List of bog bodies#Dröbnitz Girl
{{Short description|Corpses found in peat bogs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
This is a list of bog bodies grouped by location of discovery. Bog bodies, or bog people, are the naturally preserved corpses of humans and some animals recovered from peat bogs. The bodies have been most commonly found in the northern European countries of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. Reports of bog bodies surfaced during the early 18th century.{{cite book |last=Gill-Robinson |first=Heather |date=2005 |title=The Iron Age Bog Bodies of the Archäologische Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig, Germany}}
In 1965, the German scientist Alfred Dieck catalogued more than 1,850 bog bodies, but later scholarship revealed much of Dieck's work was erroneous.{{cite journal |last1=van der Sanden |first1=Wijnand |author-link1=Wijnand van der Sanden |last2=Eisenbess |first2=Sabine |date=2006 |title=Imaginary People |journal=Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt |issn=0342-734X |volume=36 |number=1 |pages=111–122}} Hundreds of bog bodies have been recovered and studied,{{cite journal |last=Lange |first=Karen E. |date=September 2007 |title=Tales From the Bog |journal=National Geographic |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/09/bog-bodies/bog-bodies-text.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501100308/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/09/bog-bodies/bog-bodies-text.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2008}} although it is believed that only around 45 remain intact today.{{cite book |last=Gill-Robinson |first=Heather |date=2005 |title=The Iron Age Bog Bodies of the Archäologische Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig, Germany |page=48}}
How to use this list
- There may be more than one name in the "name" category, which may also be used to show alternate spellings for names of the bog body.
- The location category shows the city or state in which the bog body was discovered, although some bog bodies are discovered on borders between countries.
- The carbon-14 dating is used to determine an age range based on examination of the half lives of carbon isotopes.
- The "sex" category describes whether the find was male, female, or undetermined.
- The "description" category depicts examination details as well as physical characteristics of the body. Some sections may state Little is published about this find, meaning that there is little or no sufficient information published about the bog body.
List
= Denmark =
| class="wikitable sortable" | |
| scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Other names ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Age (carbon-14 dating) ! scope="col" | Sex ! scope="col" | Year discovered ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image ! scope="col" | Description | |
|---|---|
| {{anchor|Arden Woman}}Arden Woman
| Bredmose Woman | {{sort|−1400|1400 BCE}} | Female | 1942 |The Arden Woman was found in the Bredmose bog in the Parish of Store Arden, Hindsted, Denmark. Police said the corpse was found in a 'question mark' shape. After the remains were completely unearthed they were moved into a nearby barn. Her hair was dark blond and was drawn into two pigtails and coiled around the top of her head. Over the hair was a bonnet, which was made using a sprang technique. Unlike some bog bodies, she was found with other garments. She was around the age of 20–25 years old. No signs of violence were found on her body.Glob, Peter V. The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved. Trans. Rupert Bruce-Mitford. Ithaca, New York: Faber and Faber Limited, 1969. 82–100. Print. The body remains at the National Museum of Copenhagen.{{cite web |last=Den Blauwen Swaen |title=Bog Bodies from Scandinavia |url=http://www.denblauwenswaen.nl/public/sites/english/history/bogbodies/bogbodies_scandinavia.htm |access-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406234714/http://www.denblauwenswaen.nl/public/sites/english/history/bogbodies/bogbodies_scandinavia.htm |archive-date=6 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }} | |
| Auning Woman
| | {{sort|−0000|1st century BC/AD}} | Female | 1886 | | She was found with several wool and skin garments. Because she was found with several sticks on top of her body, it may be possible that she had been pinned down in the bog to keep her remains from surfacing. | |
| Borremose Man
| Borre Fen Man | {{sort|−0700|700 BCE}} | Male | 1946 | 200px | The man was found with his skull crushed and his leg broken. A rope was also found around his neck, indicating death by hanging or strangulation. Examination of bog bodies such as Cashel Man have led scientists to speculate that wounds such as broken bones may have occurred after death due to the weight of the peat.Hart, Edward, dir. "Ghosts of Murdered Kings." NOVA. Prod. Edward Hart and Dan McCabe. PBS. 29 Jan. 2014. Television. The body is in storage at the National Museum of Copenhagen.{{cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |title=Borremose Man |url=http://mummytombs.com/bog/borremose.man.htm |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205002/http://mummytombs.com/bog/borremose.man.htm |archive-date=25 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }} | |
| Borremose II
| | {{sort|−0400|400 BCE}} | Presumed Female | 1947 | 200px | The bog body was lying face down at a depth of two feet on a base of birch bark. Birch branches were also found in the immediate vicinity and, directly on top of the body, were three approximately 10-centimeter-long birch poles of the same thickness. The skull was fractured and the brain was visible. The right leg was broken ten inches below the knee, which was caused by the weight of peat on the body.{{cite book |last=Gill-Robinson |first=Heather |date=2005 |title=The Iron Age Bog Bodies of the Archäologische Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf |pages=64–65}} The upper body was naked, but the lower body and legs were covered by a cloak made of a four-layered twill fabric and a fringed shawl. These two articles of clothing are now on display at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. In addition, there were other objects found with her: half a clay pot, placed on the knees of the corpse, along with half a humerus and half a radius of a human infant beside her. Around the neck of the bog body was a leather belt with an amber bead and a brass disk 22–23 millimeters in diameter.{{cite book |last=Lauber |first=Patricia G. |date=1985 |title=Tales Mummies Tell |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-690-04389-1 |pages=128}} | |
| Borremose III
| Borremose Woman | {{sort|−0750|750 BCE}} | Female | 1948 | 200px | The Borremose Woman was discovered lying face down with the scalp separated from the body. The woman was described as being obese, and was wrapped in a woolen cloak. Borremose Woman is not currently on display, but is stored at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. The age of the woman at the time of her death was approximately 20–35 years old. Like the other Borremose discoveries, the woman appeared to have violent injuries. She was previously thought to have been scalped as well as having her skull crushed as the cause of death, but studies show these happened after death due to movement of the peat in the bog. Studies of the woman's face and neck showed no signs of bleeding, meaning that the injuries to the face had occurred after death.[http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/borremose.woman.htm Borremose Woman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823004550/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/borremose.woman.htm |date=23 August 2011 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. | |
| Elling Woman
| | {{sort|−0280|280 BCE}} | Female | 1938 | File:Ellingkvinden DO-1448.jpg | The body was wrapped in a sheepskin cape with a leather cloak tied around the woman's legs.{{Citation |last=Vandkilde |first=Helle |contribution=Tollund Man |editor-last=Bogucki |editor-first=Crabtree |date=2003|title=Ancient Europe 8000 B.C. – A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |place=London |volume=1 |page=27}} The face of the woman was poorly preserved as well as no traces of organs inside of the body. The woman was hanged like the Tollund Man, who was found in the same bog twelve years later. This body is often recognized by its 90 centimeter braid, which was tied into an elaborate knot.{{cite book |last=Gill-Robinson |first=Heather |date=2005 |title=The Iron Age Bog Bodies of the Archäologische Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf |page=63}} Elling Woman is believed to have been a human sacrifice.{{cite web |author=Silkeborg Museum |date=2004 |title=Elling Woman |location=Denmark |url=http://www.tollundman.dk/ellingkvinden.asp |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329203103/http://www.tollundman.dk/ellingkvinden.asp |archive-date=29 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} | |
| Frær Mose Foot
| Frærmose Woman | Denmark | {{sort | Undetermined}}
| Male | 1842 | | The foot was unearthed four feet under the surface of the bog. A well preserved wool garment and a shoe were found with the human remains.Glob, Peter V. The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved. Trans. Rupert Bruce-Mitford. Ithaca, New York: Faber and Faber Limited, 1969. 80–82. Print. The foot was initially thought to have belonged to a woman based on its small size, but recent studies now suggest that the foot belonged to a man.{{Cite journal |last=Lynnerup |first=Niels |date=22 May 2015 |title=Bog Bodies: BOG BODIES |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=298 |issue=6 |pages=1007–1012 |doi=10.1002/ar.23138|doi-access=free |pmid=25998635 }} |
| Gadevang Man
| | Zealand | {{sort|−0480|480–60 BCE}}[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/physical.html Archaeology Magazine – Bodies of the Bogs – Pathologies of the Bog Bodies]. Archaeology.org. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. | Male | 1940 | | This bog body was found completely skeletonized. Examination revealed that he was approximately 35–50 years of age at the time of his death. A hole in his skull shows evidence of primitive surgery.{{cite web|title=Pathologies of the Bog Bodies|publisher=Archaeology Magazine. N.p.|year= 1997|access-date=28 October 2011|url= http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/physical.html}} | |
| Grauballe Man
| | Jutland | {{sort|−0290|290 BCE}} | Male | 1952 | 200px | Studies show Grauballe Man was most likely a ritual sacrifice victim. His fingers had been so perfectly preserved in the bog that researchers were able to take his fingerprints. The man's face has been reconstructed to show what he had looked like when he was alive.{{cite web |title=Grauballe |url=http://s653.photobucket.com/user/Tyranos/media/Grauballe.jpg.html |access-date=25 March 2014}} | |
| Haraldskær Woman
| Haraldskjaer Woman | Jutland | {{sort|−0500|500–401 BCE}} | Female | 1835 | 200px | For some time, The Haraldskær Woman was thought to have been the Norwegian Queen Gunnhild, until carbon-14 dating proved she was much older. Studies show she was around 40 years old{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/4407|title=Strontium isotope investigations of the Haraldskær Woman–a complex record of various tissues|first1=Karin Margarita|last1=Frei|first2=Ulla|last2=Mannering|first3=T. Douglas|last3=Price|first4=Rasmus Birch|last4=Iversen|journal=ArchéoSciences|year=2015|volume=39|pages=93-101|doi=10.4000/archeosciences.4407|doi-access=free}} and in good health when she died. Her clothing was placed on top of her naked body.Archaeological Institute "[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/gunhild.html Haraldskaer Woman: Bodies of the Bogs]", Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America, 10 December 1997.{{cite book |last=Aldhouse-Green |first=Miranda J. |date=2006 |title=Boudica Britannia |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=1-4058-1100-5 |pages=95–96}} | |
| Huldremose Woman
| Huldre Fen Woman, Huldre Woman | Ramten, Midtjylland | {{sort|−0160|160 BCE–340 CE}} | Female | 1879 | 200px | Huldremose Woman is the name of the bog body of an Iron Age woman discovered in 1879 near Ramten, Jutland. The body, found clothed in a wool skirt and two skin capes, dated between 160 BCE and 340 CE. At the time of death, the woman was more than 40 years old.[http://oldtiden.natmus.dk/udstillingen/aeldre_jernalder/kvinden_fra_huldremose/language/uk/ "The woman from Huldremose"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228153424/http://oldtiden.natmus.dk/udstillingen/aeldre_jernalder/kvinden_fra_huldremose/language/uk/ |date=28 December 2011 }}, Meet Danish Prehistory, Nationalmuseet, retrieved 3 February 2010 Her right arm was severed, but the injury probably occurred by shovels during the unearthing of the body. A wool cord tied her hair and enveloped her neck, but forensic analysis found no indication of death by strangulation.[http://oldtiden.natmus.dk/udstillingen/aeldre_jernalder/kvinden_fra_huldremose/hvordan_doede_huldremosekvinden/language/uk/ "How did the Huldremose woman die?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930071744/http://oldtiden.natmus.dk/udstillingen/aeldre_jernalder/kvinden_fra_huldremose/hvordan_doede_huldremosekvinden/language/uk/ |date=30 September 2009 }}, Meet Danish Prehistory, Nationalmuseet, retrieved 3 February 2010 | |
| {{anchor|Nederfrederiksmose body}}Nederfrederiksmose body
| Kraglund Man, Frederiksdal Man | {{sort|+1050|1040–1155 AD}} | Presumed male | 1898 | 200px | The first bog body to be photographed before being moved from where it was discovered.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080411005749/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/09/bog%2Dbodies/clark%2Dphotography Bog Bodies – Photo Gallery – National Geographic Magazine]. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com (17 October 2002). Retrieved on 15 September 2011.[http://www.frederiksdal-info.dk/frederiksdalmanden.htm Frederiksdalmanden]. Frederiksdal-info.dk. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. | |
| Koelbjerg Man
| | {{sort|−8000|8000 BCE}} | Male | 1941 | | Thought to be the oldest bog body to date,[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/koelbjerg.html Archaeology Magazine – Bodies of the Bogs – Koelbjerg Woman]. Archaeology.org. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. he was around 25 years of age when he died. There were no traces of violence found on the skeletal remains. According to DNA analysis the body, previously believed to be that of a woman, is actually male.Pedersen, K.L. (2 April 2017). [http://www.dr.dk/historie/danmarkshistorien/ny-dna-forskning-danmarks-aeldste-lig-skifter-koen-fra-kvinde-til-mand Ny DNA-forskning: Danmarks ældste lig skifter køn fra kvinde til mand.] DR Nyheder. Retrieved 3 April 2017. | |
| {{anchor|Porsmose Man}}Porsmose Man
| | Zealand | {{sort|−2600|2600 BCE}} | Male | 1946 | 200px | This skeletonized bog body was that of a 35–40-year-old man[http://oldtiden.natmus.dk/udstillingen/bondestenalderen/slebne_oekser_af_flint/vaaben_vold_og_doed_i_bondestenalderen/language/uk/ Weapons, violence and death in the Neolithic period – Oldtiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007085529/http://oldtiden.natmus.dk/udstillingen/bondestenalderen/slebne_oekser_af_flint/vaaben_vold_og_doed_i_bondestenalderen/language/uk/ |date=7 October 2011 }}. Oldtiden.natmus.dk. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. that was found in 1946. The skeleton is most famous for the arrowhead which pierced the man's nose, but he was not killed by this wound; but rather by an arrow that pierced his aorta. The arrows are presumed to have been shot from a close distance and from above. | |
| Rappendam Woman
| | Frederiksborg | {{sort|−0160|160 BCE}} | Female | 1941–1942 | 200px | The skeletonized remains were discovered along with birch hazel sticks with wooden wheels.{{cite book |last=Van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |author-link=Wijnand van der Sanden |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity}} | |
| {{anchor|Roum Man}}Roum Man
| Roum Woman | {{sort|−500|Iron Age}} | Male{{cite book |last=Gill-Robinson |first=Heather |date=2005 |title=The Iron Age Bog Bodies of the Archäologische Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf |page=298}} | 1942 | 200px |Only the severed head of the body was found. The young man was around 20 years old at the time he died. The find was originally titled as "Roum Woman" until traces of beard stubble were found on the face.{{cite journal |last=Munksgaard |first=Elizabeth |date=1984 |title=Bog bodies- a brief summary of inerpretations |journal=Journal of Danish Archaeology |volume=3 |page=121|doi=10.1080/0108464X.1984.10589917 }} The sheepskin that the head was wrapped in dates to the early Iron Age. | |
| Sigersdal Skeletons
| | Zealand | {{sort|−3650|3650–3140 BCE}} | 1949 | | These two people were around 16 and 19 when they died. One skull had a very large trauma wound on its left side.{{cite web |title=Pathologies of the bog bodies |publisher=Archaeology Magazine |url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/physical.html |access-date=25 March 2014}} | |
| Søgårds Mose Man (I)
| | Jutland | {{sort|−0356|356 BCE – 116 CE}} | Male | 1942 | | The body of a man found next to three sheepskin capes, calfskin shoes and a dog's skin cap.{{cite book |last=van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |date=1996 |title=Through nature to eternity: the bog bodies of northwest Europe |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Batavian Lion International |page=125,194 |isbn=90-6707-418-7}} | |
| Søgårds Man (II)
| | Jutland | {{sort| |
|
| 1944
|
| Only the arms and legs of the body were preserved.[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/clothing1.html Archaeology Magazine – Bodies of the Bogs – Clothing and Hair Styles]. Archaeology.org. Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
|-
| Sorø Skeletons
|
| Lolland
| {{sort|−3500|3500 BCE}}
| Male
| 1942
|
| The collective name for two skeletons with deformities and evidence of surgery.{{cite web |title=Pathologies of the Bog Bodies |publisher=Archaeology Magazine |url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/physical.html |access-date=27 March 2014}}
|-
| {{anchor|Stidsholt Woman}}Stidsholt Woman
| Stidsholtmose Woman
| Jutland
| {{sort||Undetermined}}
| Female
| 1859
| 200px
| The Stidsholt Woman is the severed head of a woman discovered in 1859. She was decapitated by a blow to the third and fourth vertebrae. Her hair is a dark red, which comes from the chemicals in peat bogs. Her hair had been tied into a knot, and fastened with a woven band, which was destroyed. Her head was never scientifically dated, and the rest of her body was never found. Her hair was 51 cm (20 inches) long. She is also known as the Stidsholt Fen Woman and the Stidsholtmose Woman.{{cite book|first=Peter Vilhelm|last=Glob|authorlink=Peter Glob|title=The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5e0tkA6gGT8C&pg=PA98|year=2004|publisher=New York Review Books|isbn=978-1-59017-090-8|page=98}} Her head is on display in the Copenhagen Museum in Denmark.[http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/museums.htm Mummytombs.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612085303/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/museums.htm |date=12 June 2011 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
|-
|
| {{sort|−0400|400 BCE}}
| Male
| 1950
|The Tollund Man has been noted for the excellent preservation of his facial features. The corpse was found in early May 1950 when a family had been harvesting peat from a bog, near the town of Silkeborg. With the body, a sheepskin cap and a belt were found, although no additional article of clothing was preserved, probably because they had decomposed. He also had a noose around his neck, indicating that he was hanged. Only his head remains original in his museum display due to lack of preservation knowledge at the time of discovery. It is believed that the Tollund Man was a ritual sacrifice victim.{{Cite web |url=http://www.tollundman.dk/liget.asp |title=The Tollund Man – The Naked Body |access-date=16 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213091824/http://www.tollundman.dk/liget.asp |archive-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}
The Elling Woman had been discovered twelve years earlier, hanged as well, 80 meters from his discovery site.
|-
| Valmose bodies
|
| Jutland
| {{sort|−0380|380 BCE}} and {{sort|-0225|225-230 BCE}}
| Female
| Unknown
|
|Two adult skeletons of women were found with fragments of pottery and two other incomplete human skeletons of undetermined genders. A vast amount of animal remains were also found, including horses and oxen.[https://su-se.academia.edu/AnneMonikander/Papers/108260/Borderland-stalkers_and_Stalking_Horses._Horse_Sacrifice_as_Liminal_Activity_in_the_Early_Iron_Age Borderland-stalkers and Stalking Horses. Horse Sacrifice as Liminal Activity in the Early Iron Age. (Anne Monikander) – Academia.edu]
|-
|Vester Thorsted Man
|
|{{sort|−0145|145 – 95 BCE}}
| Male
| 1913
|
| The man's body was discovered wearing a leather cloak, two feet below the surface of the bog.{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=S. Ry |last2=Geertinger |first2=Preben |title=Bog bodies Investigated in the Light of Forensic Medicine |journal=Journal of Danish Archaeology |year=1984 |volume=3 |page=115}}
|-
|Vittrup Man
|
|Vittrup
|{{sort|−0145|3100 - 3300 BCE}}
| Male
| 1915
|
| The man's right anklebone, lower left shinbone, jawbone and fragmented skull were found in the bog. Researchers estimate he was hit over the head at least eight times with a wooden club that was found with the skeletal fragments. He lived on the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula in a society of hunter-gatherers until he was 18 or 19, then lived in a community of farmers in Denmark until he was killed between the ages of 30 and 40.{{cite news |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |date=15 February 2024 |title='Vittrup Man' violently died in a bog 5,200 years ago. Now, researchers know his story |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/15/world/vittrup-man-bog-body-denmark-scn/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=17 February 2024}}
|}
= Germany =
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Other names ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Age (carbon-14 dating) ! scope="col" | Sex ! scope="col" | Year discovered ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image ! scope="col" | Description |
|---|
| Ahlintel Man
| | Undetermined | Male | 1794 | |
| {{anchor|Girl of the Bareler Moor}}Girl of the Bareler Moor
| | {{sort|0260|260–395 CE}} | Female | 1784 | 180px | Due to the over-sampling of the remains, only the skin of the right side of the chest has survived today (marked red on image). |
| Bentstreek leg
| Bentstreek foot | {{sort|0080|80–210 CE}} | Undetermined | 1955 | |The leg was thought to have been lying above ground for months before it was discovered.{{cite book|last=Van der Sanden|first=Wijnand|author-link = Wijnand van der Sanden|title=Through Nature to Eternity|year=1996|page=91}} |
| Bernuthsfeld Man {{anchor|Bernuthsfeld Man}}
| | {{sort|0600|680–775 CE}} | Male | 1907 | File:Bernuthsfeld Tunic front.jpg | Bernuthsfeld Man was discovered on 24 May 1907 when peat workers unearthed his skeleton and clothing. His heavily worn tunic was patched out of 45 single pieces of cloth, out of 20 different fabrics in 9 different weaving patterns.[http://www.landesmuseum-emden.de/17-0-22 Moorleiche]. Landesmuseum-emden.de. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. |
| Borsteler Moor body
| | Undetermined | Undetermined | 1921 | |
| {{anchor|Bremervörde Gnattenbergswiesen body}}Bremervörde Gnattenbergswiesen body
| | {{sort|634|634–689 CE}} | Presumed Female | 1934 | 200px | An incomplete early medieval bog skeleton. |
| Bunsoh Man {{anchor|Bunsoh Man|Bunsoh body}}
| Bunsoh body | {{sort|0560|560–620 CE}} | Male | 1890 |The corpse was discovered 100 cm below the surface of the bog on 17 May 1890 by peat workers. Along with a woolen textile (pictured), many birch branches were found over the body. After the body had been moved to storage, it had decomposed severely. It is unknown what the cause of death was, although it is thought by some that the type of textile was used as a garrote or for strangulation.{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Heinke |last2=Drews |first2=Erika |date=2006 |title=Die so genannte Halsschnur von Bunsoh |series=Experimentelle Archäologie in Europa Bilanz 2007 |edition=5 |publisher=Isensee Verlag |place=Oldenburg |pages=135–443 |isbn=978-3-89995-447-0 |url=http://www.museum-albersdorf.de/Arnold,%20Drews.pdf |access-date=4 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
| "Bog Dog" {{anchor|Bog Dog}}
| Bog dog from Burlage | {{sort|1477|1477–1611 CE}} | Male | 1953 | | The dog's fur remains well preserved, colored reddish after being in the bog for so long. The skeleton remains intact, despite parts of the skull that are missing. The dog was believed to have been from around juvenile to adult when he died.Rosendahl, Wilfried, Markus Bertling, and Heather Gill-Frerking. "The Bog Dog From Burlage." Mummies of the World. Ed. Alfried Wieczorek and Wilfried Rosendahl. First ed. 2009. 298-99. Print. |
| {{anchor|Damendorf I}}Damendorf I
| Damendorf Woman | Pre-Roman Iron Age | Presumed Female | 1884 | |
| Damendorf Man
| Damendorf II | {{sort |
| 0300|300 BCE}}
| Male | 1900 | 200px | Damendorf Man is currently on display at the Archäologisches Landesmuseum in Schleswig, Germany. The weight of the peat in the bog had flattened his body with only traces of bone left. Hair, skin, nails, and his few clothes were also preserved.[http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/damendorf.htm Damendorf Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721194519/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/damendorf.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. He was found with a leather belt, shoes, and a pair of breeches. |
| {{anchor|Damendorf Girl}} Damendorf Girl
| | {{sort |
| 0810|810 BCE}}
| Female | 1934 | | The body of an approximately 14-year-old girl was found along with some clothing.{{cite book |last=Van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |author-link=Wijnand van der Sanden |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity |page=104}} |
| Dätgen I
| | Iron Age | Undetermined | 1906 | | Only the clothing of the body has survived. Little is published about this find. |
| {{anchor|Dätgen Man}}Dätgen Man
| | {{sort |
| 0135|135–385 CE}}
| Male | 1959 |File:Dätgen Man.jpg |The Dätgen Man was found in 1959 near Dätgen, Germany. He had been stabbed, beaten, and decapitated. His severed head was found 3 metres (10 feet) from his body. He is not believed to have been sacrificed, but to have been killed and then mutilated, perhaps to prevent him from becoming a "wiedergänger", similar to a zombie.[http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/datgen.htm Datgen Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103002957/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/datgen.htm |date=3 January 2012 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. His severed head displayed a Suebian knot. |
| Esterweger Dose Child
| | {{sort|1164|1164 CE}} | Undetermined | 1939 | 180px | This completely skeletonized bog body of undetermined sex was either oversampled, lacked preservation or sustained damage during World War II. Surviving bones are marked red on image. |
| Getelo bodies
| | Undetermined | One male and two females | 1857 | |
| Hesel bodies
| | Undetermined | Female | 1914 | |
| Hogenseth Man
| | Undetermined | Male | 1920 | | The Hogenseth Man was around 40–60 years old when he died. Because the body was left uncovered over night, the remains had been destroyed by townsfolk. Because of this, no carbon-14 dating could have been done.Hajo Hayen: Die Moorleiche aus Hogenseth 1920. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland. 2, 1979, {{ISSN|0170-5776}}, S. 46–48. |
| Hunteburg Foot
| | {{sort|12150|1215–1300 CE}} | Undetermined | 1938 | | The Hunteburg foot was found with a long shafted boot. |
| Hunteburg Men (Hunteburg I + II)
| Grossenmoor Men | {{sort|0245|245–450 CE}} | Male | 1949 | | Two men were found buried in the same grave and wrapped in cloaks. Their bodies were lost during conservation. |
| Hunteburg III
| | {{sort |
| 0040|40 BCE – 70 CE}}
| Male | 1949 | | Little is published about this find. |
| Husbäke I
| | {{sort |
| 1000|1000–300 BCE}}
| Male | 1931 | | This specimen had deteriorated so severely that it was destroyed during the 1950s. |
| {{anchor|Husbäke Man}}Husbäke Man
| Husbake II near Edewecht | {{sort|0057|57–420 CE}} | Male | 1936 | 200px | The man was found in 1936, lying face down in a bog in Ammerland, Germany. He had eaten fish before his death (in the Roman period) according to analysis of his intestines. He was around 20 to 25 years old at the time of his death.[http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/husbake.htm Husbake Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612075626/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/husbake.htm |date=12 June 2011 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. His face was reconstructed to show what he may have looked like when he was alive.[http://www.research-projects.uzh.ch/p5316.htm Paleopathology, forensics and reconstruction of the bog bodies from Northern Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201085704/http://www.research-projects.uzh.ch/p5316.htm |date=1 February 2016 }}. Research-projects.uzh.ch. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. |
| Johann Spieker
| Jan Spieker | {{sort|1828|1828 CE}} | Male | 1978 | File:Jan Spiekers Jacket.jpg | The preserved body of Johann Spieker was found in the Goldenstedter moor. Spieker was a hawker who had disappeared in the bog. The body was later reburied at the scene.{{cite news |last=Vergano |first=Dan |date=16 January 2011 |title=Bog bodies baffle scientists |publisher=USA Today |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/columnist/vergano/2011-01-16-bog-bodies_N.htm |access-date=25 March 2014}} |
| {{anchor|Jührdenerfeld Man}}Jührdenerfeld Man
| Bockhornerfeld Man | {{sort |
| 0400|400 BCE-1 AD}}
| Male | 1934 | 200px | The body was discovered lying on its right side. Like the Windeby bodies, Dätgen man, and other bog bodies, some sticks were on top of him, probably to hold his body down. A piece of wool fabric and an animal skin cape were found on top of his body. He is currently on display at the Landesmuseum Natur und Mensch with the Husbäke man in Oldenburg, Germany.[http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/bockhornerfeld.htm Bockhornerfeld Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612085458/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/bockhornerfeld.htm |date=12 June 2011 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. |
| Kayhausen Boy
| | {{sort |
| 0300|300–400 BCE}}
| Male | 1922 | 200px | The boy is believed to have died between the ages of seven and ten years of age.[http://archaeology.about.com/od/kterms/g/kayhausen.htm Archaeology.about.com]. Archaeology.about.com (4 August 2010). Retrieved on 15 September 2011. The boy had been bound and stabbed several times, on his throat and arm.{{cite web |title=Violence in the Bogs |publisher=Archaeology.org |url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/violence2.html |access-date=15 September 2011}}Madea, Burkhard, Johanna Preuss, and Frank Musshoff. "From Flourishing Life to Dust-The Natural Cycle." Mummies of the World. Ed. Alfried Wieczorek and Wilfried Rosendahl. First ed. 2010. 28. Print The child had an infected socket at the top of his femur and would not have been able to walk without assistance.[https://web.archive.org/web/20220326061953/http://www.wac6.org/livesite/precirculated/2800_precirculated.pdf WAC6.org] The boy's body is preserved in a formalin solution and is not displayed. |
| {{anchor|Kreepen Man}}Kreepen Man
| {{sort|1440|1440–1625 CE}} | Male | 1903 | 200px | The body of a bearded man was found lying face down on 9 or 10 June 1903. No clothing was found on the body, although stones and twigs were nearby.{{cite book |last=van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity |publisher=Batavian Lion International |page=89}} The remains were destroyed during World War II, but were dated after a piece of his hair was found. |
| Landegge Man
| | Undetermined | Male | 1861 | |
| Marx-Sapelstein Woman
| | Undetermined | Female | 1861 | |
| Neu England Man
| | {{sort |
| 0140|140–320 CE}}
| Male | 1941 | File:Neu-England Man Klein.jpg | This man was believed to be from 40 to 50 years old when he died.[http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/neu.england.htm Neu England Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903083402/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/neu.england.htm |date=3 September 2011 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. |
| {{anchor|Neu Versen Man}}Neu Versen Man
| "Roter Franz" | {{sort |
| 0220|220–430 CE}}
| Male | 1900 | 200px | The Neu Versen Man, also known as Roter Franz (meaning Red Franz in English), was discovered in 1900 in the Bourtanger Moor on the border of Germany and the Netherlands. The body dates to 220–430 CE of the Roman Iron Age.{{citation|pages=471–491|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.09.012|title=Dating bog bodies by means of 14C-AMS|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=31|issue=4|year=2004|last1=Van Der Plicht|first1=J.|last2=Van Der Sanden|first2=W. A. B.|author-link2=Wijnand van der Sanden|last3=Aerts|first3=A. T.|last4=Streurman|first4=H. J.|bibcode=2004JArSc..31..471V |citeseerx=10.1.1.520.411}} The nickname of Red Franz derived from his red hair and beard. It was discovered that he was killed by having his throat slit, along with an arrow wound and a broken shoulder.[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/violence3.html "Violence in the Bogs "], Bodies of the Bogs, Archaeological Institute of America, 10 December 1997 |
| Obenaltendorf Man
| | {{sort |
| 0380|380 CE}}
| Male | 1895 | File:Obenaltendorf.jpg | Little remains of the body, but the clothing was preserved fairly well. Apart from clothing, a pair of silver burlocks were found.{{cite book |last=Van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |date=1996 |author-link=Wijnand van der Sanden |title=Through Nature to Eternity |page=94}} |
| Oberdorla Woman
| | Undetermined | Female | 1959–1964 | |
| Osterby Man
| | {{sort |
| 0070|70–220 CE}}[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/clothing2.html Archaeology Magazine – Bodies of the Bogs – Clothing and Hair Styles]. Archaeology.org. Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
| Male | 1948 | 200px | Osterby Man was discovered in a bog near Osterby, Germany, when two peat cutters were working. They unearthed the head two feet below the surface, wrapped in a roedeer skin cape. Scientists from the Archäologisches Landesmuseum Schleswig-Holstein estimated the man to have been around 50–60 years of age when he was killed. The man was decapitated; no other part of his body was ever found. His hair had probably been a light blond or gray color, but immersion in the bog had turned it red.{{cite web |title=Osterby Man |publisher=Mummytombs.com |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/osterby.htm |access-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217160210/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/osterby.htm |archive-date=17 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }} It is tied in the Suebian knot hairstyle, which the Roman historian Tacitus described as typical of free men of the Suebi tribe.[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog/iron-09.html PBS.org]. PBS.org. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. The head is mainly a skull, but there is still a small amount of skin on it.{{cite book |last=Deem |first=James M. |date=1998 |title=Bodies from the Bog |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-395-85784-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DppwAMTs5skC&pg=PT9|page=9}} The cause of the man's death was a blow to the left temple. A 2007 re-examination showed that the jawbone did not belong on the skull. |
| Pangerfilze Man
| | Bavaria | {{sort|1700|1700–1800 CE}} | Male | 1927 | | No remains of the body have survived. This is because the body had possibly been destroyed during WWII. Little is published about this find. |
| Peiting Woman
| "Rosalinde" | Bavaria | {{sort|1380|1380–1440 CE}} | Female | 1957 | | The corpse was found in a wooden coffin.{{Citation |last1=Haas-Gebhard |first1=Brigitte |last2=Püschel |first2=Klaus |date=2009 |title=Die Frau aus dem Moor – Teil 1 |via=Kommission für Bayerische Landesgeschichte |series=Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter |volume=74 |publisher=Beck |language=de |isbn=978-3-406-11079-5 |issn=0341-3918 |pages=239–268}} |
| Possendorf body
| | Undetermined | Undetermined | 1959 | |
| {{anchor|Rendswühren Man}}Rendswühren Man
| | {{sort|0050|50 CE}} | Male | 1871 | File:Rendswühren Mans Face.jpg | The Rendswühren Man was discovered in 1871, at the Heidmoor Fen, near Kiel in Germany. He was examined by autopsy, which at the time was the only way of examination.{{cite book |last=van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity |publisher=Batavian Lion International |pages=48,192}} Professor P.V. Glob wrote that Rendswühren Man was estimated to have been 40–50 years of age when he was battered to death, which left a triangular hole in his head. He was found naked, with a piece of leather on his left leg. A cape was found near him. After discovery, his corpse was smoked for preservation.{{cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |title=Landesmuseum at the Schloß Gottorf in Schleswig, Germany |publisher=Mummytombs.com |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/museums/germany.schleswig.landesmuseum.bog.htm |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927063830/http://www.mummytombs.com/museums/germany.schleswig.landesmuseum.bog.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }} His skull had deteriorated, which required reconstruction.Gill-Frerking, Heather. "Bog Bodies-Preserved form Peat." Mummies of the World. Ed. Alfried Wieczorek and Wilfried Rosendahl. 2010. 64-6. Print. Textile typologically the clothing found with the body has been dated into the Roman Iron Age of the 1st or 2nd century CE which has been confirmed by a carbon-14 dating of parts of the remains. |
| Rieper Moor body
| | Lower Saxony | {{sort|0253|253–348 CE}} | Undetermined | 1751 | | The bog body is no longer in existence; however, its clothing was successfully dated.{{cite book |last1=Hesse |first1=Stefan |last2=Grefen-Peters |first2=Silke |last3=Peek |first3=Christina |last4=Rech |first4=Jennifer |last5=Schliemann |first5=Ulrich |date=2010 |title=Die Moorleichen im Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme) Forschungsgeschichte und neue Untersuchungen |trans-title=The Bog Bodies in the District of Rotenburg (Wümme). Research History and New Investigations. |series=Archäologische Berichte des Landkreises Rotenburg (Wümme) |language=de |volume=16 |url=http://www.archaeologie-row.de/?page_id=505}} |
| Röst Girl
| | {{sort |
| 0200|200 BCE – 80 CE}}
| Female | 1926 | 200px | The young girl was around three years old when she died with the initial cause of death unknown. The corpse was destroyed during the Second World War, which left only the cloak to scientifically date.{{cite book |last=van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |author-link=Wijnand van der Sanden |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity |page=82}} |
| Rübke body
| | Undetermined | Undetermined | 1914 | |
| Schalkholz body
| | Undetermined | Undetermined | 1640 | |First recorded bog body discovery{{cite book |last=Van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |author-link=Wijnand van der Sanden |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity |page=193}} |
| Schwerinsdorf Man
| | Undetermined | Male | 1961 | |
| Sedelsberger boy
| Sedelsberger Dose Man | {{sort|1040|1040–1210 CE}} | Male | 1939 | | The Sedelsberger Dose boy had been completely skeletonized. Prior to reexamination, the body was thought to be a woman from the age of 20–40 years old, but was later found to be a male under the age of sixteen. |
| Spelle bodies
| | Undetermined | Two males, two females | 1921 | |
| Sudmentzhausen body
| | Undetermined | Undetermined | 1881 | |
| Girl of the Uchter Moor
| "Moora" | {{sort |
| 0764|764–515 BCE}}
| Female | 2000 | File:Skelett Moora Denkmalinstitut.jpg | The girl's preserved hand was discovered five years after her skeleton. Her skull was reconstructed from clay and digitally to show how she may have appeared in life. She was around 17–19 when she was deposited in the bog. Examination shows that she had been malnourished, had a curved spine, and had two skull fractures that had healed.{{cite web|date=24 January 2011 |title=Identify the remains of Iron Age woman |publisher=All Voices |url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/7980350-identify-the-remains-of-iron-age-woman |access-date=5 March 2012 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
| Uphuser Klümoor Woman I
| | Lower Saxony | {{sort |
| 27|27 BCE – 393 CE}}
| Presumed Female | 1759 | | The body wore a skirt and top holding bronze decorations, which were believed to be brooches, and without shoes. Her hair was plaited and a pot was found in her hand. In 1789, a similar find was discovered in the same bog. The Uphuser Klumoor Woman no longer remains.{{cite book |last=van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity |publisher=Batavian Lion International |pages=69,192}} |
| Uphuser Klümoor Woman II
| | Lower Saxony | Undetermined | Female | 1789 | |
| Windeby I
| Windeby Girl | {{sort|0041|41–118 CE}} | Male | 1952 | File:Windeby I upper-body.jpg | One of the best preserved German bog bodies. Studies by Professor Heather Gill-Robinson show that the body was male. His reconstructed head is currently on display.{{cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |title=Windeby I |url=http://mummytombs.com/bog/windeby.htm |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192059/http://mummytombs.com/bog/windeby.htm |archive-date=25 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }} |
| Windeby II {{anchor|Windeby II}}
| Windeby Man | {{sort |
| 0380|380–185 BCE}}
| Male | 1952 | | Found soon after Windeby I. The bones were decalcified and the clothes he may have worn had dissolved from being in the peat for so long. He had been strangled with a hazel rod which was wrapped around his neck.{{cite web |date=16 February 2007 |title=Bog bodies from Germany and Poland |publisher=denblauwenswaen.nl |url=http://www.denblauwenswaen.nl/public/sites/english/history/bogbodies/bogbodies_germany_and_poland.htm |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313031832/http://www.denblauwenswaen.nl/public/sites/english/history/bogbodies/bogbodies_germany_and_poland.htm |archive-date=13 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} |
= Ireland=
= Netherlands =
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Other names ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Age (carbon-14 dating) ! scope="col" | Sex ! scope="col" | Year discovered ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image ! scope="col" | Description |
|---|
| {{anchor|Aschbroeken Man}}Aschbroeken Man
| | Drenthe | {{sort |
| 0900|900 BCE}}
| Male | 1931 | 200px | The Aschbroeken Man's skull was lost soon after being unearthed. The remains consist of a skeleton, with an arm which healed abnormally. This may be the reason for his death, some other bog bodies from the Netherlands appear to have been killed for physical deformities.{{cite web |url=http://www.denblauwenswaen.nl/public/sites/english/history/bogbodies/bogbodies_netherlands.htm |title=Bogbodies of the Netherlands |publisher=denblauwenswaen.nl |date=29 June 1904 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005105413/http://www.denblauwenswaen.nl/public/sites/english/history/bogbodies/bogbodies_netherlands.htm |archive-date=5 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }} |
| {{anchor|Emmer-Erfscheidenveen Man}}Emmer-Erfscheidenveen Man
| | Drenthe | {{sort |
| 1200|1200 BCE}}
| Male | 1938 | 200px | The Emmer-Erfscheidenveen Man was a bog body recovered in Drenthe, Netherlands in 1938. The remains of the body itself were dated to approximately 1200 BCE, and were poorly preserved,D. Sivrev, et al, [http://google.com/scholar?q=cache:VkSJiQQ_v8wJ:scholar.google.com/+Emmer-Erfscheidenveen&hl=en&as_sdt=2000 Modern Day Plastination Techniques – Successor of Ancient Embalming Methods]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Trakia Journal of Sciences, 2005, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp 48–51 although the body remains famous for the extent of preserved clothing which included a wool cap, deer skin shoes, a cow hide cape, and woolen undergarments.[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/clothing1.html "Clothing and Hair Styles of the Bog People "], "Bodies of the Bogs, Archaeological Institute of America, 10 December 1997[http://www.mummytombs.com/museums/nl.assen.drents.emmer.htm Featured Netherlands Mummy Museums: Drents Museum in Assen: Emmer-Erscheidenveen Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612082341/http://www.mummytombs.com/museums/nl.assen.drents.emmer.htm |date=12 June 2011 }}. Mummytombs.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. |
| {{Anchor|Exloërmond Man}}Exloërmond Man
| | Drenthe | {{sort |
| 0365|365–150 BCE}}
| Male | 1914 | 200px | The naked body of the Exloërmond Man was discovered on 15 May 1914 under 58 cm (1.9 feet) of the peat. There were no items found near the body at the location of discovery. Most of the right arm and left foot did not survive the 2000-some years in the bog. The front of the remains were not as well preserved as the back, which caused it to be hard to tell which sex the corpse was. After examination, remains of beard stubble was found on his face, which showed the body to be male. The reason and cause of his death are unknown.Van Vilsteren, Vincent T. "Bodies Buried in Bogs-The Drents Museum in Assen, the Netherlands." Mummies of the World. Ed. Alfried Wieczorek and Wilfried Rosendahl. 2010. 300-01. Print. |
| {{Anchor|Kibbelgaarn body}}Kibbelgaarn body
| | Drenthe | – | Male | 1791 | | The body was discovered in the Bourtanger Moor, as well as the Neu-Versen Man and the Weerdinge Men. The skeletal remains were ground and used for mummia, which was a substance used for medicine in earlier times. No remains have survived today. |
| Weerdinge Men
| Nieuw-Weerdinge Men, "Weerdinge Couple" | Drenthe | {{sort |
| 0160|160 BCE – 220 CE}}
| Male | 1904 | 200px | Two naked bog bodies were unearthed in the Bourtanger Moor. One of the two men is known to have had a large wound on his abdomen, with his intestines exposed. The two corpses were known as Weerdinge Couple and "Mr. & Mrs. Veenstra", because they were originally thought to be a man and a woman.{{cite web|last=Deem |first=James |title=Weerdinge Men |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/weerdinge.htm |access-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402125838/http://www.mummytombs.com/bog/weerdinge.htm |archive-date=2 April 2010 }} |
| Wijster bodies
| "Wijster Four" | Drenthe | {{sort|1435|1435–1625 CE}} | Male | 1901 | | Four males were found. Examination showed that all four men had died before reaching the age of 25, one of whom was around 16 years old. They were found with clothing and other artifacts, such as coins. Only a partial skull fragment and one hand remain out of all four people. |
| Yde Girl
| | Drenthe | {{sort |
| 0054|54 BCE – 128 CE}}
| Female | 1897 | 200px | The girl was around 16 years old when she died. She is famous for being only 140 cm (4 feet 7 inches) tall when she was alive as well as having a curvature in her spine, which was caused by scoliosis. Her face was reconstructed in 1992 by forensic facial reconstruction artist Richard Neave.{{cite web |last1=Neave |first1=Richard |last2=Smith |first2=Denise |title=The Yde Girl |url=http://www.rn-ds-partnership.com/Reconstruction/yde.html |publisher=RN-DS Partnership |access-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210182709/http://www.rn-ds-partnership.com/Reconstruction/yde.html |archive-date=10 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }} |
| {{anchor|Zweeloo Woman}}Zweeloo Woman
| | Drenthe | {{sort|0500|500 CE}} | Female | 1951 | 200px | The body consists of the bones, internal organs and skin.[http://www.jamesmdeem.com/books.bogbodies.contents.htm List of Contents: Bodies from the Bog by James M. Deem] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713084117/http://www.jamesmdeem.com/books.bogbodies.contents.htm |date=13 July 2011 }}. Jamesmdeem.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. The woman had been placed into a large pit in the bog. She had lived with dyschondrosteosis, causing short forearms and legs. Other signs of sickness found were round worms and whipworm, although the cause of death is unknown. It is thought that she was around 35 years old when she died.{{cite book |last1=Wieczorek |first1=Alfried |last2=Rosendahl |first2=Wilfried |title=Mummies of the World |editor-last=Gill-Frerking |editor-first=Heather |publisher=Prestel Publishing Ltd. |location=New York, NY United States |year=2010 |pages=301, 302 |isbn=978-3-7913-5030-1}} |
= Poland =
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Age (carbon-14 dating) ! scope="col" | Sex ! scope="col" | Year discovered ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image ! scope="col" | Description |
|---|
| Dąbrówka body
| Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship | Undetermined | Undetermined | 1936 | | |
| {{Interlanguage link|Dröbnitz Girl|de|3=Mädchen von Dröbnitz}}
| Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship | {{sort |
| 0650|650 BCE}}
| Female | 1939 | 200px | Examination of the intestines and stomach contents showed that before her death the girl had eaten foods such as gruel and several types of vegetables. Further pollen analysis indicated that she had died during the spring months. A cloak and wooden comb were found with the body. Her body, as well as her grave goods, no longer remain due to their destruction during World War II.{{cite book |last=Van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |author-link=Wijnand van der Sanden |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity: The Bog Bodies of Northwest Europe |publisher=Batavian Lion International |isbn=978-90-6707-418-6 |page=111}} |
| Karwinden Man
| Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship | Undetermined | Male | 1943 | |
= Sweden =
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Other names ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Age (carbon-14 dating) ! scope="col" | Sex ! scope="col" | Year discovered ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image ! scope="col" | Description |
|---|
| Bocksten Man
| Bockstensmannen | {{sort|1200|1290–1430 CE}} | Male | 1936 | Bocksten Man was violently beaten to death{{cite web |last1=Larsson |first1=Micke |last2=Olander |first2=Karin |title=Bockstensmannen blev mördad |date=23 January 2006 |language=sv |url=http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/bockstensmannen-blev-mordad |access-date=1 April 2012}} at the approximate age of 25–60 years. The corpse is famous for having one of the most complete surviving set of garments from the 14th century. A theory suggests that the identity of the Bocksten Man have been the dean of the Diocese of Linköping.{{cite web|title=Wem Var Bockstenmannen? |url=http://www.svtplay.se/klipp/100360/vem-var-bockstensmannen |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140325164837/http://www.svtplay.se/klipp/100360/vem-var-bockstensmannen |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=25 March 2014 }} |
| Luttra Woman
|"Hallonflickan" | {{sort |
| 3105|3105–2935 BCE}}
| Female | 1943 | File:Hallonflickan - Falbygdens museum (rotated).jpg | Because there were very many raspberry seeds found around the stomach area, the body was dubbed "Hallonflickan" (meaning "Raspberry Girl" in English). She was 20–25 years old when she had died. The cause of her death remains a mystery; however, a flint arrowhead was found near to where the body was discovered three years before. She was probably buried in open water, due to the evidence of aquatic snails. The soft tissues of the body had not survived, resulting in skeletonization.{{cite book |last1=Gejvall |first1=N. G. |last2=Hjortsjö |first2=C. H. |last3=Sahlström |first3=K. E. |title=Stenålderskvinnan från Luttra i svensk antropologisk belysning |language=sv |page=417}}{{cite book |last1=Ahlström |first1=Torbjörn |last2=Sten |first2=Sabine |title=Hallonflickan |language=sv |publisher=Curry Heimann |pages=22–25}} |
= Great Britain =
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Other names ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Age (carbon-14 dating) ! scope="col" | Sex ! scope="col" | Year discovered ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image ! scope="col" | Description |
|---|
| Amcotts Moor Woman
| | {{sort |
| 0200|200–400 CE}}
| Female | 1747 | | The Amcotts Moor Woman was discovered when the discoverer had dug six feet into the bog, his shovel struck a shoe. The man began to uncover a human foot, and he fled the scene. The body was later completely uncovered by George Stovin, who was a doctor, and his assistants.{{cite web |last=Waller |first=Symeon |title=Bog Body in Doncaster |publisher=Doncaster History |url=http://doncasterhistory.co.uk/historical-interest/bog-body-in-doncaster/ |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708022546/http://doncasterhistory.co.uk/historical-interest/bog-body-in-doncaster/ |archive-date=8 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }} Most of the foot had gone through skeletonization; however, the heel had been preserved. Some skin of the lower body and arms were unearthed, along with hair and fingernails. Today, only her left shoe has survived.Turner, R.C., and M Rhodes. "A bog body and its shoes from Amcotts Lincolnshiere." Antiquaries Journal 72 (1992): 1–3. Web. 11 October 2011.[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog/iron-nf.html NOVA | The Perfect Corpse | Bog Bodies of the Iron Age (non-Flash)]. PBS. Retrieved on 15 September 2011. |
| Grewelthorphe remains
| | Yorkshire, England | Undetermined | Undetermined | 1850 | | This bog body was described to have been wearing brightly coloured clothing when it was unearthed. The body was then taken to a church graveyard and was buried. However, fragments of the shoes had been removed from the corpse by a police man and are all that remain of the body. |
| Gunnister Man
| | Gunnister, Scotland | {{sort|1700|18th century}} | Male | 1951 | | This bog body was found accompanied by a complete set of garments, containing the earliest examples of knitted fabric in Shetland. The remains are held at National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.{{cite journal |last1=Henshall |first1=Audrey S. |last2=Maxwell |first2=Stuart |date=1951–1952 |title=Clothing and Other Articles from a Late 17th-century grave at Gunnister, Shetland |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=86 |pages=30–42 |doi=10.9750/PSAS.086.30.42 |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_086/86_030_042.pdf }} |
| Lindow Woman
| Lindow I | Cheshire, England | {{sort |
| 0250|250 CE}}
| Female | 1983 | | The skull fragment was originally thought to be the deceased wife of Peter Reyn-Bardt, who confessed to her murder after the discovery. But after the skull was dated, it was proven to be much older than Mrs. Reyn-Bardt. Peter Reyn-Bardt was convicted for his wife's murder anyway.{{cite news |date=14 December 1983 |title=Ancient Skull Leads Man to Confess to Wife's Murder |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=892&dat=19831214&id=maRaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4415,2987263&hl=en |accessdate=18 August 2015 |work=The Courier }}{{cite web |last1=Sammut |first1=Dave |last2=Craig |first2=Chantelle |date=July 23, 2019 |title=Bodies in the Bog: The Lindow Mysteries |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/bodies-in-the-bog-the-lindow-mysteries |accessdate=August 28, 2019 |website=Distillations |publisher=Science History Institute}} |
| Lindow Man
| Lindow II "Pete Marsh" | Cheshire, England | {{sort |
| 0002|2 BCE-119 CE}}
| Male | 1984 | 200px | Examination revealed that the man was in his mid twenties. His official name is Lindow II, though he was nicknamed "Pete Marsh" by journalists. The man's injuries were a blunt force trauma wound to the head which left a small hole, a stab wound to the chest as well as a possible stab to his neck. There was also a cord found around his neck, thought to be a garrote or a necklace.{{citation |last=Joy |first=Jody |title=Lindow Man |year=2009 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-2817-7 |page=39}} The skull was reconstructed by Richard Neave, who is also known for his work on Yde Girl. A theory states that the partial remains of Lindow IV found in 1988 are part of Lindow Man.{{citation |last=Turner |first=Rick C. |contribution=Discoveries and Excavations at Lindow Moss 1983–8 |title=Bog Bodies: New Discoveries and New Perspectives |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1995 |pages=10–18 |isbn=0-7141-2305-6}}{{rp|18}} |
| Lindow III
| | Cheshire, England | Early Iron Age | Male | 1987 | | The body was severed into over seventy pieces by the turf cutting machine.{{Harvnb|Turner|1995|pp=13–14}} The tissue, however, was in good condition. |
| Prestatyn Child
| | {{sort|0090|90 CE}} | Undetermined | 1984 | | The corpse was believed to be that of an infant. Little is published about this find.{{cite book |last=Van der Sanden |first=Wijnand |author-link=Wijnand van der Sanden |date=1996 |title=Through Nature to Eternity |page=100}} |
| Worsley Man
| | Manchester, England | {{sort|0251|131-251 CE}} | Male | 1958 | | The Worsley man had been garroted and beheaded. He was around 26–45 years of age when he was killed, most likely by ritual sacrifice. The garrote was found still around the man's neck.{{Cite book |last=Giles |first=Melanie |author-link=Melanie Giles |title=Bog bodies: Face to face with the past |publisher=Manchester University Press |place=Manchester |year=2020 |pages=217–248 |isbn=978-1-5261-5018-9 |url=https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526150196/9781526150196.xml}} |
| Cladh Hallan Skeletons
| | {{sort |
| 1600|1600–1120 BCE}}[http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan "The Prehistoric Village at Cladh Hallan"]. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 Feb 2008.
| Males and Females | 1988–2002 | 200px | Remains of several prehistoric human skeletons are described in {{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=Michael Parker |author-link1=Michael Parker Pearson |last2=Sharples |first2=Niall M. |last3=Symonds |first3=James |title=South Uist: Archaeology and History of a Hebridean Island |publisher=Tempus |date=2004 |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7524-2905-2}} The image shows a diagram of a skeleton containing the bones of three different people. Some of the skeletons were compiled of six different people.{{cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Rachel |title='Frankenstein' Bog Mummies Discovered in Scotland |work=National Geographic |date=2012-07-06 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120706-bog-mummies-body-parts-frankenstein-ancient-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709041428/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120706-bog-mummies-body-parts-frankenstein-ancient-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=2012-07-09}} |
= Other locations =
See also
- Egtved Girl, a barrow body in a coffin preserved by a bog
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Bog bodies}}
- [http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/ Archaeology Magazine- Bodies of the bog]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120106220130/http://www.mummytombs.com/main.bog.htm Mummytombs.com – Bog bodies]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110917083915/http://cio.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/root/2004/JArchaeolScivdPlicht/2004JArchaeolScivdPlicht.pdf Journal of Archaeological Science – Dating bog bodies by means of 14C-AMS]
{{Bog body|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bog Bodies, List Of}}