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List of Persian-language poets and authors

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{{Being merged|spacetype=|List of Persian-language poets||section=|inactive=|date=September 2023|nocat=|dir=from}}

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The list is not comprehensive, but is continuously being expanded and includes Persian poets as well as poets who write in Persian from Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Georgia, Dagestan, Turkey, Syria, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, China, Pakistan, India and elsewhere.

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From the 7th to the 8th centuries

  • Bassam Kurd, poet (بسام کُرد){{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bassam-e-kord-the-kharijite-fl | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}{{cite web | url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF | title=بسام‌کرد - ویکی فقه }}
  • Abu'l-Abbas Marwazi, poet (ابوالعباس مروزی){{Cite web|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|website=iranicaonline.org|accessdate=11 March 2023}}

9th century

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  • Rudaki, poet, singer, and musician (رودکی)
  • Muhammad al-Bukhari Persian Islamic Scholar (810–870) (محمد البخاری)
  • Mansur Al-Hallaj (منصور حلاج)
  • Shahid Balkhi (ابوالحسن شهید بن حسین جهودانکی بلخی)
  • Hanzala Badghisi (حنظله بادغیسی)
  • Muhammad ibn Wasif, poet (محمد بن وصیف)
  • Abu Hafs Sughdi, poet (ابوحَفْص سُغْدی)
  • Mehdi Satashgar (1998), The Name of Iranian Music, Volume Three, Tehran: Information, p. 46, ISBN 964-423-377-8
  • Betheken, Ali: Abu Hafz Soghdi Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in: Big Islamic Encyclopedia, Volume 5., Accessed: November 2008.
  • Anousheh, Hassan (supervised) (2013), Encyclopaedia of Persian Literature: Persian Literature in Central Asia, Tehran: Printing and Publishing *Organization of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, p. P.37, ISBN 964-422-417-5
  • Azarnoush, Azartash (2008). The challenge between Persian and Arabic in the first centuries (2nd edition). Ni publication. p. 239. Shabak 9789641850427.

  • Abu Ishagh Juybari (ابواسحاق جویباری)Mohammad Debirsiaghi, Persian Poetry Scouts, Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company
  • Abu Zara'a Mumiri
  • Abu Salik Gurgani, poet (ابوسلیک گرگانی)
  • Abu Shu'aib Heravi, poet (ابوشُعَیب هروی)
  • Faralavi, poet (فرالاوی)
  • Firuz Mashreqi, poet (پیروز مشرقی/ فیروز مشرقی)
  • Varragh Heravi, poet (وَرّاق هروی)

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10th century

{{See also|Khorasani style (poetry)}}{{div col |colwidth=30em}}

Nafisi,

  • Arghvan magazine, p. 11th year p. 6
  • Aghaji Bukhari{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/agaji-bokari-samanid-amir-and-poet- | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}
  • Abbas Rabenjani
  • Abul'Ala Shushtari
  • Mohammad Moin, page 2044
  • Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, page 634
  • The last two verses are only found in the dictionary and are not found in Peshahangan Persian poetry.
  • Mohammad Debirsiaghi pp. 177–178
  • Abul'Muid Balkhi{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-moayyad-balki | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}
  • Abdullah Junaidi
  • Istighnayi Nishaburi
  • Mohammad Debirsiaghi, Persian Poetry Scouts, Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company
  • Aufi mentions him in Lubab ul-Albab
  • Badi' Balkhi
  • Bashar Marghazi
  • Bondar Razi{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bondar-razi-poet-in-the-4th-10th-century- | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}
  • Bolmasal Bukhari
  • Hakak Marghazi
  • Khabazi Nishaburi
  • Khusravi SarkhasiDr. Ahmed Ranjbar (1984), Great Khorasan, Amirkabir Publications Institute
  • Runaqi Bukhari
  • Sepehri Bukhari
  • Shakir Jalab[http://www.loghatnaameh.org/dehkhodaworddetail-29323c84acf147449a1275870c3f4012-fa.html Loghatnaameh]
  • Tahir Chagani
  • Tayan ZhazkhayFarhang-e Asadi,Asadi Tusi
  • Amareh Marvazi
  • Qamari Jurjani
  • Lokeri
  • Rashid Yasmi, Gholamreza (1994). "Switzerland". Kaveh (Munich) (57): 75.
  • History of Literature in Iran by Dr. Zabihullah Safa.
  • Abu Ahmad Kateb
  • Masoudi Marvazi
  • Manteqi Razi
  • Saadat, Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature, 233.
  • Saadat, Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature, 234.
  • Safa, history of Iranian literature, 431.
  • Saadat, Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature, 235.

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11th century

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12th century

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13th century

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14th century

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  • Hafez, poet (born about 1310–1325) حافظ
  • Amir Khusrow, امیر خسرو دهلوی
  • Shah Shoja Mozaffari شاه شجاع مظفری
  • Ubayd Zakani عبید زاکانی
  • Jahan Malek Khatun جهان ملک خاتون
  • Pur-Baha Jami پور بهار جامی
  • Assar Tabrizi عصار تبریزی
  • Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, میر سید علی ابن شہاب الدین ہمدانی - Islamic preacher traveller and poet (1314–1384)
  • Padishah Khatun پادشاه خاتون
  • Kamal Khujandi, poet, Sufism (1321–1401)
  • Shahin Shirazi
  • Junayd Shirazi
  • Qasem-e Anvar
  • Saif Farghani (d. 1348)
  • Imadaddin Nasimi
  • Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, Sultan of Bengal who jointly penned a Persian poem with Hafez
  • Ghiyas al-Din ibn Rashid al-Din
  • Shah Nimatullah Wali
  • Maghrebi Tabrizi
  • Nur Qutb Alam, Bengali religious scholar
  • Salman Savaji
  • Sharaf al-Din Ram*Ṣanʻaʼ - Ṣawtiyya (New ed. ed.). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill [u.a.] 1995. p. 422-423. ISBN 9004098348. RAM! TABRIZI, SHARAF AL-DIN HASAN b. Muhammad, Persian rhetorician and poet, who flourished in the middle of the 8th/14th century
  • Mohammad Ali Tarbiat, the scientists of Azerbaijan, p. 189
  • Heydar ShiraziDiwan Haider Shirazi. Pages 54 p., 58 p., 61 p. - 60 p
  • Muin al-Din Jovaini"Investigation of the stylistic characteristics of Jovaini. Stylistics of Persian poetry and prose (Bahar Adeb). 6 (20): 57-75.
  • Junayd ShiraziMohammad Taghi Mir, Pars nobles, first volume, page 457
  • Shahab al-Din Bidavoni- Ohadi Beliani, Arafat al-Ashqin and Arsat al-Arifin, Vol. 4, by the efforts of Zabihullah Sahbakari and Amina Fakhrahamd, with the scientific supervision of Mohammad Kahraman, Mirath Maktoob Research Center, Tehran, 2010.
  • Naser BejehieSafa, Zabihullah (November 2013). The history of literature in Iran and in the territory of the Persian language: from the end of the 8th century to the beginning of the 10th century. Tehran: Ferdous Publications. pp. 646-648. Shabak 978-964-320-311-5.
  • Imad al-Din FazlaviTarikh-i guzida attributes to him a treatise on the complaints of the Akhwan and Dhim Zaman
  • Shams al-Din KashaniFor the first time, Edgard Blochet, a French orientalist, introduced him in the third volume of the catalog of manuscripts of the National Library of Paris.
  • Imad Kermani
  • Comparison of Tariqatnameh of Emaduddin Faqih Kermani and Misbah Al-Hudaiyeh Ezzuddin Mahmood Kashani, Normagz, written by Tahira Khushal Dastjardi, Fall and Winter 2013, Scientific-Research Issue 14, page 77
  • Daneshwar, Mohammad, The Lasting Faces, Publications: Kerman Science Center, Volume 1, Page: 327
  • Dolatshah Samarkandi's ID card, page: 192
  • Nizam al-Din Qari
  • Ali Akbar Dehkhoda and others, keyword "Nizam al-Din Qari", Dehkhoda dictionary (retrieved on 30 September 2014).
  • Literature Library of Astan Quds Razavi Documentation Center. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  • Nasraullah Zerek (spring 2010). "Analysis of the structure and use of parodies of Diwan al-Baseh Nizam Qari Yazdi".
  • Persian Literature Quarterly of Mashhad Azad University, No. 29. Received on 30 September 1394

  • Jalal al-Din Atighi Tabrizi
  • Jalal Tabib Shirazi
  • Bahramian, Masih. "Reflection on Diwan Jalal Tabib Shirazi" (PDF). Dor Dari Quarterly (1): 39-59.
  • Afshar, Iraj (2008). "Iranology: news and fragments of Iranology (63)". Bukhara (71): 112.
  • Jalal Azod{{cite web | url=https://ganjoor.net/jalal | title=گنجور » جلال عضد }}
  • Hassan Mutekalim
  • Rukn Davi-DarTourj Ziniwand, Leila Qalandralaki Soltani, Reflection of Arabic culture and poetry in Diwan Rokn al-Din Davidar Qomi poet Zullasanin, Comparative Literature Journal, Winter 2009: 1(3):135–156.
  • Jalal Ukkashe{{div col end}}

15th century

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  • Jami, poet (1414–1492)
  • Ahli Shirazi
  • Mir Ali Shir Nava'i, poet (1441–1501)
  • Azari Tusi 1380–1462)
  • Badriddin Hilali, poet (1470–1529)
  • Emrani, poet (1454–1536)
  • Fuzûlî, poet (1494–1556)
  • Amir Shahi SabzevariZabihullah Safa, History of Literature in Iran, Tehran: Ibn Sina, p. 448
  • Esmat Bukhari{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/esmat-bokari | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}
  • Sharaf al-Din SabzevariSabzevar city of wake scholars Mahmud Beihaghi,. p. 61.
  • Hamedi Isfahani{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hamedi-esfahani | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}
  • Qbuli HeraviHervey's acceptance (2008). Khan Mohammad Azari, Yahya
  • Katebi Tarshizi
  • Hedayat, Reza Qoli khan (2008). "Katabi Tarshizi". In Nusratullah Forohar. Riyadh al-Arifin. By the efforts of Seyyed Razi Vahedi and Sohrab Zare. *Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications. p. 156.
  • Zabihullah Safa. History of literature in Iran. Tehran: Ibn Sina. p. 448.
  • Iraj Saadatmand Tondari (2008). Tarshiz 1 - (a look at the history and geography of Kashmir). Mashhad: Zarih Aftab Cultural, Artistic and Publishing Institute. p. 296.

  • Asefi Heravi{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/asafi-heravi-asaf-b | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}
  • Zana Lorestani (زانا لرستانی)
  • Vahid Tabrizi (وحید تبریزی)
  • Fahmi AstarabadiMuntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, 289-299{{div col end}}

16th century

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  • Sheikh Bahaii, scientist, architect, philosopher, and poet (1546–1620) (شیخ بهایی)
  • Vahshi Bafghi, poet (وحشی بافقی)
  • Hatefi, nephew of the poet Jami (هاتفی)
  • Taleb Amoli (1586–1627) (طالب آملی)
  • Baba Fighani Shirazi (بابا فغانی شیرازی)
  • Naw'i Khabushani (نوعی خَبوشانی)
  • 'Orfi Shirazi (عرفی شیرازی)
  • Faizi (فیضی)
  • Mohtasham Kashani (محتشم کاشانی)
  • Nahapet Kuchak
  • Teimuraz I of Kakheti (Tahmuras Khan)
  • Qazi Nurullah Shustari
  • Firishta
  • Muhammad Zuhuri (died 1616)
  • Rafi al-Din Shirazi
  • Sanai MashhadiZabihullah Safa (2011). History of Iranian literature. J. Fourth. Tehran: Ferdous Publications. pp. 296-300.
  • Hazegh Gilani
  • Sahabi AstarabadiThe history of Iranian literature, written by Zabihullah Safa, edited by Mohammad Torabi, volume 4, pages 317–320, Ferdous Publications, 7th edition, 2009
  • Sharaf Jahan Qazvini
  • Ahsan al-Tawarikh (416)
  • History of literature in Iran (5/679-691)
  • Pub license (151)
  • Shahidi Qumi
  • Ghazali MashhadiHistory of Iranian literature. Zabihullah Safa, the fifth volume. Firdous Publications.
  • Fekri Jameh-BafRiyad al-Arifin Che Sangi, pp. 226-227
  • Ghasemi GonabadiSharifi, Mohammad (1387). Mohammadreza Jafari, editor. Persian literature culture. Tehran: New Culture and Moin Publications. Shabak 8-41-978-964-7443.
  • Lesani ShiraziLesani Shirazi, Abdullah bin Mohammad (2013). Kerami, Mohammad Hossein
  • Meili Mashhadi{{cite web | url=https://ganjoor.net/meyli | title=گنجور » میلی }}
  • Naziri Nishaburi محمدحسین_نظیری_نیشابوری
  • Vali Dashtbayazi
  • Safa, Zabihullah, History of Literature in Iran, Volume 5, Part 2, Tehran, 1990
  • Saeedzadeh, Seyyed Mohsen, Bozurgan Qain, Qom, 1991

  • Darvishi DahakiMajlis al-Nafais pp. 118 and 290 to 292
  • Nizam Astarabadi(Rehanah Al-Adab, vol. 4, p. 207)
  • Heyrati TuniJavadi, Hossein, Mashahir of Tun, Hamiyaran Javan Publications, 2005
  • Khari Tabrizi
  • Khajeghi Enayat"The Elders of Kashan, Afshin Atefi"
  • Sabri IsfahaniZabihullah Safa: History of literature in Iran, vol. 5, section 1, Tehran.
  • Tarhi Shirazi
  • Shuja Kor
  • Kami QazviniNafais Al-Maaser's Tazkera
  • Hejri Qumi
  • Heydar Kuliche-PazSultan Mohammad Fakhri Heravi, the translator of Majlis Al-Nafais Tazkira, Amir Alishir Nawai, and the author of Roza Al-Salatin and Jawahar Al-Ajaib Tazkira, and one or two other works, also lived in this court.
  • Abdi Shirazi{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abdi-sirazi-1513-80-poet | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}
  • Kahi KabuliKamus Al-Alam, Shamsuddin Sami
  • Malek QomiThe life and works of Maulana Malik Qomi, Muhammad Ali Mujahidi, Nameh Qom, No. 3 and 4, 1377
  • Qeidi Shirazi
  • Makhdom SharifiRahmati, Mohammad Kazem, Mirza Makhdoom Sharifi and Kitab al-Nawaqad
  • Nizam al-Din Hashimi
  • Gharari Gilani
  • Hisabi NatanziThe Association of Cultural Experts, Asar Afarinan, Vol. 2, p. 259.
  • Mirak SalehiBayani, Mehdi. Status and works of calligraphers. Scientific publications. second edition. Tehran 1984
  • Serfi SavajiEthé, H., Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, Oxford, 1903.
  • Hozuri Qumi
  • Gheirati ShiraziMajmaal Khawas p. 219
  • Voghui NishaburiAssociation of Cultural Heritage, Asar Afarinan, Vol. 6, p. 116.
  • Vahshi Jushghani
  • Voghui Tabrizi
  • Shuaib JushghaniJournal: Literature and local languages of Iran 2017
  • Heydar Muamayi
  • Fosuni YazdiKhulasa al-Ash'ar (Yazd and Kerman section and its regions) p. 138
  • Ali Komrehyi
  • Zabihullah Safa History of Iranian literature. J. Fourth. Tehran: Ferdous Publications. pp. 367-368
  • Sami, Shamsuddin (1311). Al-Alam dictionary (in Ottoman Turkish). Vol. Fourth.
  • Nasrabadi, Mohammad Tahir (October 1939). Notes of poets. Armaghan printing house. p. 234.

  • Malek Qomi
  • {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Baqir|first1=Muhammad|title=BĪJĀPŪR|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bijapur-capital-city-and-domain-of-the-adelsahi-dynasty}}
  • {{cite book|title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|date=1978|publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781400868155|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|page=98}}

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17th century

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  • Kamali
  • Munir LahoriMunir Lahori, Abul Barakat (2008). Akram, Farid
  • Zolali Khansari
  • Dehmardeh, Heydar Ali; Shahgoli, Samere (2017), "Hakim Zalali Khansari and the Art of Composition", Modern Literary Essays (201)
  • Sarmast, Yadullah; Hajimazdarani, Morteza; Yazdani, Hossein (2019), "Study of similes in the poems of Zolali Khansari", stylistics of Persian poetry and prose (Bahar Adeb) (55)
  • Zolali Khansari's collection, proofreading and research: Saeed Shafiyoun, Tehran: Library, Museum and Document Center of the Islamic Council, 2005

  • Najib Kashani
  • Sajjadi, Seyyed Mahmoud: Poetry of Najib Kashani, a poet from the Safavid era. In the publication: "Namah Parsi", Tehran: spring 2005 - number 40.
  • Dictionary of Dehkhoda: Najib Kashani.

  • Naziri Nishaburi
  • Atashkadeh-ye Azar(2/711-738)
  • Riyad al-Arifin (237–236)

  • Saber Kermani
  • Tasir Tabrizi
  • "The Tabrizi Effect". The great Islamic encyclopedia. J. 14. The center of the great Islamic encyclopedia. 2019 pp. 5645.
  • Muhammad Ali Tarbiat (1936). Azerbaijani scientists. Tehran. pp. 77.
  • Sediq Mohammadzadeh (2011). Turkic poets of Saeb Tabrizi era. Tehran: Takdrakht. pp. 15.

  • Qasem Mashhadi
  • Tazkira al-Muasirin, Hazin Lahiji
  • Atashkadeh-ye Azar 3rd vol
  • Nasrabadi Taszira - written by Mohammad Taher Nasrabadi

  • Masih KashaniZabihullah Safa (2011). History of Iranian literature. J. Fourth. Tehran: Ferdous Publications. pp.
  • Vaez Qazvini
  • Atashkadeh-ye Azar vol 1 p 234
  • Sami, Shamsuddin. Al-Alam dictionary (in Ottoman Turkish). Vol. the sixth p. 4662.

  • Rafi Mashhadi
  • Qudsi MashhadiDiwan Haji Mohammadjan Qudsi Mashhad, introduction, corrections and notes by Mohammad Kahraman, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 1997
  • Zafarkhan HasanNasrabadi Tazkira - Khwaja Mohammad Taher Nasrabadi
  • Mir Nejat Isfhani
  • Lataif Al Khayal - Muhammad bin Muhammad Darabi
  • Nasrabadi Tazkira- Khwaja Mohammad Taher Nasrabadi

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18th century

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  • Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi, Indian religious scholar (شاه عبدالعزیز دهلوی)
  • Azar Bigdeli (آذر بیگدلی)
  • Ram Mohan Roy, Bengali Hindu reformer (رام موهَن رای)
  • Hazin Lahiji (حزین لاهیجی)
  • Izzatullah Bengali (عزّت‌الله بنگالی), author
  • Hatef Esfehani, poet (هاتف اصفهانی)
  • Effat Nasabeh, poet (عفت نصابه)
  • Lutfullah Tabrizi (لطف‌الله تبریزی)
  • Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib (میرزا اسداللہ خان غالب)
  • Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani (زین‌العابدین شیروانی)
  • I'tisam-ud-Din, Bengali diplomat (اعتصام الدین)
  • Ghulam Mustafa Burdwani, Bengali religious scholar and poet (غلام مصطفی بردوانی)
  • Vahdat KermanshahiMujahidi, Mohammad Ali, Samani's Treasure of Secrets of Oman and Kermanshahi's Vahdat Ghazliat, Asveh Publications, Tehran, second edition, summer 2003.
  • Vesal Shirazi
  • Bayani, Mehdi. Status and works of calligraphers. Scientific publications. second edition. Tehran, 1985, pp. 755-762
  • Behkosh: Yesavali, Javad. The origin and evolution of calligraphy art. Yesavali publishing house, second edition, 1982. pp. 168 and 171 (quoted by Dr. Bayani)

  • Forughi Bastami
  • Dehkhoda Dictionary - Forughi Bastami
  • Informer of Al-Shams (Travelogue of Naseruddin Shah).

  • Yaghma Jandaqi
  • Arinpour, Yahya (1972). From Saba to Nima. Tehran: Pocket books joint stock company.
  • Al Dawood, Ali (1987). Selected poems of Yaghma Jandaghi. Tehran: Amir Kabir.

  • Neshat Esfahani
  • From Saba to Nima, Yahya Arinpour, first volume, eighth edition, 2002
  • Fazapoli, Habibullah. Line atlas. Isfahan Mashal Publications. Second edition, Isfahan 1984

  • Sadat Kazeruni
  • Kosar Hamedani
  • Qaragozlu, Gholamhossein (1985), Hegmataneh to Hamedan, Tehran: Iqbal Publications

  • Sabahi Bigdeli
  • Persian encyclopedia under the supervision of Gholamhossein Musaheb, volume two

  • Nategh Makrani
  • Bahadur, Nawab Sediq Hasan Khan (2006). Association candlestick. By the efforts of Mohammad Kazem Kahdooi
  • Homai, Jalaluddin (1983). Rhetoric techniques and literary industries. Tehran: Tus.
  • Khalili Jahantigh, Maryam; Mirbalochzaei, Eshaq (Spring 2013)

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19th century

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20th century

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See also

References

{{Reflist}}

  • Morteza Motahhari, Khadamāt-i mutaqābil-i Islām va Īrān, c. 1350s Vol. 14, pp. 583–590 {{OCLC|34476860}}
  • E.G. Browne. Literary History of Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998. {{ISBN|0-7007-0406-X}}
  • Mohammad Mokhtary Mashhad 1944 – Tehran 2002. Writer of Siavash nameh published by Bonyad-e-Shahnameh. writer of Tarikhe ostorehhay-e-Iran. one of the Persian researchers. Murdered by Islamic regime. He was one of the 72 Persians murdered by Emami terror team (Ghatlhaye zangirehi). kidnapped on his way home and choked to dead.
  • Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. {{ISBN|90-277-0143-1}} {{OCLC|460598}} {{LCC|PK6097.R913}} {{ASIN|B-000-6BXVT-K}}
  • {{cite book|author=ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb|author-link=Abdolhossein Zarinkoob|title=Dū qarn-i sukūt : sarguz̲asht-i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ-i tārīkhī dar dū qarn-i avval-i Islām (Two Centuries of Silence)|location=Tihrān|publisher=Sukhan|year=1379|oclc=46632917 |id= {{Listed Invalid ISBN|964-5983-33-6}} }}

{{Lists of poets}}

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Poets

Category:Lists of poets by language