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List of Palmyrene monarchs

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Below is a list of Palmyrene monarchs, the monarchs that ruled and presided over the city of Palmyra and the subsequent Palmyrene Empire in the 3rd century AD, and the later vassal princes of the Al Fadl dynasty which ruled over the city in the 14th century.

House of Odaenathus

Odaenathus, the lord of Palmyra, declared himself king before riding into battle against the Sassanians after news of the Roman defeat at Edessa reached him.{{cite book|title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals|first1=Beate |last1= Dignas|first2=Engelbert |last2= Winter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=2001|year=2007|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2hqcRDvJgC&pg=PA159|isbn=978-0-521-84925-8}} This elevated Palmyra from a subordinate city to a de facto independent kingdom allied to Rome.{{cite book|title=Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC - AD 305|first=Gary K.|last= Young|publisher=Routledge|orig-year= 2001|year= 2003|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5yCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|isbn= 978-1-134-54793-7}}

Odaenathus later elevated himself to the title of King of Kings, crowning his son co-King of Kings in 263.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdcHK8Ll1jMC&pg=PA178|title=Das palmyrenische Teilreich|author= Udo Hartmann|page= 178|language= de|year= 2001|isbn=9783515078009}} The title was later passed to Vaballathus his son, before it was dropped for the title of King{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA179|title= Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation|author= Andrew M. Smith II|page= 179|year= 2013|isbn= 9780199861101}} and later Emperor.

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! width=5% | Portrait

! width=5% | Name

! width=5% | Ruler From

! width=5% | Ruler Until

! width=10% | Relationship with Predecessor(s)

! width=5% | Title

! width=10% | Notes

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|align="center"|Odaenathus

|align="center"|260

|align="center"|267

|

|align="center"|King
King of Kings

|Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263

align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Hairan I

|align="center"|263

|align="center"|267

|{{*}}Son of Odaenathus

|align="center"|King of Kings

|Made co-King of Kings by his father.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC&pg=PA353|title=The Middle East Under Rome|author= Maurice Sartre|author-link= Maurice Sartre|page= 353|year= 2005|isbn=9780674016835}}

align="center"|110px

|align="center"| Maeonius

|align="center"|267

|align="center"|267

|{{*}}Odaenathus' cousin.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|title=Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History|author= Trevor Bryce|page= 292|year= 2014|isbn=9780191002922}}

|align="center"|Emperor

|No evidence exists for his reign,{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsoldierem00brau|url-access=registration|title=The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284|publisher=Noyes Press|author= George C. Brauer|page= [https://archive.org/details/ageofsoldierem00brau/page/163 163]|year= 1975}} but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation

align="center"|110px

|align="center"| Vaballathus

|align="center"|267

|align="center"|272

|{{*}}Son of Odaenathus

|align="center"|King of Kings
King
Emperor

|Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271. Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecfiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen|author=Pat Southern|page= 92|year= 2008|isbn=9781441142481}}

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|align="center"|Zenobia

|align="center"|267

|align="center"|272

|{{*}}Mother of Vaballathus

|align="center"|Queen
Empress

|Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.

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|align="center"|Antiochus

|align="center"|273

|align="center"|273

|{{*}}Possibly a son of Zenobia.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ2JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=Aurelian and the Third Century|author=Alaric Watson|page= 81|year= 2004|isbn=9781134908158}}

|align="center"|Emperor

|

[[Al Fadl]] dynasty

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! Ruler !! Reigned !! Title !! Notes

Sharaf ad-Din Issa1281–1284PrinceAppointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks.{{cite book|author=محمد عدنان قيطاز|chapter=مهنّا (أسرة)|title=الموسوعة العربية|volume=19|url=http://www.arab-ency.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9|year=1998|publisher=هيئة الموسوعة العربية|language=ar|pages=788|access-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802025048/http://www.arab-ency.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9|archive-date=2016-08-02|url-status=usurped}}
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1284–1293PrinceImprisoned by the Mamluks.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZggAAAAMAAJ|title=al-Aʻlām,: qāmūs tarājim al-ashʾhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʻArab wa-al-mustaʻrabīn wa-al-mustashriqīn, Volume 7|language= ar|author= Khayr al-Dīn Ziriklī|page= 73|year= 1926}}
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1295–1312PrinceSecond reign.
Fadl ibn Isa1312–1317PrinceBrother of Muhanna.
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1317–1320PrinceExpelled with his tribe.
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1330–1335PrinceFourth reign.
Muzaffar al-Din Musa1335–1341PrinceSon of Muhanna.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uc2kHLQfLAUC&pg=PT374|title= al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī|language= ar|author= Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī|page= 373|year= 1451}}
Alam al-Din Suleiman1341–1342PrinceSon of Muhanna.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6atmAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5 - Part 30|language= ar|author= Ibn Khaldūn|page= 105|year= 1375}}
Sharaf al-Din Issa1342–1343PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.
Saif1343–1345PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.
Ahmad1345–1347PrinceSon of Muhanna.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0GQQgAACAAJ|title= al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.28|language= ar|author= Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī|page= 345|year= 1363}}
Saif1347–1348PrinceSecond reign.
Ahmad1348PrinceSecond reign.
Fayad1348PrinceSon of Muhanna.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z9CAAAAYAAJ|title= al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.7|language= ar|author= Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī|page= 192|year= 1363}}
Hayar1348–1350PrinceSon of Muhanna.
Fayad1350–1361PrinceSecond reign.
Hayar1361–1364PrinceSecond reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
Zamil1364–1366PrinceSon of Muhanna's brother Musa.
Hayar1366–1368PrinceThird reign; rebelled and was dismissed.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJBmAAAAMAAJ|title= Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 6 - Part 11|language= ar|author=Ibn Khaldūn|page= 11|year= 1375}}
Zamil1368PrinceSecond reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
Mu'ayqil1368–1373PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.
Hayar1373–1375PrinceFourth reign.
Malik1375–1379PrinceSon of Muhanna.
Zamil1379–1380PrinceThird reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil.
Mu'ayqil1379–1380PrinceSecond reign; ruled with Zamil.
Nu'air bin Hayar1380–{{0|0000}}PrinceSon of Hayar.
Musa{{0|0000}}–1396PrinceSon of Hayar's brother Assaf.
Suleiman II1396–1398PrinceSon of Hayar's brother 'Anqa.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzrjAAAAMAAJ|title=al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī, Volume 6|language= ar|author= Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī|page= 48|year= 1451}}
Muhammad1398–1399PrinceBrother of Suleiman II.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQDCtgAACAAJ|title=as-Sulūk li-maʻrifat duwal al-mulūk|language= ar|author= Aḥmad Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-ʻAbdalqādir al- Maqrīzī|page= 801|year= 1441}}
Nu'air bin Hayar1399–1406PrinceSecond reign.

References

{{Reflist|3}}

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Palmyrene