List of acanthodian genera

| Valid.

|Carboniferous.{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2004|title=Acanthodian fishes with dentigerous jaw bones: the Ischnacanthiformes and Acanthodopsis|url=https://www.academia.edu/428152|journal=Fossils and Strata|volume=50|pages=8–22|doi=10.18261/9781405169868-2004-02 |isbn=9781405169868 }}

|Europe, Australia.

|An unusual acanthodid with tooth-like ossifications on its jaws.

|

| Valid.

| Devonian? to Cisuralian (Early Permian).{{Cite journal|last=Beznosov|first=Pavel|date=2009|title=A redescription of the Early Carboniferous acanthodian Acanthodes lopatini Rohon, 1889|journal=Acta Zoologica|language=en|volume=90|issue=s1|pages=183–193|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00352.x|issn=1463-6395|doi-access=free}}

|Europe, North America, China?

|One of the most well-known acanthodians, a filter-feeding acanthodid acanthodiform.

|frameless

| Valid or junior synonym.

|Mississippian / Early Carboniferous.

|Scotland.

|A possible gyracanthid known from a single worn fin spine, may be an indeterminate gnathostome or a junior synonym of Gyracanthus.{{Cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Susan|last2=Burrow|first2=Carole J.|last3=Warren|first3=Anne|date=2005|title=Gyracanthides hawkinsi sp. nov. (Acanthodii, Gyracanthidae) from the Lower Carboniferous of Queensland, Australia, with a review of gyracanthid taxa|journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=48|issue=5|pages=963–1006|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00479.x|bibcode=2005Palgy..48..963T |s2cid=84735724 |issn=1475-4983|doi-access=free}}

|

|Valid.

|Emsian (Early Devonian).

|Canada.

|An acanthodian based on fin spines, possibly one of the oldest gyracanthids.

|

| Nomen dubium?

|Mississippian / Early Carboniferous.{{Cite journal|last1=Derycke|first1=Claire|last2=Cloutier|first2=Richard|last3=Candilier|first3=Anne-Marie|date=1995|title=Palaeozoic vertebrates of northern France and Belgium: Part II. Chondrichthyes; Acanthodii; Actinopterygii (uppermost Silurian to Carboniferous)|journal=Geobios|volume=28|issue=2|pages=343–350|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80136-7|bibcode=1995Geobi..28..343D }}

|Belgium.

|A possible gyracanthid known from a single fin spine.{{Cite journal|last1=Warren|first1=Anne|last2=Currie|first2=Bryan P.|last3=Burrow|first3=Carole|last4=Turner|first4=Susan|date=2000-06-27|title=A redescription and reinterpretation of Gyracanthides murrayi Woodward 1906 (Acanthodii, Gyracanthidae) from the Lower Carboniferous of the Mansfield Basin, Victoria, Australia|url=https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0225:ARAROG]2.0.CO;2|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=20|issue=2|pages=225–242|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0225:ARAROG]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=130940413 |issn=0272-4634}}

|

| Valid.

|Late Devonian.

|New York, U.S.A.

|Based on a fin spine with large denticles, sometimes mistaken for an ischnacanthiform jaw.

|

| Valid.

|Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Lukševičs|first1=E.|last2=Lebedev|first2=O. A.|last3=Zakharenko|first3=G. V.|date=2010-03-01|title=Palaeozoogeographical connections of the Devonian vertebrate communities of the Baltica Province. Part I. Eifelian–Givetian|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235698429|journal=Palaeoworld|series=Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491)|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=94–107|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2010.02.001|issn=1871-174X}}

|Europe.

|Based on fin spines common in Middle Devonian strata of Siberia and Northeastern Europe.

|

| Valid.

|Wenlock to early Pridoli (Silurian).{{Cite journal|last=Valiukevičius|first=Juozas|date=2005|title=Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania|url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2005n3a1.pdf|journal=Geodiversitas|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=349–380}}

|Lithuania.

|A probable ischnacanthid based on scales, common in Lithuania.

|

| Valid.

|Eifelian to Early Famennian (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2004-06-11|title=A redescription of Atopacanthus dentatus Hussakof and Bryant, 1918 (Acanthodii, Ischnacanthidae)|url=https://doi.org/10.1671/1928|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=257–267|doi=10.1671/1928|bibcode=2004JVPal..24..257B |s2cid=84291666|issn=0272-4634}}{{Cite journal|last1=Hairapetian|first1=Vachik|last2=Burrow|first2=Carole J.|date=2016-07-01|title=A new ischnacanthiform (Acanthodii) from the latest Devonian of Iran and the palaeogeography of Late Devonian ischnacanthiforms|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912016301213|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=124|pages=227–232|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.05.007|bibcode=2016JAESc.124..227H|issn=1367-9120}}

| North America, Europe, Iran.

|A widespread and long-lived ischnacanthid.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Newman|first2=Michael J.|last3=Davidson|first3=Robert G.|last4=Blaauwen|first4=Jan L. den|date=2013-09-01|title=Redescription of Parexus recurvus, an Early Devonian acanthodian from the Midland Valley of Scotland|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.765656|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|volume=37|issue=3|pages=392–414|doi=10.1080/03115518.2013.765656|bibcode=2013Alch...37..392B |s2cid=84927480|issn=0311-5518}}

|Scotland.{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=David Meredith Seares|date=1937-10-15|title=II - The Acanthodian fishes|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=228|issue=549|pages=49–146|doi=10.1098/rstb.1937.0009|doi-access=free}}

|A small climatiid from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Hanke|first1=Gavin F.|last2=Wilson|first2=Mark V. H.|date=2006-09-11|title=Anatomy of the early Devonian acanthodian Brochoadmones milesi based on nearly complete body fossils, with comments on the evolution and development of paired fins|url=https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[526:AOTEDA]2.0.CO;2|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=3|pages=526–537|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[526:AOTEDA]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86378747 |issn=0272-4634}}

|Canada.

|A deep-bodied and well-preserved "climatiiform" from the Man-On-The-Hill (MOTH) locality in the MacKenzie Mountains of Canada.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Emsian (Early Devonian).

|U.S.A.

|A probable diplacanthiform based on fin spines.

|

| Valid.

|Givetian (Middle Devonian).

|Antarctica.

|An Antarctic acanthodian based on fin spine casts.

|

| Nomen dubium?

|Ludlow{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2011|title=A partial articulated acanthodian from the Silurian of New Brunswick, Canada|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/full/10.1139/e11-023|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=48|issue=9|pages=1329–1341|doi=10.1139/e11-023|bibcode=2011CaJES..48.1329B|issn=0008-4077}} to Lochkovian?{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2017-03-01|title=Reassessment of a mid-Palaeozoic vertebrate assemblage from Laúndos, Portugal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-017-0006-6|journal=Journal of Iberian Geology|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=97–110|doi=10.1007/s41513-017-0006-6|bibcode=2017JIbG...43...97B |s2cid=134844045|issn=1886-7995}} (late Silurian to earliest Devonian)?

|Europe.

|Jaw fragments probably belonging to indeterminate ischnacanthiforms.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian?{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Lelièvre|first2=Hervé|last3=Janjou|first3=Dominique|title=Gnathostome Microremains from the Lower Devonian Jawf Formation, Saudi Arabia|date=2006-05-01|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jpaleontol/article-abstract/80/3/537/139566/GNATHOSTOME-MICROREMAINS-FROM-THE-LOWER-DEVONIAN|journal=Journal of Paleontology|language=en|volume=80|issue=3|pages=537–560|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[537:GMFTLD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=130447730 |issn=0022-3360}} to Emsian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Ivanov|first2=Alexander|last3=Rodina|first3=Olga|date=2010-03-01|title=Emsian vertebrate microremains from the Zinzilban section, Uzbekistan|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X09000638|journal=Palaeoworld|series=Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491)|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=75–86|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2009.11.004|issn=1871-174X}}{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2002|title=Lower Devonian acanthodian faunas and biostratigraphy of south-eastern Australia.|url=https://www.academia.edu/428151|journal=Memoirs of the Associate of Australian Palaeontologists|volume=27|pages=75–137}}

|Asia, Australia, Canada.

|A possible climatiid based on scales.

|

| Junior synonym.

|Tournaisian (earliest Mississippian / Carboniferous).

|Russia.

|A junior synonym of Acanthodes lopatini.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Canada.

|A toothless, deep-bodied MOTH locality acanthodian with complex head armor. Probably closely related to the acanthodiforms.{{Cite journal|last1=Hanke|first1=Gavin F.|last2=Davis|first2=Samuel P.|date=September 2012|title=A re-examination of Lupopsyrus pygmaeus Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977 (Pisces, Acanthodii)|url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2012n3a1.pdf|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=34|issue=3|pages=469–487|doi=10.5252/g2012n3a1|s2cid=85622590|issn=1280-9659}}

|

| Valid.

|Pridoli to Frasnian (latest Silurian to Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last=De Pomeroy|first=Alison M.|date=1996|title=Biostratigraphy of Devonian microvertebrates from Broken River, North Queensland|url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/BIOTRATIGRAPHY%20OF%20DEVONIAN%20MICROVERTEBRATES%20FROM%20BROKEN%20RIVER,%20NORTH%20QUEENSLAND.pdf|journal=Records of the Western Australian Museum|volume=17|pages=417–437}}

|Worldwide.

|A widespread and long-lasting possible climatiid based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Middle Devonian.{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole|last2=Blaauwen|first2=Jan den|last3=Newman|first3=Michael|date=2020-04-01|title=A redescription of the three longest-known species of the acanthodian Cheiracanthus from the Middle Devonian of Scotland|url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/2989-cheiracanthus-from-scotland|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–43|doi=10.26879/1035|s2cid=216263873|issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free}}

|Europe.

|The fairly common namesake of the acanthodiform family Cheiracanthidae.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Davidson|first2=Robert G.|last3=Blaauwen|first3=Jan L. Den|last4=Newman|first4=Michael J.|date=May 2015|title=Revision of Climatius reticulatus Agassiz, 1844 (Acanthodii, Climatiidae), from the Lower Devonian of Scotland, Based on New Histological and Morphological Data|url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-vertebrate-paleontology/volume-35/issue-3/02724634.2014.913421/Revision-of-Climatius-reticulatus-Agassiz-1844-Acanthodii-Climatiidae-from-the/10.1080/02724634.2014.913421.full|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=35|issue=3|pages=e913421|doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.913421|bibcode=2015JVPal..35E3421B |s2cid=84156211|issn=0272-4634}}

|U.K.,{{Cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Michael J.|last2=Burrow|first2=Carole J.|last3=Davidson|first3=Robert G.|last4=den Blaauwen|first4=Jan L.|last5=Jones|first5=Roger|date=2017-06-01|title=Comparison of the vertebrate faunas of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin with contemporary faunas in Scotland|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=447–459|doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2016.12.007|bibcode=2017PrGA..128..447N |issn=0016-7878|doi-access=free}} Portugal.

|The namesake of the family Climatiidae.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Givetian to Frasnian (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Young|first2=Gavin C.|date=2012-06-25|title=New Information on Culmacanthus (Acanthodii: Diplacanthiformes) from the ?Early–Middle Devonian of Southeastern Australia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236634848|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|language=en|volume=134|issn=1839-7263}}{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=J.A.|date=1983|title=A new diplacanthoid acanthodian from the Late Devonian of Victoria|url=https://www.academia.edu/1888521|journal=Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists|volume=1|pages=51–65}}

|Australia, Antarctica.

|A distinctive diplacanthiform with reduced intermediate spines and large cheek plates.

|

| Valid.

|Givetian to Famennian{{Cite journal|last1=Lebedev|first1=O. A.|last2=Lukševičs|first2=E.|last3=Zakharenko|first3=G. V.|date=2010-03-01|title=Palaeozoogeographical connections of the Devonian vertebrate communities of the Baltica Province. Part II. Late Devonian|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X09000699|journal=Palaeoworld|series=Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491)|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–128|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2009.12.003|issn=1871-174X}} (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian).

|Europe.

|Based on fin spines and scales common in the areas corresponding to Baltica.

|

| Valid.

|Middle Devonian{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole|last2=Blaauwen|first2=Jan den|last3=Newman|first3=Michael|last4=Davidson|first4=Robert|date=2016|title=The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland|url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1398-scottish-diplacanthid-fishes|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|language=English|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–83|doi=10.26879/601|issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free}} to Late Devonian.{{Cite journal|last=Gees|first=Robert W.|date=2001-01-01|title=A new species of Diplacanthus from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of South Africa|url=https://www.academia.edu/21314500|journal=Annales de Paléontologie|language=en|volume=87|issue=1|pages=49–60|doi=10.1016/S0753-3969(01)88002-2|bibcode=2001AnPal..87...49G |issn=0753-3969}}

|Scotland, Russia, South Africa, Canada?

| The widespread, long-lasting, and fairly common namesake of the family Diplacanthidae and order Diplacanthiformes.

|frameless

| Valid (non-acanthodian).

| Emsian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Randall F.|last2=Cloutier|first2=Richard|last3=Turner|first3=Susan|date=October 2003|title=The oldest articulated chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian period|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02001|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=425|issue=6957|pages=501–504|doi=10.1038/nature02001|pmid=14523444|bibcode=2003Natur.425..501M|s2cid=4342877|issn=1476-4687}}

|Canada.{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Turner|first2=Susan|last3=Maisey|first3=John G.|last4=Desbiens|first4=Sylvain|last5=Miller|first5=Randall F.|date=2017|title=Spines of the stem chondrichthyan Doliodus latispinosus (Whiteaves) comb. nov. from the Lower Devonian of eastern Canada|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=54|issue=12|pages=1248–1262|doi=10.1139/cjes-2017-0059|bibcode=2017CaJES..54.1248B|issn=0008-4077|doi-access=free|hdl=1807/78890|hdl-access=free}}

|A spiny stem-chondrichthyan which acts as a transitional form between acanthodians and non-acanthodian traditional chondrichthyans.{{Cite journal|last1=Maisey|first1=John G.|last2=Miller|first2=Randall|last3=Pradel|first3=Alan|last4=Denton|first4=John S.S.|last5=Bronson|first5=Allison|last6=Janvier|first6=Philippe|date=10 March 2017|title=Pectoral Morphology in Doliodus: Bridging the 'Acanthodian'-Chondrichthyan Divide|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314655285|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3875|pages=1–15|doi=10.1206/3875.1|s2cid=44127090}}

|frameless

| Valid.

|Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian).

|Germany, Belgium.

|An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Pragian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Voichyshyn|first1=Victor|last2=Szaniawski|first2=Hubert|date=2012|title=Acanthodian Jaw Bones from Lower Devonian Marine Deposits of Podolia, Ukraine|url=https://bioone.org/journals/acta-palaeontologica-polonica/volume-57/issue-4/app.2011.0079/Acanthodian-Jaw-Bones-from-Lower-Devonian-Marine-Deposits-of-Podolia/10.4202/app.2011.0079.full|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=57|issue=4|pages=879–896|doi=10.4202/app.2011.0079|s2cid=54693307|issn=0567-7920}}

|U.K., Ukraine.{{Cite journal|last=Ørvig|first=Tor|date=1967-10-01|title=Some new acanthodian material from the Lower Devonian of Europe|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/47/311/131/2680219|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=47|issue=311|pages=131–153|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb01400.x|issn=0024-4082}}

|A climatiid with large and complex spines on its shoulder girdle.

|

| Valid.

|Pridoli to Lochkovian (latest Silurian to Early Devonian).

|Europe.

|A possible climatiid based on scales.

|

|Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Canada.

|A medium-sized MOTH locality ischnacanthid.

|frameless

Erymnacanthus clivus jaw cast

| Nomen dubium.{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=J.A.|date=1986|title=A new Late Devonian acanthodian fish from Mt. Howitt, Victoria, Australia, with remarks on acanthodian biogeography|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257938691|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria|volume=98|issue=1|pages=1–17}}

|Mississippian / Early Carboniferous?

|Australia.

|A dubious taxon based on Acanthodes-like scales.

|

| Valid.

|Early Lochkovian (earliest Devonian).

|U.K.

| A slender acanthodian of uncertain affinities, despite its well-described anatomy.{{Cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Michael J.|last2=Davidson|first2=Robert G.|last3=Blaauwen|first3=Jan L. Den|last4=Burrow|first4=Carole J.|date=2011-11-01|title=The Early Devonian Acanthodian Euthacanthus gracilis from the Midland Valley of Scotland|url=https://sjg.lyellcollection.org/content/47/2/101|journal=Scottish Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=47|issue=2|pages=101–111|doi=10.1144/0036-9276/01-436|bibcode=2011ScJG...47..101N |s2cid=129309618|issn=0036-9276}}

|frameless

|Valid.

|Aeronian (Early Silurian, Llandovery Epoch).

|China.

|A climatiiform, one of the earliest known acanthodean genus.

|frameless

Fanjingshania fin spine

|Valid.

|Late Frasnian to early Famennian (Late Devonian).

|Colombia.

|A diplacanthid diplacanthiform and one of the few acanthodians endemic to northwestern Gondwana (now South America).

|

|Valid

|Silurian (Přidolí)

|U.S.A. (Nevada)

|An acanthodian of uncertain affinities, based on scales.

|

| Valid?

|Early Devonian.{{cite journal|last=Sepkoski|first=Jack|year=2002|title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on Acanthodii)|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=606&rank=class|url-status=dead|journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology|volume=364|page=560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014070827/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=606&rank=class|archive-date=2004-10-14|access-date=2008-09-04}}

|Germany.{{Cite journal|last1=Poplin|first1=Cecile|last2=Wang|first2=N.-C.|last3=Richter|first3=Martha|last4=Smith|first4=Moya|date=1991-09-01|title=An enigmatic actinopterygian (Pisces: Osteichthyes) from the Upper Permian of China|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/103/1/1/2725427|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=103|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00895.x|issn=0024-4082}}

|A poorly-described taxon based on scales.

|

|Valid.

|Eifelian to Famennian? (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian).

|Estonia, Russia.

|A cheiracanthid acanthodiform based on scales.

|

|Valid (non-acanthodian?).

|Givetian (Middle Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Coates|first1=Michael I.|last2=Finarelli|first2=John A.|last3=Sansom|first3=Ivan J.|last4=Andreev|first4=Plamen S.|last5=Criswell|first5=Katharine E.|last6=Tietjen|first6=Kristen|last7=Rivers|first7=Mark L.|last8=La Riviere|first8=Patrick J.|date=2018-01-10|title=An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan|url= |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=285|issue=1870|pages=20172418|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2418|pmc=5784200|pmid=29298937}}

|Germany.

|A large filter-feeding stem-chondrichthyan, sometimes positioned among acanthodians despite its very dissimilar anatomy.

|frameless

| Junior synonym?{{Cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Michael J.|last2=Davidson|first2=Robert G.|last3=Blaauwen|first3=Jan L. Den|last4=Burrow|first4=Carole J.|date=2012|title=The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236634858|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=34|issue=4|pages=739–759|doi=10.5252/g2012n4a2|s2cid=54811929|issn=1280-9659}}

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Hanke|first1=Gavin F.|last2=Davis|first2=Samuel P.|date=2008|title=Redescription of the acanthodian Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977, and comments on diplacanthid relationships|url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2008n2a3.pdf|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=30|issue=2|pages=303–330}}

|Canada.

|A well-preserved diplacanthiform which may be synonymous with Uraniacanthus curtus.

|

| Nomen dubium?

|Carboniferous.

|England.

|A possible gyracanthid based on a worn fin spine.{{Cite journal|last1=Snyder|first1=Daniel|last2=Turner|first2=Susan|last3=Burrow|first3=Carole J.|last4=Daeschler|first4=Edward B.|date=2017|title="Gyracanthus" sherwoodi (Gnathostomata, Gyracanthidae) from the Late Devonian of North America|url=https://bioone.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-academy-of-natural-sciences-of-philadelphia/volume-165/issue-1/053.165.0111/Gyracanthus-sherwoodi-Gnathostomata-Gyracanthidae-from-the-Late-Devonian-of-North/10.1635/053.165.0111.full|journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|volume=165|issue=1|pages=195–219|doi=10.1635/053.165.0111|s2cid=90452353|issn=0097-3157}}

|

| Valid.

|Pridoli to Lochkovian (late Silurian to Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Ivanov|first2=Alexander O.|last3=Ershova|first3=Victoria B.|date=2018-07-03|title=Acanthodians from the Silurian–Devonian boundary beds of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russia|url=https://www.academia.edu/36824189|journal=GFF|volume=140|issue=3|pages=241–248|doi=10.1080/11035897.2018.1474381|bibcode=2018GFF...140..241B |hdl=11701/19293|s2cid=134132254|issn=1103-5897|hdl-access=free}}

|Europe, Australia,{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2003|title=Earliest Devonian gnathostome microremains from central New South Wales (Australia)|url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/25/2/les-plus-anciens-microrestes-de-gnathostome-devonien-de-nouvelle-galles-du-sud-centrale-australie|journal=Geodiversitas|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=273–288}} Canada,{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Turner|first2=Susan|last3=Nowlan|first3=Godfrey S.|last4=Denison|first4=Robert H.|date=2013-11-01|title=Vertebrate Microremains from the Late Silurian of Arisaig, Nova Scotia, Canada|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jpaleontol/article-abstract/87/6/1041/84136/Vertebrate-Microremains-from-the-Late-Silurian-of|journal=Journal of Paleontology|language=en|volume=87|issue=6|pages=1041–1059|doi=10.1666/12-154|bibcode=2013JPal...87.1041B |s2cid=130013136|issn=0022-3360}} Greenland.

|A widespread poracanthodid based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Ludlow to Emsian? (late Silurian to Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=C.J.|date=1997|title=Microvertebrate assemblages from the Lower Devonian (pesavis/sulcatus zones) of central New South Wales, Australia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264898513|journal=Modern Geology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=43–77}}

|Europe, Australia?, China?

|A widespread ischnacanthid primarily based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Late Wenlock or early Ludlow (Silurian).

|Canada.

|A possible ischnacanthiform based on distinctive fin spines.

|

| Valid.

|Latest Famennian (latest Devonian).

|Australia.

|One of the youngest and largest ischnacanthids, nearly a meter in length.

|

| Valid.

|Pragian to Visean (Early Devonian to Mississippian).

|Worldwide.

|A long-lasting and widespread gyracanthid with flattened fin spines.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Lochkovian to Moscovian (Early Devonian to Pennsylvanian)

|Europe, North America, Bolivia?

|The long-lasting namesake of the family Gyracanthidae.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Late Ludlow (late Silurian).{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Wen-Jin|last2=Zhu|first2=Min|date=2015-03-01|title=A review of Silurian fishes from Yunnan, China and related biostratigraphy|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277598923|journal=Palaeoworld|series=Geologic and biotic events and their relationships during the Early to Middle Paleozoic|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=243–250|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2015.02.004|issn=1871-174X}}

|China.

| An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Eifelian to early Famennian (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian).

|Europe, Greenland.

|A cheiracanthid{{Cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Michael J.|last2=Blaauwen|first2=Jan L. den|last3=Burrow|first3=Carole J.|date=2021-05-01|title=Two newly identified cheiracanthid acanthodians from the Mey Flagstone Formation (Givetian, Middle Devonian) of the Orcadian Basin, Scotland|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sjg/article/57/1/sjg2020-009/591100/Two-newly-identified-cheiracanthid-acanthodians|journal=Scottish Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|doi=10.1144/sjg2020-009|bibcode=2021ScJG...57..009N |s2cid=224879065|issn=0036-9276}} acanthodiform based on fin spines common in the areas corresponding to Baltica.

|

| Valid? (non-acanthodian)

|Emsian (Early Devonian).

|Wyoming, U.S.A.

|Has historically been considered acanthodian material, but probably armor from an actinolepid placoderm instead.

|

| Junior synonym.

|Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian).

|Ohio, U.S.A.

|A junior synonym of Cheiracanthoides comptus.{{cite web|last=Haraamo|first=Mikko|date=2008-03-11|title=†Climatiiformes|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/acanthodii/climatiiformes.html|access-date=2008-09-08}}

|

| Junior synonym?

|Eifelian (Middle Devonian) to Pennsylvanian?

|Europe, North America?

|An acanthodian based on fin spines, though many of its species and specimens have been reassigned to other taxa.

|

| Valid.

|Frasnian (Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Cloutier|first1=Richard|last2=Proust|first2=Jean-Noël|last3=Tessier|first3=Bernadette|date=2011-12-01|title=The Miguasha Fossil-Fish-Lagerstätte: a consequence of the Devonian land–sea interactions|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-011-0058-0|journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments|language=en|volume=91|issue=4|pages=293–323|doi=10.1007/s12549-011-0058-0|bibcode=2011PdPe...91..293C |s2cid=128971471|issn=1867-1608}}

|Canada.

|A cheiracanthid acanthodiform known to have played a large role in the food chain of the Miguasha Lagerstätte.

|

|Valid.

|Early Frasnian (Late Devonian).

|Iran.

|A possible climatiid based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=C. J.|last2=Newman|first2=M.|last3=den Blaauwen|first3=J.|last4=Jones|first4=R.|last5=Davidson|first5=R.|date=2018|title=The Early Devonian ischnacanthiform acanthodian Ischnacanthus gracilis (Egerton, 1861) from the Midland Valley of Scotland|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328042177|journal=Acta Geologica Polonica|language=EN|volume= 68|issue= 3|doi=10.1515/agp-2018-0008|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024|issn=0001-5709}}

|U.K., Portugal.

|The abundant namesake of the ischnacanthiforms.

|frameless

|Valid.

|Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian).

|Europe, Saudi Arabia.

|A possible climatiid based on scales.

|

| Valid.

| "upper Lower Devonian"

|Latvia.

|A possible climatiid with large ischnacanthiform-like jaw plates.

|

|Valid.

|Early Llandovery (earliest Silurian).

|Russia.

|A tchunacanthid based on scales, one of the earliest acanthodians.

|

|Valid.

|Pragian (Early Devonian).

|China.

|An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales.

|

| Valid.

| Frasnian (Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last=Upeniece|first=Ieva|date=2001|title=The unique fossil assemblage from the Lode Quarry (Upper Devonian, Latvia)|journal=Fossil Record|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=101–119|doi=10.1002/mmng.20010040108|issn=1860-1014|doi-access=free}}

|Latvia.

|A mesacanthid acanthodiform known from a complete growth series.{{Cite journal|last1=Cumbaa|first1=Stephen L.|last2=Schultze|first2=Hans-Peter|date=2011-02-09|title=An Early Devonian (Emsian) acanthodian from the Bear Rock Formation, Anderson River, Northwest Territories, Canada|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213770332|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=39|issue=10|pages=1457–1465|language=en|doi=10.1139/e02-047}}

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Canada.

|A MOTH locality acanthodian with two rows of enlarged scales on either side of its body.

|

| Valid.

|Late Silurian to Eifelian (Middle Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Botella|first1=Héctor|last2=Martínez-Pérez|first2=Carlos|last3=Soler-Gijón|first3=Rodrigo|date=2012|title=Machaeracanthus goujeti n. sp. (Acanthodii) from the Lower Devonian of Spain and northwest France, with special reference to spine histology|url=https://bioone.org/journals/geodiversitas/volume-34/issue-4/g2012n4a3/Machaeracanthus-goujeti-n-sp-Acanthodii-from-the-Lower-Devonian-of/10.5252/g2012n4a3.full|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=34|issue=4|pages=761–783|doi=10.5252/g2012n4a3|s2cid=55889993|issn=1280-9659}}

|Worldwide.

|A widespread possible ischnacanthiform which occupies its own monotypic family.

|frameless

Machaeracanthus fin spines

|Valid.

|Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian).

|Belarus, Scotland.

|A fairly typical cheiracanthid acanthodiform.

|

| Valid.

|Mississippian / Early Carboniferous.

| England.

|An obscure possible ischnacanthid based on a specimen which is now lost.

|

| Valid.

|Early Devonian to Middle Devonian.{{cite journal|last1=Baron|first1=MG|year=2015|title=An investigation of the genus Mesacanthus (Chordata: Acanthodii) from the Orcadian Basin and Midland Valley areas of Northern and Central Scotland using traditional morphometrics|journal=PeerJ|volume=3|page=e1331|doi=10.7717/peerj.1331|pmc=4631467|pmid=26539330 |doi-access=free }}

|Scotland.

|The small but fairly common namesake of the acanthodiform family Mesacanthidae.

|frameless

|Valid.

|Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian).

|Europe.

|An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Pridoli (late Silurian).

|Estonia.{{Cite journal|last=Mark-Kurik|first=Elga|date=1969|title=Distribution of Vertebrates in the Silurian of Estonia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01633.x|journal=Lethaia|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=145–152|doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01633.x|bibcode=1969Letha...2..145M |issn=1502-3931}}

| Poorly-known.

|

| Valid.

|Late Pridoli (latest Silurian).

| Latvia, Lithuania.

|An acritolepid ischnacanthiform based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Emsian to Frasnian (Early Devonian to Late Devonian).

|Europe, U.S.A.

|A possible climatiid based on fin spines.

|

| Junior synonym?

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|England, Saudi Arabia?

|Based on fin spines, but may be a junior synonym of Parexus.

|

| Valid.

|Wenlock to early Frasnian (mid-Silurian to Late Devonian).

|Worldwide.

|One of the most widespread, long-lasting, and abundant acanthodians based primarily on scales.

|

|Valid.

|Late Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Spain.

|A poracanthodid ischnacanthiform closely related to Trundlelepis.

|

|Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Blais|first1=Stephanie A.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Lindsay A.|last3=Wilson|first3=Mark V. H.|date=2011|title=Tooth-Like Scales in Early Devonian Eugnathostomes and the 'Outside-In' Hypothesis for the Origins of Teeth in Vertebrates|url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-vertebrate-paleontology/volume-31/issue-6/039.031.0611/Tooth-Like-Scales-in-Early-Devonian-Eugnathostomes-and-the-Outside/10.1080/039.031.0611.full|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=31|issue=6|pages=1189–1199|doi=10.1080/039.031.0611|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024|issn=0272-4634}}

|Canada.

|An unusual MOTH locality gnathostome, likely an acanthodian closely related to true chondrichthyans. Despite lacking teeth, it was a predator with specialized lip scales.

|

| Valid.

|Late Llandovery?{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2003-01-01|title=Redescription of the gnathostome fish fauna from the mid-Palaeozoic Silverband Formation, the Grampians, Victoria|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03115510308619543|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=37–49|doi=10.1080/03115510308619543|bibcode=2003Alch...27...37B |s2cid=129081203|issn=0311-5518}} to Famennian (early Silurian to Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Derycke|first1=Claire|last2=Clement|first2=Gaël|date=2013-01-01|title=First assemblage of Acanthodian scales and spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of Durnal (Belgium), palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications|url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=3954|journal=Geologica Belgica|language=en|issn=1374-8505}}

|Europe, North America.

|A possible ischnacanthiform based on fin spines; may be one of the oldest known acanthodians.

|

| Valid?

|Mississippian.

|Europe, North America.

|A poorly-known gyracanthid based on fin spines.

|

| Valid.

|Middle Devonian.

|Scotland.

|A small mesacanthid based on species formerly placed in Acanthodes and Mesacanthus.

|

|Valid.

|Late Devonian.

|Canada.

|A poorly-known indeterminate acanthodian based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|U.K.

|A climatiid with a massive first dorsal fin spine.

|frameless

| Valid.

| Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Canada.

|A MOTH locality acanthodian lacking spines on the pectoral and pelvic fins.

|

| Valid.

|Frasnian (Late Devonian).

|Iran, Russia, North America.

|An ischnacanthid very closely related to Atopacanthus.

|

| Valid.

|Emsian (Early Devonian).

|Wyoming, U.S.A.

|An acanthodian based on fin spines.

|

| Valid.

|Ludlow (late Silurian).

| England.

|An ischnacanthid commonly confused with Ischnacanthus.

|

| Valid (non-acanthodian).

|Late Pragian to Emsian (Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Susan|last2=Miller|first2=Randall F.|date=2008|title=Protodus jexi Woodward, 1892 (Chondrichthyes), from the Lower Devonian Campbellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286656700|journal=Acta Geologica Polonica|volume=58|issue=2|pages=133–141}}

|Canada.

|Chondrichthyan teeth originally misidentified as belonging to acanthodiians, due to their similarity to the teeth of a Nostolepis specimen from Scotland.{{Cite book|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|title=Morphology, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of Fossil Fishes|last2=Turner|first2=Susan|publisher=Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil|year=2010|location=Munich|pages=123–144|chapter=Reassessment of “Protodus” scoticus from the Early Devonian of Scotland|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312577336}}

|

| Valid.

|Ludlow? to Pragian (late Silurian to Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2003-09-12|title=Poracanthodid acanthodian from the Upper Silurian (Pridoli) of Nevada|url=https://doi.org/10.1671/1888|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=23|issue=3|pages=489–493|doi=10.1671/1888|bibcode=2003JVPal..23..489B |s2cid=129843606|issn=0272-4634}}

|Europe, North America.

|Namesake of the ischnacanthiform family Poracanthodidae.

|

|Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Canada.

|A mesacanthid acanthodiform from the MOTH locality, with small prepectoral spines similar to "climatiiforms".

|

| Valid.

|Frasnian (Late Devonian).

| Germany.

|A cheiracanthid acanthodiform preferring a marine environment.

|

| Valid?

|Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian).

|Europe.

|A possible climatiid based on scales similar to some species of Nostolepis.

|

| Valid or junior synonym.

|Moscovian (Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous).{{Cite journal|last1=Opluštil|first1=Stanislav|last2=Schmitz|first2=Mark|last3=Cleal|first3=Christopher J.|last4=Martínek|first4=Karel|date=2016-03-01|title=A review of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian west European regional substages and floral biozones, and their correlation to the Geological Time Scale based on new U–Pb ages|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825216300046|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=154|pages=301–335|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.004|bibcode=2016ESRv..154..301O|issn=0012-8252}}

|Czechia.

|An eel-like acanthodid acanthodiform, possibly a junior synonym of Traquairichthys.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).{{cite journal|last1=Brazeau|first1=M.D.|date=2009|title=The braincase and jaws of a Devonian 'acanthodian' and modern gnathostome origins|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/17971/2/Nature_457_7227_2009.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=457|issue=7227|pages=111–213|bibcode=2009Natur.457..305B|doi=10.1038/nature07436|pmid=19148098|hdl=10044/1/17971|s2cid=4321057}}

|England, Ukraine.{{cite journal|last1=Brazeau|first1=M.D.|date=2012|title=A revision of the anatomy of the Early Devonian jawed vertebrate Ptomacanthus anglicus Miles|journal=Palaeontology|volume=55|issue=2|pages=355–367|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01130.x|bibcode=2012Palgy..55..355B |s2cid=82111530 }}

|One of the few non-Acanthodes acanthodians with a well-described braincase and gill system, helping to clarify the group's relations with other fishes.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Emsian to Givetian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian).

|Europe, U.S.A.

|A diplacanthid diplacanthiform based on scales.

|

|Valid (non-acanthodian?).

|Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian).

|Bolivia.

|A chondrichthyan-like braincase sometimes positioned among acanthodians.

|

| Valid.

|Ludlow to Emsian (late Silurian to Early Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Susan|last2=Burrow|first2=Carole J.|last3=Williams|first3=Rod B.|last4=Tarrant|first4=Peter|date=2017-06-01|title=Welsh Borderland bouillabaisse: Lower Old Red Sandstone fish microfossils and their significance|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787817300561|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=460–479|doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.04.006|bibcode=2017PrGA..128..460T |issn=0016-7878}}

|Worldwide.{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Turner|first2=Susan|last3=Young|first3=Gavin C.|date=2010-03-01|title=Middle Palaeozoic microvertebrate assemblages and biogeography of East Gondwana (Australasia, Antarctica)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X09000596|journal=Palaeoworld|series=Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491)|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=37–54|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2009.11.001|issn=1871-174X}}{{Cite journal|last=Burrow|first=Carole J.|date=2013|title=Reassessment of Ischnacanthus? scheii Spjeldnaes (Acanthodii, Ischnacanthiformes) from the latest Silurian or earliest Devonian of Ellesmere Island, arctic Canada|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/full/10.1139/cjes-2013-0068|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=50|issue=9|pages=945–954|doi=10.1139/cjes-2013-0068|bibcode=2013CaJES..50..945B|issn=0008-4077}}

|A widespread poracanthodid ischnacanthiform primarily based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Emsian to Famennian? (Early Devonian to Late Devonian).

|Europe, China, Canada.

|A diplacanthid diplacanthiform similar to, but distinct from, Diplacanthus.

|

| Valid.

|Late Emsian (Early Devonian).

|Australia.

| A distinctive marine ischnacanthid.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|England.

|A climatiid with a large shoulder girdle.

|

|Valid.

|Late Givetian (Middle Devonian).

|Spitsbergen.

|A medium-sized ischnacanthiform.

|

| Valid (non-acanthodian).

|Silurian to Early Devonian.

|Asia.{{Cite journal|last1=Sansom|first1=Ivan J.|last2=Wang|first2=Nian-Zhong|last3=Smith|first3=Moya|date=2005-07-01|title=The histology and affinities of sinacanthid fishes: primitive gnathostomes from the Silurian of China|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=144|issue=3|pages=379–386|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00171.x|issn=0024-4082|doi-access=free}}

|Namesake of the sinacanthids, a group of spined gnathostomes which are likely chondrichthyans.

|

| Valid.

|Pragian to Frasnian (Early Devonian to Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Szrek|first2=Piotr|date=2018|title=Acanthodians from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) 'Placoderm Sandstone', Holy Cross Mountains, Poland.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327981220|journal=Acta Geologica Polonica|volume=68|issue=3|pages=307–320|doi=10.1515/agp-2018-0019|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}

|Europe, Australia.

| A diplacanthiform based on elongated fin spines.

|

|Valid.

|Pridoli to Lochkovian (late Silurian to Early Devonian).

|Russia.

|A possible poracanthodid ischnacanthiform based on scales.

|

|Valid.

|Pragian to Emsian (Early Devonian).

|Europe, Australia.

|A possible climatiid based on scales.

|

|Valid.

|Late Llandovery (early Silurian).

|Russia.

|A tchunacanthid based on scales.

|

|Valid.

|Late Emsian to Famennian (Early Devonian to Late Devonian).

|Australia, Belgium.

|A mesacanthid acanthodiform closely related to Lodeacanthus.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Canada.

|A distinctive diplacanthiform from the MOTH locality.

|frameless

| Junior synonym.

|Moscovian (Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous).

|Czechia.

|Junior synonym of Traquiairichthys.{{Cite journal|last=Zidek|first=Jiri|date=1973|title=Remarks on an Acanthodian Specimen from Texas|url=http://ogs.ou.edu/docs/geologynotes/GN-V33N5.pdf#page=25|journal=Oklahoma Geology Notes|volume=33|issue=5|pages=201–202}}

|

| Valid.

|Moscovian to Leonardian? (Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous to Early Permian).

|Czechia, Greenland?, Texas, U.S.A.?

|An eel-like acanthodid acanthodiform.

|

| Valid.

|Frasnian (Late Devonian).{{Cite journal|last1=Chevrinais|first1=Marion|last2=Sire|first2=Jean-Yves|last3=Cloutier|first3=Richard|date=2017-04-12|title=From body scale ontogeny to species ontogeny: Histological and morphological assessment of the Late Devonian acanthodian Triazeugacanthus affinis from Miguasha, Canada|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=e0174655|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0174655|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5389634|pmid=28403168|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1274655C|doi-access=free}}

|Canada.

|A mesacanthid acanthodiform from the Miguasha Lagerstätte, with one of the best-known ontogenetic series of all acanthodians.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|U.K., Canada?

|A long-spined gladiobranchid diplacanthiform, sometimes misidentified as an ischnacanthiform.

|

| Valid.

| Namurian (early Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous).

|Utah, U.S.A.

|An acanthodid acanthodiform with three prominent otoliths.

|

| Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|U.K.

|A rare climatiid with denticulated fin spines.

|

| Valid.

|Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian).

|Europe, Australia.{{Cite journal|last1=Burrow|first1=Carole J.|last2=Long|first2=John A.|last3=Turner|first3=Susan|date=1998-01-01|title=Lower Devonian microvertebrates from the Point Hibbs Formation, Tasmania|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03115519808619236|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|volume=22|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.1080/03115519808619236|bibcode=1998Alch...22....9B |issn=0311-5518}}

|A possible climatiid based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Carboniferous - Permian boundary

|Germany

|An acanthodiform.

|frameless

| Valid.

|Lochkovian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian).

| Germany, Spain, Australia, Saudi Arabia.

|A possible climatiid based on scales.

|

| Valid.

|Late Wenlock (mid-Silurian) to Pragian (Early Devonian).

|Spitsbergen, Canada.

|An ischnacanthid containing both the largest species of acanthodians (X. grandis at 2.5 meters long) and one of the oldest species (X. kenstewarti).

|

| Valid.

|Ludlow (late Silurian).

|Australia.

|A large but indeterminate acanthodian which seems to lack fin spines.

|

|Valid.

|Lochkovian (Early Devonian).

|Severnaya Zemlya, Russia.

|One of the few poracanthodid ischnacanthiforms known from articulated skeletons.

|