 'cow's milk'

| Lat mulgere (OFr moudre)

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| Gaul. *brigantios, from briginus 'wormwood', from brigo 'strength'

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| Lat. absinthes, VLat. aloxinum (OFr aloisne, OSp alosna, Pg losna)

| Lyon chirat 'pile of rocks', Gasc carroc, Germ (Swiss) Karren 'boulder', Fr (Loire) jard 'sandbank full of pebbles'

| Gaul. karna 'heap of rocks or stones'

| MIr/Ir carn 'heap of stones', Sc càrn, W carn, Br karn

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| Gaul *carmion

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| Gaul *clādo

| Ir cladh 'ditch, trench', W clawdd 'ditch, dyke', C kledh 'ditch, bank', Br kleuz

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| Astur coleñu 'holly'

| Gaul collis, -inos 'holly'

| Ir cuilenn, W celyn, Br kelenn, C kelynn, Sc cuilionn

| Lat. aquifolium (cf. FrProv agrebo, Occ agrifol)

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| Gaul *critu 'I quiver'

| Welsh cryd 'fever', ysgryd 'shiver', egryd 'quiver', Breton krid 'spasm', skrij 'quiver', C krys 'shaking, jostling', scryth 'shiver', Irish/Scottish crith 'to tremble, quiver'

| Lat. timēre

| Lorrain (Gaumais) crincî 'to winnow', Lyon crincer, crinser 'to burn slowly and flamelessly'

| Gaul *crienta 'chaff', fr *crei- 'to riddle, separate out'

| Ir cruithneacht 'wheat'; further to OIr criathar, MBr croezr ‘riddle’, W gogrynu ‘to riddle, sift’

| Vulgar Latin excutere

| NItal crojo, Gal. croio 'rolling stone; hard, cruel'

| OProv crois, fr Gaul. croudis 'hard'

| OIr crúaid (mod. crua) 'hard', Sc cruaidh, W cru 'cruel, crude', Br kriz 'hard, rough, raw'

| Lat. crūdēlis (Occ crusèl)

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| Gaul. *curalo ~ *cularo 'pignut'

| W cylor 'truffle, pignut', Br/C keler 'pignut', Ir/Sc cùlaràn 'cucumber', OIr curar 'pignut'

| Lat. cucurbita (cf. Fr courge)

| Prov daio 'reaper'

| Gaul dalgo 'pin, skewer'

| Ir/Sc dealg, MW dala 'sting, fang', W dal 'to fasten; fastener', C delc 'necklace', Br delioù 'pine that wordle'

| Lat. falx (Fr faux, Occ falç)

| Occ darbon

| VLat darpus, fr Gaul darbo

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| Lat. talpa (Fr taupe)

| Ouest drille, Angevin drouillard, Savoy darbo 'small fir', Romansh derbèlè 'fir forest'

| OFr dervée 'oak forest', fr Gaul derva

| Ir dair, Sc/Ir doire 'grove', W derw, Br derv, C derow

| Lat. quercus

| Val d'Aoste dubluna 'dark wood', Germ (Swiss) Tobwald, Toppwald 'old-growth oak forest'

| Gaul. dubus 'dark'; so named because the silver fir's wood blackens with age

| W/C/Br du, Ir/Sc dubus

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| FrProv dreuze, draize, dorez, dareizi

| Gaul. *doressu

| OIr/Sc dorus 'doorway, gateway', Ir doras; W drws

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| Diminutive of Gaul dercos 'berry'

| OIr derc 'berry', Ir/Sc dearc

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| Wall. drawe, Gallo dréu, Lomb droga

| OFr droe, drave, from Gaul. dravoca 'darnel'

| Br draweg, C drewk, W drewg

| Lat. lolium

| Dauphinois drouille 'wood shaving'

| Gaul *drullia (plural)

| W dryll 'fragment, small piece', Br drailhenn 'scrap, shred, strip', Sc dreall/dreoll 'door bar'

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| Ardennais dusion Lorrain dusien 'incubus', Centre duhot 'monster', Piedmontese dosseul 'devil', Romansch dischöl, döschel (> Germ (Swiss) Dusl 'misfortune'), Basque tusuri 'devil', Low German (Westphalia) Düs 'devil'

| Gaul dusios

| Cornish dus 'devil', Breton Diz 'devil', Irish dásachd 'madness, rage'

| Late Lat. daemōn

| Lombard dresin, drèsen, dresla, dres 'briar'

| Gaul *vordressi 'briar', fr dresso, -i 'briar'

| OIr ferdris 'briar', driss 'bramble', Ir/Sc dris 'briar', W drysi 'briars', Br drez 'briars'

| Lat. spīnus

| Fr dial. garron

| Gaul. gabro 'he-goat'

| W gafr, C gaver, Br gavr, Ir/Sc gabhar

| no distinction made in Latin

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| Gaul. *jesmen

| W iâs 'to seethe', MW iesin 'shining', Br go 'fermented' (< *vo-jes)

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| Late Gaul. *halico, fr Gaul. salicos

| Br haleg, W helyg, C helig, Ir saileach, Sc seileach

| Latin salix (cf. OFr sauz)

| Romansh marv 'stiff, numb from the cold'

| Gaul. marvos 'dead'

| W/Br marw, C marow, Ir/Sc marbh

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| Lomb (Bresc) òles, úles, Occ. (Garde) augué, êgou, Lyon ugo, Astur yeldu, Sp yezgo, Galic. engo, Germ Attich (dial. Adach, Ottich, Otsch), Du hadik

| LL odecus, odicus, from Gaul odocos

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| Lat. ebulus (cf. Fr hièble, Occ èule, Cat évol, It ebbio)

| JudFr orve 'dust', Poit louvre spark, ember', Lyon orva 'spark', Dauph orra, Occ auvo, ouvo 'ashes of plants used for fertilizer'

| Gaul. *ulvos

| W ulw 'dust, ashes', Sc ulbach 'ashes', Br ulv 'powder'

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| Old Prov par, pairol 'boiler', Lyonnais per, Catalan perol, dial. pér, Ital paiolo 'cauldron'

| Gaul pario 'cauldron'

| W pair, C/Br per, Ir/Sc coire

| VLat caldāria (cf. Fr chaudière "heater", Sp caldera)

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| Gaul. rēda 'four-wheeled carriage'

| OIr dériad

| Lat carrus

| Catalan xeixa 'high-quality, bearded wheat'

| OOcc saisa, fr Gaul. sassia ‘barley’

| W haidd, C heydh, Br heiz

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| Occ sòfia 'bleak', NItal

| Gaul sofia (Polemius)

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| Latin albulus (OFr able, Fr ablette, OIt avola), alburnus (Saintonge aubourne, Cat alburn, Sp alburno)

| Basque tegi 'house', Limousin tèi 'shepherd's hut', Varois atoi, toi, Provençal (Alpes) atei

| *tegia, fr. Gaul. tegos 'house'

| Ir teach, gen. tí, Sc taigh, Br/OC ti, C chi, W tŷ

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| Galician toxo, Sp/Gasc toja

| VL *togia, fr togion 'straw, thatch', fr togos 'roof, covering'

| Ir tuighe 'thatch'; further to W/C/B to 'roof', Ir tué, Sc tugha

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