List of causes of death by rate

Age standardized death rate, per 100,000, by cause, in 2017, and percentage change 2007–2017.GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". The Lancet. November 8, 2018; 392:1736–88. {{doi|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7}}. Table 1.

This first table gives a convenient overview of the general categories and broad causes. The leading cause is cardiovascular disease at 31.59% of all deaths.

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File:Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and GBD super-region, 2019.jpg (B), by bacterial pathogen (of 33) and GBD super-region, 2019{{cite journal | title = Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 400 | issue = 10369 | pages = 2221–2248 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36423648 | pmc = 9763654 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7 | doi-access = free | vauthors = Ikuta KS, Swetschinski LR, Robles Aguilar G, Sharara F, Mestrovic T, Gray AP, Davis Weaver N, Wool EE, Han C, Gershberg Hayoon A, Aali A, Abate SM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abd-Elsalam S, Abebe G, Abedi A, Abhari AP, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Absalan A, Abubaker Ali H, Acuna JM, Adane TD, Addo IY, Adegboye OA, Adnan M, Adnani QE, Afzal MS, Afzal S | display-authors = 6 }}]]

Top causes of death, according to the World Health Organization report for the calendar year 2001:{{cite web|url=http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php |title=Cause of Death |date=February 18, 2004 |website=UC Atlas of Global Inequality |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618212442/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=2014-06-09 |url-status=dead }}

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This table gives a more detailed and specific breakdown of the causes for the year 2017. Figures have a margin of error of about 5% on average.

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{{Excerpt|Years of potential life lost|By main cause of death in the United States of America}}

Causes of death can be structured into immediate causes of death or primary causes of death, conditions leading to cause of death, underlying causes, and further relevant conditions that may have contributed to fatal outcome.{{cite journal | vauthors = Elezkurtaj S, Greuel S, Ihlow J, Michaelis EG, Bischoff P, Kunze CA, Sinn BV, Gerhold M, Hauptmann K, Ingold-Heppner B, Miller F, Herbst H, Corman VM, Martin H, Radbruch H, Heppner FL, Horst D | display-authors = 6 | title = Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 4263 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33608563 | pmc = 7895917 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..11.4263E }}

According to the WHO, underlying causes are "the disease[s] or injury[ies] which initiated the train[s] of morbid events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury".{{cite web |title=Cause of death |url=https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases/cause-of-death |website=www.who.int |access-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en}}

Malnutrition can be identified as an underlying cause for shortened life.{{cite web|url=http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131181721/http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-01-31 |title=Mortality In Second And Third Degree Malnutrition |publisher=Tropej.oxfordjournals.org |date=June 3, 2014 |access-date=2014-06-09}} 70% of childhood deaths (age 0–4) are reportedly due to diarrheal illness, acute respiratory infection, malaria and immunizable disease. However 56% of these childhood deaths can be attributed to the effects of malnutrition as an underlying cause.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA, Schroeder DG, Habicht JP | title = The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 73 | issue = 4 | pages = 443–448 | date = January 24, 2014 | pmid = 7554015 | pmc = 2486780 }}

The effects of malnutrition include increased susceptibility to infection,{{cite journal | vauthors = Faulk WP, Demaeyer EM, Davies AJ | title = Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 27 | issue = 6 | pages = 638–646 | date = June 1974 | pmid = 4208451 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/27.6.638 | publisher = Ajcn.nutrition.org }} musculature wasting, skeletal deformities and neurologic development delays.{{cite journal | vauthors = Grover Z, Ee LC | title = Protein energy malnutrition | journal = Pediatric Clinics of North America | volume = 56 | issue = 5 | pages = 1055–1068 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19931063 | doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001 | publisher = Pediatric.theclinics.com }} According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is named as the biggest contributor to child mortality{{cite news|author1=Stay informed today |author2=every day |url=http://www.economist.com/node/10566634 |title=Malnutrition: The starvelings |newspaper=The Economist |date=January 24, 2008 |access-date=2014-06-09}} with 36 million deaths in 2005 related to malnutrition.{{cite book | vauthors = Ziegler J | title=L'Empire de la honte | publisher=Librairie générale française | publication-place=Paris | year=2007 | isbn=978-2-253-12115-2 | oclc=470722796 | language=fr}}

Beyond undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, malnutrition also includes obesity,{{cite web |title=Fact sheets - Malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition |website=www.who.int |access-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en}} which predisposes towards several chronic diseases, including 13 different types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Goossens GH | title = The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function | journal = Obesity Facts | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–215 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28564650 | pmc = 5644968 | doi = 10.1159/000471488 | s2cid = 4306910 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Mantzoros CS, Dalamaga M | title = Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives | journal = Metabolism | volume = 92 | pages = 121–135 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30445141 | doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001 | s2cid = 53568407 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedenreich CM, Ryder-Burbidge C, McNeil J | title = Physical activity, obesity and sedentary behavior in cancer etiology: epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms | journal = Molecular Oncology | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 790–800 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 32741068 | pmc = 7931121 | doi = 10.1002/1878-0261.12772 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim DS, Scherer PE | title = Obesity, Diabetes, and Increased Cancer Progression | language = English | journal = Diabetes & Metabolism Journal | volume = 45 | issue = 6 | pages = 799–812 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34847640 | pmc = 8640143 | doi = 10.4093/dmj.2021.0077 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Jayedi A, Soltani S, Zargar MS, Khan TA, Shab-Bidar S | title = Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies | journal = BMJ | volume = 370 | pages = m3324 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32967840 | pmc = 7509947 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m3324 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, Lear SA, Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Sanders P, St-Onge MP | display-authors = 6 | title = Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association | journal = Circulation | volume = 143 | issue = 21 | pages = e984–e1010 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33882682 | pmc = 8493650 | doi = 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973 | s2cid = 233349410 }} According to the WHO, being "chronically overweight and obesity are among the leading causes of death and disability in Europe", with estimates suggesting they cause more than 1.2 million deaths annually, corresponding to over 13% of total mortality in the region.{{cite news |title=WHO warns of worsening obesity 'epidemic' in Europe |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117402 |access-date=July 6, 2022 |work=UN News |date=May 3, 2022 |language=en}} Various types of health policy could counter the trend and reduce obesity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Agha M, Agha R | title = The rising prevalence of obesity: part B-public health policy solutions | journal = International Journal of Surgery. Oncology | volume = 2 | issue = 7 | pages = e19 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 29177229 | pmc = 5673155 | doi = 10.1097/ij9.0000000000000019 }}

Diets, not just in terms of obesity but also of food composition, can have a major impact on underlying factors {{see below|also #Aging below}}, with reviews suggesting i.a. that a 20-years old male in Europe who switches to the "optimal diet" could gain a mean of ~13.7 years of life and a 60-years old female in the U.S. switching to the "optimal diet" could gain a mean of ~8.0 years of life. It found the largest gains would be made by eating more legumes, whole grains, and nuts, and less red meat and processed meat. It also contains no consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (moving from "typical Western diet" of 500 g/day to 0 g/day).{{cite journal | vauthors = Fadnes LT, Økland JM, Haaland ØA, Johansson KA | title = Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = e1003889 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35134067 | pmc = 8824353 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889 | s2cid = 246676734 | doi-access = free }} Lay summary: {{cite news |title=Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-02-diet-decade-life.html |access-date=March 16, 2022 |work=Public Library of Science |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Longo VD, Anderson RM | title = Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 185 | issue = 9 | pages = 1455–1470 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35487190 | pmc = 9089818 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002 }}

A review concluded that pollution was responsible for 9 million premature deaths in 2019 (one in six deaths, ¾ from air pollution). It concluded that little real progress against pollution can be identified.{{cite news | vauthors = Dickie G |title=Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/pollution-killing-9-million-people-year-africa-hardest-hit-study-2022-05-17/ |access-date=June 23, 2022 |work=Reuters |date=May 18, 2022 |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuller R, Landrigan PJ, Balakrishnan K, Bathan G, Bose-O'Reilly S, Brauer M, Caravanos J, Chiles T, Cohen A, Corra L, Cropper M, Ferraro G, Hanna J, Hanrahan D, Hu H, Hunter D, Janata G, Kupka R, Lanphear B, Lichtveld M, Martin K, Mustapha A, Sanchez-Triana E, Sandilya K, Schaefli L, Shaw J, Seddon J, Suk W, Téllez-Rojo MM, Yan C | display-authors = 6 | title = Pollution and health: a progress update | journal = The Lancet. Planetary Health | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = e535–e547 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 35594895 | doi = 10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 | s2cid = 248905224 | doi-access = free }}

Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of around ca. 7 million people worldwide each year, and is the world's largest single environmental health risk, according to the WHO (2012) and the IEA (2016).{{cite web | url =https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015904/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/| url-status =dead| archive-date =March 26, 2014| title =7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |publisher =WHO|date=March 25, 2014| access-date =March 25, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|title=Energy and Air Pollution|website=Iea.org|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011100229/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|archive-date=October 11, 2019}}{{cite news |title=Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html |date=June 26, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 27, 2016 }}

The IEA notes that many of root causes and cures can be found in the energy industry and suggests solutions such as retiring polluting coal-fired power plants and to establishing stricter standards for motor vehicles. In September 2020 the European Environment Agency reported that environmental factors such as air pollution and heatwaves contributed to around 13% of all human deaths in EU countries in 2012 (~630,000).{{cite news | vauthors = Abnett K |title=One in eight deaths in Europe linked to pollution, environment, EU says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-health-environment/one-in-eight-deaths-in-europe-linked-to-pollution-environment-eu-says-idUSKBN25Z1L8 |access-date=October 9, 2020 |work=Reuters |date=September 8, 2020 |language=en}} A 2021 study using a high spatial resolution model and an updated concentration-response function finds that 10.2 million global excess deaths in 2012 and 8.7 million in 2018 – or {{tooltip|2=A review of this and a more nuanced assessment of mortality impacts in terms of contribution to death, rather than number of deceased, may be needed|a fifth}}{{dubious|date=March 2021|reason=A review of this and a more nuanced assessment of mortality impacts in terms of contribution to death, rather than number of deceased, may be needed}} – were due to air pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion, significantly higher than earlier estimates and with spatially subdivided mortality impacts.{{cite news | vauthors = Green M |title=Fossil fuel pollution causes one in five premature deaths globally: study |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-pollution-fossil-idUSKBN2A90UB |access-date=March 5, 2021 |work=Reuters |date=February 9, 2021 |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ | title = Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem | journal = Environmental Research | volume = 195 | pages = 110754 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33577774 | doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754 | s2cid = 231909881 | bibcode = 2021EnvRe.19510754V | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10119672/ }}

A 2020 study indicates that the global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE) from air pollution in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence, albeit a significant fraction of the LLE is considered to be unavoidable.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, Fnais M, Haines A, Münzel T | title = Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective | journal = Cardiovascular Research | volume = 116 | issue = 11 | pages = 1910–1917 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32123898 | pmc = 7449554 | doi = 10.1093/cvr/cvaa025 }}

According to the WHO, worldwide, about 0.5 million deaths are attributable to uses of drugs, with more than 70% of these being related to opioids, with overdose being the direct cause of more than 30% of those deaths.{{cite web |title=Opioid overdose |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose |website=www.who.int |access-date=July 10, 2022 |language=en}}

Various uses of various opioids accounts for many deaths worldwide, termed opioid epidemic. Nearly 75% of the 91,799 drug overdose deaths in 2020 in the United States involved an opioid.{{cite web |title=Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=July 10, 2022 |language=en-us |date=June 1, 2022}}

Not all nervous system drugs are associated with risks for contributing to deaths as an underlying factor or for uses that are. In some cases, potentially harmful or harmful drugs can be substituted or weaned off with the help of pharmacological alternatives – such as potentially NAC and modafinil in the case of cocaine dependence{{cite journal | vauthors = Karila L, Reynaud M, Aubin HJ, Rolland B, Guardia D, Cottencin O, Benyamina A | title = Pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence: is there something new? | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design | volume = 17 | issue = 14 | pages = 1359–1368 | date = May 1, 2011 | pmid = 21524259 | doi = 10.2174/138161211796150873 }} – whose uses are not considered to be underlying causes of deaths. In some cases, they – including caffeine – can help improve general health such as, directly and indirectly, physical fitness and mental health either in general or in specific ranges of informed administrations.

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. It is an underlying cause of many cancers, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and respiratory diseases.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lariscy JT | title = Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach | journal = SSM – Population Health | volume = 7 | pages = 100349 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30723766 | pmc = 6351587 | doi = 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100349 }}

Smoking usually refers to smoking of tobacco products. E-cigarettes also pose large risks to health.{{cite web |title=Tobacco: E-cigarettes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tobacco-e-cigarettes |website=www.who.int |access-date=July 10, 2022 |language=en}} The health impacts of tobacco-alternative products such as various herbs and the use of charcoal filters{{cite journal | vauthors = Coggins CR, Gaworski CL | title = Could charcoal filtration of cigarette smoke reduce smoking-induced disease? A review of the literature | journal = Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 359–365 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18289753 | doi = 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.001 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Scherer G, Urban M, Engl J, Hagedorn HW, Riedel K | title = Influence of smoking charcoal filter tipped cigarettes on various biomarkers of exposure | journal = Inhalation Toxicology | volume = 18 | issue = 10 | pages = 821–829 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16774872 | doi = 10.1080/08958370600747945 | bibcode = 2006InhTx..18..821S | s2cid = 46337946 }} are often investigated less, with existing research suggesting only limited benefits over tobacco smoking. Some smokers may benefit from switching to a vaporizer as a harm reduction measure if they do not quit, which however also only has little robust evidence.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gartner CE | title = Mull it over: cannabis vaporizers and harm reduction | journal = Addiction | volume = 110 | issue = 11 | pages = 1709–1710 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26471154 | doi = 10.1111/add.13139 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Russell C, Rueda S, Room R, Tyndall M, Fischer B | title = Routes of administration for cannabis use - basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis | journal = The International Journal on Drug Policy | volume = 52 | pages = 87–96 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29277082 | doi = 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Solowij N | title = Peering Through the Haze of Smoked vs Vaporized Cannabis-To Vape or Not to Vape? | journal = JAMA Network Open | volume = 1 | issue = 7 | pages = e184838 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30646385 | doi = 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838 | s2cid = 58539866 | doi-access = free }} Frequency of use is a major factor in the level of risks or permanence and extent of health impacts.

A review found smoking and second-hand smoke to be a global underlying cause of death as large as pollution, which in that analysis was the largest major underlying factor.

Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALY in 2016. A review found that the "risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero".{{cite journal | title = Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 392 | issue = 10152 | pages = 1015–1035 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30146330 | pmc = 6148333 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 | vauthors = Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Arian N, Zimsen SR, Tymeson HD, Venkateswaran V, Tapp AD, Forouzanfar MH, Salama JS, Abate KH, Abate D, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abdulkader RS, Abebe Z, Aboyans V, Abrar MM, Acharya P, Adetokunboh OO, Adhikari TB, Adsuar JC, Afarideh M, Agardh EE, Agarwal G, Aghayan SA, Agrawal S, Ahmed MB, Akibu M, Akinyemiju T | display-authors = 6 }}

A study found that 9.4% of global deaths between 2000 and 2019 – ~5 million annually – can be attributed to extreme temperature with cold-related ones making up the larger share and decreasing and heat-related ones making up ~0.91% and increasing. Incidences of heart attacks, cardiac arrests and strokes increase under such conditions.{{cite news |title=Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/extreme-temperatures-kill-5-million-people-a-year-with-heat-related-deaths-rising-study-finds |access-date=August 14, 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=July 7, 2021 |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao Q, Guo Y, Ye T, Gasparrini A, Tong S, Overcenco A, Urban A, Schneider A, Entezari A, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Zanobetti A, Analitis A, Zeka A, Tobias A, Nunes B, Alahmad B, Armstrong B, Forsberg B, Pan SC, Íñiguez C, Ameling C, De la Cruz Valencia C, Åström C, Houthuijs D, Dung DV, Royé D, Indermitte E, Lavigne E, Mayvaneh F, Acquaotta F, de'Donato F, Di Ruscio F, Sera F, Carrasco-Escobar G, Kan H, Orru H, Kim H, Holobaca IH, Kyselý J, Madureira J, Schwartz J, Jaakkola JJ, Katsouyanni K, Hurtado Diaz M, Ragettli MS, Hashizume M, Pascal M, de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coélho M, Valdés Ortega N, Ryti N, Scovronick N, Michelozzi P, Matus Correa P, Goodman P, Nascimento Saldiva PH, Abrutzky R, Osorio S, Rao S, Fratianni S, Dang TN, Colistro V, Huber V, Lee W, Seposo X, Honda Y, Guo YL, Bell ML, Li S | display-authors = 6 | title = Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study | language = English | journal = The Lancet. Planetary Health | volume = 5 | issue = 7 | pages = e415–e425 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34245712 | doi = 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4 | s2cid = 235791583 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2158/1285803 | hdl-access = free }}

In a global assessment, scientists reported, based on medical records, that antibiotic resistance may have contributed to ~4.95 million (3.62–6.57) deaths in 2019, with 1.3 million directly attributed – the latter being more than deaths than from e.g. AIDS or Malaria,{{cite news |title=Antibiotic resistance killed more people than malaria or AIDS in 2019 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2305266-antibiotic-resistance-killed-more-people-than-malaria-or-aids-in-2019/ |access-date=February 12, 2022 |work=New Scientist}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Murray CJ, etal | collaboration = Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators | title = Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 399 | issue = 10325 | pages = 629–655 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35065702 | pmc = 8841637 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 }} despite being project to rise substantially.{{Cite news| vauthors = Chanel S, Doherty B |date=September 10, 2020|title='Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/superbugs-a-far-greater-risk-than-covid-in-pacific-scientist-warns|access-date=2020-09-14|issn=0261-3077}}

Co-existing diseases can but don't necessarily contribute to death{{cite journal | vauthors = Kotabagi RB, Chaturvedi RK, Banerjee A | title = Medical Certification of Cause of Death | journal = Medical Journal, Armed Forces India | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 261–272 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 27407646 | pmc = 4923180 | doi = 10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1 }} to various degrees in various ways.

In some cases, comorbidities can be major causes with complex underlying mechanisms, and a range of comorbidities can be present once.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, Agusti AG | title = Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities | journal = The European Respiratory Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 1245–1257 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17138679 | doi = 10.1183/09031936.00133805 | s2cid = 15374114 | doi-access = free }}

Pandemics{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu J, Mafham M, Mamas MA, Rashid M, Kontopantelis E, Deanfield JE, de Belder MA, Gale CP | display-authors = 6 | title = Place and Underlying Cause of Death During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of 3.5 Million Deaths in England and Wales, 2014 to 2020 | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 952–963 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33714592 | pmc = 7885692 | doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.02.007 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wadhera RK, Shen C, Gondi S, Chen S, Kazi DS, Yeh RW | title = Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 77 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–169 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33446309 | pmc = 7800141 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.055 }} and infectious diseases or epidemics can be major underlying causes of deaths. In a small study of 26 decedents,{{better source needed|date=July 2022}} the pandemized COVID-19 and infection-related disease were "major contributors" to patients' death. Such deaths are sometimes evaluated via excess deaths per capita – the COVID-19 pandemic deaths between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, are estimated to be ~18.2 million. Research could help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.{{cite journal | vauthors = Adam D | title = COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records | journal = Nature | volume = 603 | issue = 7902 | pages = 562 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35277684 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0 | s2cid = 247407282 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2022Natur.603..562A }}{{cite journal | title = Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21 | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 399 | issue = 10334 | pages = 1513–1536 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35279232 | pmc = 8912932 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3 | vauthors = Wang H, Paulson KR, Pease SA, Watson S, Comfort H, Zheng P, Aravkin AY, Bisignano C, Barber RM, Alam T, Fuller JE, May EA, Jones DP, Frisch ME, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Allorant A, Amlag JO, Bang-Jensen B, Bertolacci GJ, Bloom SS, Carter A, Castro E, Chakrabarti S, Chattopadhyay J, Cogen RM, Collins JK, Cooperrider K, Dai X, Dangel WJ | display-authors = 6 }}

Mental health issues and related issues such as economic conditions{{cite journal | vauthors = Ueda M, Nordström R, Matsubayashi T | title = Suicide and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan | journal = Journal of Public Health | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 541–548 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 33855451 | pmc = 8083330 | doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdab113 }} and/or various uses of nervous system drugs can contribute to causes such as suicide{{cite journal | vauthors = Rockett IR, Wang S, Lian Y, Stack S | title = Suicide-associated comorbidity among US males and females: a multiple cause-of-death analysis | journal = Injury Prevention | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 311–315 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17916887 | pmc = 2610621 | doi = 10.1136/ip.2007.015230 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kutcher SP, Szumilas M | title = Youth suicide prevention | journal = CMAJ | volume = 178 | issue = 3 | pages = 282–285 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18227445 | pmc = 2211358 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.071315 }} or risky behavior related deaths.

Loneliness or insufficient social relationships is also a major underlying factor, which may be comparable to smoking and, according to one meta-analysis of 148 studies, "exceeds many well-known risk factors for mortality (e.g., obesity, physical inactivity)".{{cite journal | vauthors = Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB | title = Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = e1000316 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20668659 | pmc = 2910600 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 | doi-access = free }} Injuries and violence are "the leading causes of death among children, adolescents, and young adults in the US" with underlying risk factors for such including "detrimental community, family, or individual circumstances" that increase the likelihood of violence. Types of preventive measures may include support of "healthy development of individuals, families, schools, and communities, and build[ing] capacity for positive relationships and interactions".{{cite journal | vauthors = Cohen L, Davis R, Realini A | title = Communities are not all created equal: Strategies to prevent violence affecting youth in the United States | journal = Journal of Public Health Policy | volume = 37 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 81–94 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27638244 | doi = 10.1057/s41271-016-0005-4 | s2cid = 205132439 }}

Lifestyle factors{{cite web |title=Lifestyle Risk Factors {{!}} Tracking {{!}} NCEH {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/tracking/topics/LifestyleRiskFactors.htm |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=July 8, 2022 |language=en-us |date=August 31, 2021}} – including physical inactivity,{{cite journal | vauthors = Carlson SA, Adams EK, Yang Z, Fulton JE | title = Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States | language = en-us | journal = Preventing Chronic Disease | volume = 15 | pages = E38 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29602315 | pmc = 5894301 | doi = 10.5888/pcd18.170354 }} and tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol use {{see above|above}},{{cite journal | vauthors = Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, Taylor B, Rehm J, Murray CJ, Ezzati M | title = The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = e1000058 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19399161 | pmc = 2667673 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 | s2cid = 15272724 | doi-access = free }} healthy eating {{see above|above}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ford ES, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Li C, Capewell S | title = Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States | journal = Preventive Medicine | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–27 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22564893 | pmc = 4688898 | doi = 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016 }} – and/or general health – including fitness beyond healthy diet and non-obesity – can be underlying contributors to death. For example, in a sample of U.S. adults, ~9.9% deaths of adults aged 40 to 69 years and ~7.8% adults aged 70 years or older were attributed to inadequate levels of physical activity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Carlson SA, Adams EK, Yang Z, Fulton JE | title = Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States | language = en-us | journal = Preventing Chronic Disease | volume = 15 | pages = E38 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29602315 | pmc = 5894301 | doi = 10.5888/pcd18.170354 | s2cid = 4509842 }}

{{See also|Life extension#Societal strategies|Aging-associated diseases}}

Traditionally aging is not considered as a cause of death. It is believed that there is always a more direct cause, and usually it is one of many age-related diseases. It is estimated that, as a root cause, the aging process underlies 2/3 of all death in the world (approximately 100,000 people per day in 2007). In highly developed countries this proportion can reach 90%.{{cite journal | vauthors = de Grey AN | author-link = Aubrey de Grey | title = Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations | journal = Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology | volume = 1 | issue = 1, Article 5 | year = 2007 | url = http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf | doi = 10.2202/1941-6008.1011 | access-date = August 7, 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161013163622/http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf | archive-date = October 13, 2016 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.395.745 | s2cid = 201101995 }} There are requests of granting aging an official status of a disease and treating it directly (such as via dietary changes {{see above|above}} and senolytics).{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhavoronkov A, Bhullar B | title = Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11 | journal = Frontiers in Genetics | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 326 | date = October 4, 2015 | pmid = 26583032 | pmc = 4631811 | doi = 10.3389/fgene.2015.00326 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Stambler I | title = Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy | journal = Aging and Disease | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 583–589 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28966803 | pmc = 5614323 | doi = 10.14336/AD.2017.0130 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | title = Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease | journal = The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = 587 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30053981 | doi = 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6 | s2cid = 51726070 | last1 = The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Calimport SR, Bentley BL, Stewart CE, Pawelec G, Scuteri A, Vinciguerra M, Slack C, Chen D, Harries LW, Marchant G, Fleming GA, Conboy M, Antebi A, Small GW, Gil J, Lakatta EG, Richardson A, Rosen C, Nikolich K, Wyss-Coray T, Steinman L, Montine T, de Magalhães JP, Campisi J, Church G | display-authors = 6 | title = To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6465 | pages = 576–578 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31672885 | pmc = 7193988 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay7319 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..576C }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Khaltourina D, Matveyev Y, Alekseev A, Cortese F, Ioviţă A | title = Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 189 | pages = 111230 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32251691 | doi = 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230 | s2cid = 214779653 | author-link1 = Daria Khaltourina }}{{Excerpt|Aging-associated diseases|paragraphs=2,3}}

Economics and policies may be factors underlying deaths at a more fundamental level. For example, economics may result in certain therapies or screenings being expensive rather than produced at an affordable price or medication costs being too high for an individual to afford them even if they are made available at low cost, poverty can affect nutrition, marketing can increase the consumption of unhealthy products, incentives and regulations for health and healthy environments may be weak or missing, and occupational safety and humans' environment can suffer due to economic pressures for low production costs and high consumption. Health policy and health systems can have impacts on deaths and thereby may also be a factor of deaths, also including for example education policy (e.g. health illiteracy), climate policy (e.g. future water scarcity impacts) and transportation policy (e.g. motor vehicle accidents, pollution and physical activity),{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} as well as in/action on policy-influenceable physical inactivity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Santos AC, Willumsen J, Meheus F, Ilbawi A, Bull FC | title = The cost of inaction on physical inactivity to public health-care systems: a population-attributable fraction analysis | language = English | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = e32–e39 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36480931 | pmc = 9748301 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00464-8 }} 'Recent financial difficulties' appears to be a factor of mortality.{{cite journal | vauthors = Puterman E, Weiss J, Hives BA, Gemmill A, Karasek D, Mendes WB, Rehkopf DH | title = Predicting mortality from 57 economic, behavioral, social, and psychological factors | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 117 | issue = 28 | pages = 16273–16282 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32571904 | pmc = 7369318 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1918455117 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020PNAS..11716273P }} One study estimated how many people die from poverty in the U.S.{{cite news | vauthors = Bakalar N |title=Researchers Link Deaths to Social Ills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/health/05social.html |access-date=January 31, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=July 4, 2011}} Low socioeconomic status, as determined by economics, appears to reduce life expectancy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, Avendaño M, Muennig P, Guida F, Ricceri F, d'Errico A, Barros H, Bochud M, Chadeau-Hyam M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Costa G, Delpierre C, Fraga S, Goldberg M, Giles GG, Krogh V, Kelly-Irving M, Layte R, Lasserre AM, Marmot MG, Preisig M, Shipley MJ, Vollenweider P, Zins M, Kawachi I, Steptoe A, Mackenbach JP, Vineis P, Kivimäki M | display-authors = 6 | title = Socioeconomic status and the 25 × 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1·7 million men and women | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 389 | issue = 10075 | pages = 1229–1237 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28159391 | pmc = 5368415 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32380-7 }} The current systemic incentive for maximized profits may inhibit global occupational health and safety.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lucchini RG, London L | title = Global occupational health: current challenges and the need for urgent action | journal = Annals of Global Health | volume = 80 | issue = 4 | pages = 251–256 | date = November 25, 2014 | pmid = 25459325 | doi = 10.1016/j.aogh.2014.09.006 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 11379/463539 }} The negative externality of environmental damages can have substantial impacts on global healthcare.{{cite journal | vauthors = Batool R, Zaman K, Khurshid MA, Sheikh SM, Aamir A, Shoukry AM, Sharkawy MA, Aldeek F, Khader J, Gani S | display-authors = 6 | title = Economics of death and dying: a critical evaluation of environmental damages and healthcare reforms across the globe | journal = Environmental Science and Pollution Research International | volume = 26 | issue = 29 | pages = 29799–29809 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31407261 | doi = 10.1007/s11356-019-06159-x | bibcode = 2019ESPR...2629799B | s2cid = 199528114 }}{{additional citation needed|date=January 2023}}

File:Global deaths from cancers attributable to risk factors in 2019 by sex and SDI.jpg

File:Cancer DALYs attributable to 11 Level 2 risk factors globally in 2019.jpgs attributable to 11 Level 2 risk factors globally in 2019]]

Underlying factors can also be analyzed per cause of (or major contributor to) death and can be distinguished between "preventable" factors and other factors. For example, various Global Burden of Disease Studies investigate such factors and quantify recent developments – one such systematic analysis analyzed the (non)progress on cancer and its causes during the 2010–19-decade, indicating that 2019, ~44% of all cancer deaths – or ~4.5 M deaths or ~105 million lost disability-adjusted life years – were due to known clearly preventable risk factors, led by smoking, alcohol use and high BMI.{{cite journal | title = The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 400 | issue = 10352 | pages = 563–591 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 35988567 | pmc = 9395583 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6 | doi-access = free | vauthors = Tran KB, Lang JJ, Compton K, Xu R, Acheson AR, Henrikson HJ, Kocarnik JM, Penberthy L, Aali A, Abbas Q, Abbasi B, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdelwahab AA, Abdoli G, Abdulkadir HA, Abedi A, Abegaz KH, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Absalan A, Abtew YD, Abubaker Ali H, Abu-Gharbieh E, Achappa B, Acuna JM | display-authors = 6 }}

Electronic health records,{{cite journal | vauthors = Leventer-Roberts M, Haklai Z, Applbaum Y, Goldberger N, Cohen D, Levinkron O, Feldman B, Balicer R | display-authors = 6 | title = Validating reported cause of death using integrated electronic health records from a nation-wide database | journal = Journal of Public Health | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 341–347 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 31774532 | doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdz146 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstein SA, D'Ottavio A, Spears T, Chiswell K, Hartman RJ, Krasuski RA, Kemper AR, Meyer RE, Hoffman TM, Walsh MJ, Sang CJ, Paolillo J, Li JS | display-authors = 6 | title = Causes of Death and Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease | journal = Journal of the American Heart Association | volume = 9 | issue = 14 | pages = e016400 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32654582 | pmc = 7660712 | doi = 10.1161/JAHA.119.016400 }} death certificates{{cite journal | vauthors = Brooks EG, Reed KD | title = Principles and Pitfalls: a Guide to Death Certification | journal = Clinical Medicine & Research | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 74–82 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26185270 | pmc = 4504663 | doi = 10.3121/cmr.2015.1276 }}{{cite web |title=Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2020 Request |url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html |website=wonder.cdc.gov |access-date=July 7, 2022}}{{cite web |title=Underlying and Multiple Cause of Death Codes |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/datalinkage/underlying_and_multiple_cause_of_death_codes.pdf |access-date=July 7, 2022}} as well as post-mortem analyses (such as post-mortem computed tomography and other other pathology){{cite journal | vauthors = Vester ME, van Rijn RR, Duijst WL, Beenen LF, Clerkx M, Oostra RJ | title = Added value of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) to clinical findings for cause of death determination in adult "natural deaths" | journal = International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume = 134 | issue = 4 | pages = 1457–1463 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 31853676 | pmc = 7295833 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-019-02219-6 }} can and are often used to investigate underlying causes of deaths such as for mortality statistics,{{cite web |title=ICD - ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en-us |date=December 29, 2021}}{{cite news | vauthors = Brody JE |title=When the Death Certificate Omits the True Cause of Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/well/death-certificate-cause.html |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=February 14, 2022}} relevant to {{tooltip|2=e.g. for 'monitoring the health of the population, designing, and evaluating public health interventions, recognising priorities for medical research and health services, planning health services, and assessing the effectiveness of those services'|progress measurements}}.{{cite web |title=Guidance for doctors completing medical certificates of cause of death in England and Wales (accessible version) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-notes-for-completing-a-medical-certificate-of-cause-of-death/guidance-for-doctors-completing-medical-certificates-of-cause-of-death-in-england-and-wales-accessible-version |website=GOV.UK |access-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en}} Improvements to this reporting, where e.g. certain diseases are often under-reported or underlying cause-of-death (COD) statement are incorrect,{{cite web |title=Death certificates may not adequately report dementia as cause of death |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/death-certificates-may-not-adequately-report-dementia-cause-death |website=National Institute on Aging |date=October 15, 2020 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = McGivern L, Shulman L, Carney JK, Shapiro S, Bundock E | title = Death Certification Errors and the Effect on Mortality Statistics | journal = Public Health Reports | volume = 132 | issue = 6 | pages = 669–675 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29091542 | pmc = 5692167 | doi = 10.1177/0033354917736514 | s2cid = 8126036 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Alipour J, Payandeh A | title = Common errors in reporting cause-of-death statement on death certificates: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine | volume = 82 | pages = 102220 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34325081 | doi = 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102220 | s2cid = 236516668 }} could ultimately improve public health.{{cite web |title=Reporting Cause of Death: Quick Reference |url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/reporting-cause-of-death-quick-reference/download |access-date=July 7, 2022}}{{cite news | vauthors = Meikle J |title=Certified causes of death inaccurate in fifth of cases, study suggests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/dec/02/causes-of-death-inaccurate-study |access-date=July 8, 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=December 2, 2012 |language=en}} One reason for this is that from "a public health point of view, preventing this first disease or injury will result in the greatest health gain".

File:Leading causes of death by age group 2018-508-US.pdf

File:Causes of death by age group.png

File:Causes of death by age group (percent).png (<1yrs of age) seldom falls in any of these causes.]]

File:Deaths by age group fixed.png

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With an average of 123.6 deaths per 100,000 from 2003 through 2010 the most dangerous occupation in the United States is the cell tower construction industry.{{cite web | vauthors = Knutson R, Day L |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/cell-tower-work-fatalities-methodology|title=Methodology: How We Calculated the Tower Industry Death Rate |date=May 21, 2012}}

File:Selected occupations with high fatality rate.png

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{{col div|colwidth=40em}}

• Capital punishment by country
• Epidemiology of suicide
• List of countries by intentional homicide rate
• List of killings by law enforcement officers by country
• List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate
• List of terrorist incidents
• List of unusual deaths
• Pollutants
• Preventable causes of death
• Medical error

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{{reflist}}

• [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_07.pdf Deaths: Leading Causes for 2009] by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778234 Leading causes of death in the U.S. for 2015–2020] in the Journal of the American Medical Association

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Causes Of Death By Rate}}

Category:Health effects of alcohol

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Category:Death-related lists

Category:Demography

Category:Substance-related disorders