List of animals displaying homosexual behavior#Reptiles
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Image:Manchot 01.jpg, two Central Park Zoo male chinstrap penguins similar to those pictured, became internationally known when they successfully hatched and cared for an egg they were given.Smith (February 7, 2004)]]
For these animals, there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting, as noted in researcher and author Bruce Bagemihl's 1999 book Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity.
Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not "officially" observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to observer bias caused by social attitudes towards nonheterosexual people, making the homosexual theme taboo.Bagemihl (1999)News-medical.net (2006) Bagemihl devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality" and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) 'explanations' for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities."Bagemihl (1999) page 213
Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit, stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realize that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles." Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates. In 1986, it was even discovered amongst insects when butterfly scientist W.J. Tennent observed four male Mazarine blues competing for the attention of another male in Morocco.{{Cite web |title=Same-Sex Behavior Among Animals Isn't New. Science Is Finally Catching Up. |last=Yeoman |first=Barry |date=2023-07-04 |url=https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2023/Summer/Conservation/Same-Sex-Behavior-Animals-Science |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=National Wildlife Federation |language=en}}
Sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sex, has been documented in about five hundred species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.Harrold (1999) Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate natural animal behaviors to morality.Solimeo (2004)Solimeo (2004b) Sexual preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual behavior, however this article conforms to the usage by modern research,Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183Vasey (1995) pages 173-204Sommer & Vasey (2006) applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.
In October 2023, biologists reported studies of mammals (over 1,500 different species) that found same-sex behavior (not necessarily related to human orientation) may help improve social stability by reducing conflict within the groups studied.{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Same-Sex Behavior Evolved in Many Mammals to Reduce Conflict, Study Suggests - But the researchers cautioned that the work could not shed much light on sexual orientation in humans. + comment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/03/science/same-sex-behavior-evolution-mammals.html#permid=128206761 |date=3 October 2023 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/sxXGh |archivedate=4 October 2023 |accessdate=4 October 2023 }}{{cite journal |author=Gómez, José M. |display-authors=et al. |title=The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals |date=3 October 2023 |journal=Nature |volume=14 |number=5719 |page=5719 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-41290-x |doi-access=free |pmid=37788987 |pmc=10547684 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.5719G }}
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Mammals
{{Main|List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior}}
;Selected mammals from the full list
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- Baboon
- BisonBagemihl (1999) page 405
- Bonobo{{Cite journal|last1=Hohmann|first1=G.|last2=Fruth|first2=B.|date=July 2000|title=Use and function of genital contacts among female bonobos|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1451|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=60|issue=1|pages=107–120|doi=10.1006/anbe.2000.1451|pmid=10924210|s2cid=39702173|issn=0003-3472|access-date=2021-02-19|archive-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206003707/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347200914519?via%3Dihub|url-status=live}}
- Brown bearBagemihl (1999) page 441
- Brown RatBagemihl (1999) page 469
- Cavy
- CaribouBagemihl (1999) pages 388,389
- Cat (domestic)Bagemihl 1999) pages 81, 88
- Cattle (domestic)Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89
- Chimpanzeede Waal (2001)Liggett (1997–2006)Imaginova (2007j)Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279
- Common dolphinBagemihl (1999) page 339
- Common marmosetBagemihl (1999) page 334
- DogBagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314
- Dolphinname="Biol.
Exuberance: Dolphin
- ElephantBagemihl (1999) page 427
- FoxBagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317
- GiraffeBagemihl (1999) page 391Imaginova (2007d)
- Goat
- Horse (domestic)Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231
- HumanBagemihl (1999) page 432{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01541598|vauthors=Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D |title=The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–48 |date=June 1995 |pmid=7611844|s2cid=12929812 }}Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles. London, UK: Penguin Books.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}
- Humpback whale{{cite journal|title=An observation of sexual behavior between two male humpback whales|author1=Stephanie H. Stack|author2=Lyle Krannichfeld|author3=Brandi Romano|journal=Marine Mammal Science|year=2024|volume=40 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/mms.13119|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024MMamS..40E3119S |hdl=10072/430033|hdl-access=free}}
- KoalaBagemihl (1999) page 455-457
- Lion
- Sheep
- Orca
- Wolf
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Birds
{{Main|List of birds displaying homosexual behavior}}Homosexual behaviour is demonstrated by 120 known species of birds.{{Cite journal |last1=MacFarlane |first1=Geoff R. |last2=Blomberg |first2=Simon P. |last3=Vasey |first3=Paul L. |date=2010-09-01 |title=Homosexual behaviour in birds: frequency of expression is related to parental care disparity between the sexes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347210001855 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=375–390 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.05.009 |s2cid=53148085 |issn=0003-3472}} While an uptick in research on bird homosexuality – and animal homosexuality in general – has been coming out in recent years, it is common for some authors to labour in articulating the view any root cause or function of bird homosexuality is poorly understood.{{Cite journal |last=Regaiolli |first=Barbara |date=July 2018 |title=Investigating parental care behaviour in same-sex pairing of zoo greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) |journal=The Open Access Journal for Life and Environment|volume=6 |pages=e5227 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5227 |pmid=30042888 |pmc=6054785 |doi-access=free }}
Hypotheses contrived in an attempt to explain the behaviour – homosexuality in birds – typically diverge from one another, further exacerbating an apparent perception in the concerned scientific communities knowledge's quest to realise bird homosexuality remains elusive as an objective. Some authors posit the behaviours are a result of any bird demonstrably homosexual being less inclined to rear young, while other authors posit the timing of emergence from the egg is a factor.{{Cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/18/1/21/209396 |title=Same-sex sexual behavior in birds: expression is related to social mating system and state of development at hatching |access-date=2023-12-04 |journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=2007 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arl065 |last1=MacFarlane |first1=Geoff R. |last2=Blomberg |first2=Simon P. |last3=Kaplan |first3=Gisela |last4=Rogers |first4=Lesley J. |volume=18 |pages=21–33 }}
In 1977, The New York Times also reported on a colony of lesbian seagulls "off [the] coast of California."{{Cite web |date=November 23, 1977 |title=Extensive Homosexuality Is Found Among Seagulls Off Coast of California |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/23/archives/extensive-homosexuality-is-found-among-seagulls-off-coast-of.html |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=The New York Times}}
;Selected birds from the full list
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- Barn owlBagemihl (1999) pages 632-5
- Cassowary
- Black swan
- ChickenBagemihl (1999) pages 83
- Common gullBagemihl (1999) pages 544-8
- EmuBagemihl (1999) page 621-6
- House sparrowBagemihl (1999) pages 602-5
- Kestrel
- King penguin365 Gay.com (2005)
- MallardBagemihl (1999) pages 491-5
- Ostrich
- RavenBagemihl (1999) pages 606-10
- Rock doveBagemihl (1999) page 639
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Fish
Image:Arctic Grayling.jpg behavior.Bagemihl (1999), page 665]]
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- Amazon mollyBagemihl (1999), page 37
- Blackstripe topminnowBagemihl (1999), pages 658, 664
- Bluegill sunfish
- Char
- Grayling
- European bitterlingBagemihl (1999), page 658
- Green swordtail
- Guiana leaffishBagemihl (1999), page 664
- Houting whitefish
- Jewel cichlidBagemihl (1999), pages 658, 665
- Least darter (Microperca punctulata)
- Mouthbreeding fish sp.
- Salmon spp.Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 233, 244
- Southern platyfish
- Ten-spined stickleback
- Three-spined stickleback
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{{Clear}}
Reptiles
Image:Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg]]
The all-female Whiptail lizard species Aspidoscelis neomexicanus (center), which reproduces via parthenogenesis, is shown flanked by two sexual species having males, A. inornatus (left) and A. tigris (right). Research has shown that simulated mating behavior increases fertility for Aspidoscelis neomexicanus. One female lies on top of another, playing the role of the male, the lizard that was on bottom has larger eggs, in most cases. The lizards switch off this role each mating season.LeVay, (19 September 2007)
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- American alligatorVilet (2000), page 401 (page 19 in PDF)
- Anole sp.Bagemihl (1999), page 657
- Bearded dragon
- Blue-tailed day gecko (Phelsuma cepediana)Budzinski, R.-M. (1997) Homosexuelles Verhalten bei Geckos der Gattung Phelsuma. Sauria 19 (3): 33-34
- Broad-headed skink
- Checkered whiptail lizardBagemihl (1999), page 657, 658
- Chihuahuan spotted whiptail lizard
- Common ameiva
- Common garter snake
- Cuban green anole
- Desert grassland whiptail lizard
- Desert tortoiseBagemihl (1999), pages 232, 664
- Eastern fence lizard
- Five-lined skink
- Gold dust day gecko (Phelsuma laticauda)
- Gopher (pine) snake
- Green anole
- Inagua curlytail lizard
- Jamaican giant anole
- Laredo striped whiptail lizard
- Largehead anole
- Mourning geckoBagemihl (1999), pages 663–664
- Plateau striped whiptail lizard
- Red diamond rattlesnake
- Red-tailed skink
- Seychelles giant tortoise{{Cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2017/10/19/turns-out-this-186-year-old-tortoise-has-a-gay-lover/amp/ |title=Turns out this 186-year-old tortoise has a gay lover |date=19 October 2017 |access-date=2018-01-23 |archive-date=2018-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005744/https://nypost.com/2017/10/19/turns-out-this-186-year-old-tortoise-has-a-gay-lover/amp/ |url-status=live }}
- Side-blotched lizard
- Speckled rattlesnake
- Spectacled Caiman{{cite journal |last1=Antelo |first1=R |title=Caiman crocodilus (spectacled caiman) homosexual behavior. |journal=Herpetological Review |date=2012 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=327–328 |url=https://ssarherps.org/herpetological-review-pdfs/}}
- Water moccasin
- Western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis)
- Western banded gecko
- Whiptail lizard spp.
- Wood turtle
- Blue-tongued skink
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Amphibians
{{see also|Gay frogs (internet meme)}}
- Appalachian woodland salamanderBagemihl (1999), pages 657, 658
- Black-spotted frogBagemihl (1999), pages 243, 664
- Mountain dusky salamander
- Tengger desert toad
Insects
Image:Head of dragonfly 2.jpg (Basiaeschna janata)]]
Male homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies. A survey of damsel and dragonflies reveals characteristic cloacal pincher mating damage in 20–80 percent of the males, indicating a fairly high occurrence of sexual coupling between males.Dunkle (1991)Young, L.C., et al. (2008)
File:Tribolium castaneum.jpgs engage in same-sex coupling to practice mating and to rid themselves of "old, less effective" sperm.]]
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- Alfalfa weevilBagemihl (1999), page 666
- Australian parasitic wasp sp.
- Bean weevil sp.
- Bedbug and other bug spp.Tatarnic1 et al., 22 March 2006Bagemihl (1999) page 660
- Blister beetle spp.Bagemihl (1999) page 667
- Blowfly
- Broadwinged damselfly sp.Bagemihl (1999) pages 704, 713
- Cabbage (small) white (butterfly)
- Checkerspot butterflyBagemihl (1999) pages 150, 232, 236, 246
- Club-tailed dragonfly spp.Bagemihl (1999) pages 33–34, 196, 217, 219, 232
- Cockroach spp.Bagemihl (1999) page 668
- Codling moth{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01926659|vauthors=Benz G|title=Role of sex pheromone, and its insignificance for heterosexual and homosexual behaviour of larch bud moth|journal=Experientia|volume=29|issue=5 |pages=553–554 |date=May 1, 1973 |s2cid=39282068 }}
- Common skimmer dragonfly spp.
- Creeping water bug sp.Bagemihl (1999) page 666
- CutwormBagemihl (1999) page 595
- Digger beeBagemihl (1999) pages 9, 649, 665
- Dragonfly spp.
- Eastern giant ichneumon wasp
- Eucalyptus longhorned borer
- Field cricket sp.Bagemihl (1999) page 658
- Flour beetle[http://www.out.com/ Out magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916102736/http://www.out.com/ |date=2017-09-16 }}, By The Numbers sourced to the Journal of Evolutionary Biology; February 2009. Accessed 2009-01-17.
- Fruit fly spp.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.017| author=Dukas, R |title=Causes and consequences of male–male courtship in fruit flies |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=913–919 |date=November 2010| s2cid=54253398 }}Bagemihl (1999) page 3
- Glasswing butterfly
- Hypoponera opacior ant{{cite journal |author1= Kureck, I. M. |author2=Neumann, A. |author3=Foitzik, S. | year = 2011 | title = Wingless ant males adjust mate-guarding behaviour to the competitive situation in the nest | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 82 | issue = 2 | pages = 339–346 | doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.008|s2cid=53164955 }}
- Grape borer
- Green lacewingBagemihl (1999) pages 666, 660
- Hen flea
- House flyBagemihl (1999) pages 661–2
- Ichneumon wasp sp.
- Japanese scarab beetleBagemihl (1999) page 661
- Larch bud moth
- Large milkweed bug
- Large white
- Leek moth{{Cite journal|last1=Lecomte|first1=C.|last2=Thibout|first2=E.|last3=Pierre|first3=D.|last4=Auger|first4=J.|date=1998-04-01|title=Transfer, Perception, and Activity of Male Pheromone of Acrolepiopsis assectella with Special Reference to Conspecific Male Sexual Inhibition|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=655–671|doi=10.1023/a:1022390102631|bibcode=1998JCEco..24..655L |s2cid=10001697|issn=0098-0331}}
- Long-legged fly spp.
- Mazarine blue
- Mexican white (butterfly)
- Midge sp.Bagemihl (1999), pages 661–2
- Migratory locustBagemihl (1999), page 659
- Monarch butterfly
- Narrow-winged damselfly spp.
- Parsnip leaf miner
- Peach moth{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01960660|vauthors=Baker T|title=Variations in male oriental fruit moth courtship patterns due to male competition|journal=Experientia|volume=39|issue=1|pages=112–114 |date=January 15, 1983 |s2cid=99995 }}
- Pomace fly
- Queen butterfly
- Red ant sp.
- Red flour beetle
- Rice moth{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00980201|vauthors=Hall D, Cork A, Lester R, Nesbitt B, Zagatti P|title=Sex pheromones of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1575–1589|date=July 1, 1987 |pmid=24302328 |bibcode=1987JCEco..13.1575H |s2cid=11253920}}
- Reindeer warble fly (Hypoderma tarandi)
- Rose chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus)
- Rove beetle spp.
- Scarab beetle (melolonthine)Bagemihl (1999), page 661
- Screwworm fly
- Southeastern blueberry bee
- Southern green stink bug
- Southern masked chafer
- Southern one-year canegrub
- Spreadwinged damselfly spp.
- Spruce budworm moth{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/AESA/72.4.544|vauthors=Palaniswamy P, Seabrook W, Ross R|title=Precopulatory behavior of males and perception of a potential male pheromone in spruce budworm|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|volume=72|issue=4|pages=544–551 |date=July 15, 1979 |s2cid=84678927 }}{{cite journal|doi=10.4039/ENT107967-9|vauthors=Sanders C|title=Factors affecting adult emergence and mating behavior of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Totricidae)|journal=Canadian Entomologist|volume=107|issue=9|pages=967–77 |date=September 1, 1975 |s2cid=86477332 }}
- Stable fly sp.
- Stag beetle spp.
- Tsetse fly
- Tropical tasar silkmoth{{cite journal|vauthors=Chaudhuri A, Sinha A|title=A male-male pairing in the tropical tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta (Saturniidae)|journal=News of the Lepidopterists' Society|volume=39|issue=3|pages=39 |date=July 15, 1997}}
- Vine moth{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0418.1990.tb00062.x|vauthors=Schmieder-Wenzel C, Schruft G|title=Courtship behaviour of the European Grape Berry Moth, Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb. (Lep., Tortricidae) in regard to pheromonal and tactile stimuli |journal=Journal of Applied Entomology |volume=109 |issue=1–5 |pages=341–346 |date=January 12, 1990 |s2cid=86384073 }}
- Water boatman bug
- Water strider spp.
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Other invertebrates
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- Blood-flukeZimmer (2000)
- Box crabBagemihl (1999) page 657
- Harvestman sp.Bagemihl (1999) pages 236, 704, 713
- Hawaiian orb-weaver (spider)
- Incirrate octopus spp.
- Jumping spiders
- Mite sp.
- Spiny-headed wormBagemihl (1999), pages 668, 667
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See also
{{div col|colwidth=30}}
- Against Nature?, an exhibit at the University of Oslo's Natural History Museum that took place until 19 August 2007.
- Anthropomorphism
- Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
- Biodiversity
- Bioethics
- Biology and sexual orientation
- Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a branch of zoology; cognitive ethology fuses cognitive science and classical ethology to observe animals under more-or-less natural conditions
- Evolutionary biology
- {{slink|Homosexual behavior in animals|Birds}}
- Innate bisexuality
- Sexual selection
{{div col end}}
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{{refend}}
References
{{Animal sexual behavior}}
{{LGBTQ}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Animals displaying homosexual behavior}}