preventable causes of death

It is estimated that of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations the proportion is much higher, reaching 90 percent.{{cite journal | last = Aubrey D.N.J | first = de Grey | author-link = Aubrey de Grey | title = Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations | journal = Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology | volume = 1 | issue = 1, Article 5 | year = 2007 | url = http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf | doi = 10.2202/1941-6008.1011 | access-date = August 7, 2011 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.395.745 | s2cid = 201101995 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190212132207/http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf | archive-date = February 12, 2019 | url-status = dead }} Thus, albeit indirectly, biological aging (senescence) is by far the leading cause of death. Whether senescence as a biological process itself can be slowed, halted, or even reversed is a subject of current scientific speculation and research.{{cite web |url=http://sens.org/ |title=SENS Foundation |access-date=2012-10-10 |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527073423/https://www.sens.org/ |url-status=live }}

Risk factors associated with the leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001, according to researchers working with the Disease Control Priorities Network (DCPN):{{cite web|url=http://globalhealth.washington.edu/project/4236|title=DCP3|website=washington.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128022124/http://globalhealth.washington.edu/project/4236|archive-date=2013-01-28}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ |title=Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9524 |pages=1747–57 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16731270 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 |s2cid=22609505 }}

By contrast, the World Health Organization (WHO)'s [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html 2008 statistics] list only causes of death, and not the underlying risk factors.

In 2001, on average 29,000 children died of preventable causes each day (that is, about 20 deaths per minute). The authors provide the context:

{{Cquote|About 56 million people died in 2001. Of these, 10.6 million were children, 99% of whom lived in low-and-middle-income countries. More than half of child deaths in 2001 were attributable to acute respiratory infections, measles, diarrhea, malaria, and HIV/AIDS.}}

In 2017, The Lancet published a large study by Swiss epidemiologist Silvia Stringhini and her collaborators, analysing the impact of the most important causes of preventable death in Western societies.{{Cite journal |last1=Stringhini |first1=Silvia |last2=Carmeli |first2=C |last3=Jokela |first3=M |last4=Avendaño |first4=M |last5=Muennig |first5=P |last6=Guida |first6=F |last7=...LIFEPATH consortium |date=2017 |title=Socioeconomic status and the 25 × 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1·7 million men and women. |journal=The Lancet |volume=389 |issue=10075 |pages=1229–1237|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32380-7 |pmid=28159391 |pmc=5368415 }} They estimated the number of years of life lost for each risk factor at the individual level and its contribution to preventable death at the societal level (PAF = Population Attributable Fraction).

The multicohort study and meta-analysis used individual-level data from 48 independent prospective cohort studies with information on socioeconomic status, high alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes and obesity, and mortality, for a total population of 1,751,479 from seven high-income WHO member countries.

A limitation of many studies of health risk factors is confounding bias: many risk factors are interrelated and cluster together in high-risk populations. For example: Low physical activity and obesity go hand in hand. People who are physically inactive tend to gain weight, and people who are severely obese have difficulty exercising. The unique advantage of the huge amount of individual data in the Stringhini study is that it allows (estimation of) the relative contribution of each separate risk factor.

As shown in summary Table 2, at an individual level, smoking is the single greatest risk of avoidable death, followed by diabetes and high alcohol consumption. At the population level, diabetes and high alcohol consumption have a low prevalence. Physical inactivity, smoking and low socioeconomic status (SES) are then the top three preventable causes of early death. Smoking, physical inactivity and low SES account for almost two thirds of all avoidable deaths.

A puzzling finding is the small contribution of obesity as a cause of avoidable premature death. There are two reasons why obesity is not an important independent risk factor, as is often assumed.

First, being overweight is a risk for early death without correcting for confounding risk factors. Overweight is usually measured by the body mass index (BMI = kg/m²), which is much easier to measure than physical activity. Most studies only measured BMI, not physical activity, and did not correct for confounding.

Second, a major pitfall in many studies of weight and health is that 'normal' and 'healthy' are often confused. The WHO definition of 'normal' adult BMI (between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m²) is based on a normal weight and height distribution of US citizens in the 1960s, not on the associated risk of death in 2023.{{Cite journal |last1=Keys |first1=A |last2=Fidanza |first2=F |last3=Karvonen |first3=MJ |last4=Kimuru |first4=N |last5=Taylor |first5=HL |date=1972 |title=Indices of relative weight and obesity |url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/3/655/2949547?login=true |journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=329–343 |doi=10.1016/0021-9681(72)90027-6 |pmid=4650929 |via=(Reprinted in Int J Epidemiol 2014: 43(3): 655-665)}}{{Cite web |last=WHO – World Health Organization |date=6 May 2010 |title=A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=WHO-World Health Organization}} A meta-analysis of the association between BMI and mortality in 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants found that the risk of death in adults is not increased between 23 and 30 kg/m² (see Figure 2).{{Cite journal |last1=Aune |first1=Dagfinn |last2=Sen |first2=A |last3=Prasad M |first3=M |last4=Norat T |first4=T |last5=Janszky |first5=I |last6=Tonstad |first6=S |last7=Romundstad |first7=P |last8=Vatten |first8=LJ |date=4 May 2016 |title=BMI and all cause mortality: systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=353 |pages=i2156|doi=10.1136/bmj.i2156 |pmid=27146380 |pmc=4856854 }} An adult BMI of 18.5 kg/m², considered 'normal' by WHO criteria, is associated with a 30% increase in all-cause mortality. However, this is a measure of correlation, not causation, so it does not disprove previously held notions of the relationship between health and weight.

File:BMI and RR of Mortality.png

{{Update section|date=February 2025}}

The three risk factors most commonly leading to preventable death in the population of the United States are smoking, high blood pressure, and being overweight.{{cite journal |last1=Danaei |last2=Ding |last3=Mozaffarian |last4=Taylor |last5=Rehm |last6=Murray |last7=Ezzati |title=The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors |journal=PLOS Medicine |date=2009 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=e1000058 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058|pmid=19399161 |pmc=2667673 |doi-access=free }} Pollution from fossil fuel burning kills roughly 200,000 per year.[https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/116/11/1910/5770885]

File:Preventable causes of death.svg|alt=Leading preventable causes of death in the United States in the year 2000. Note: This data is outdated and has been significantly revised, especially for obesity-related deaths.|Figure 3: Leading preventable causes of death in the United States in the year 2000. Note: This data is outdated and has been significantly revised, especially for obesity-related deaths.

File:Causes of accidental death by age group.png|alt=Leading causes of accidental death in the United States by age group as of 2002[update].|Figure 4: Leading causes of accidental death in the United States by age group {{as of|2002|lc=y}}.[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 15, September 16, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505160036/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf |date=May 5, 2019 }} as compiled at {{cite web |url=http://www.the-eggman.com/writings/death_stats.html |title=Death Statistics Tables |access-date=2009-06-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120126/http://www.the-eggman.com/writings/death_stats.html |archive-date=2009-02-21 }}

File:Causes of accidental death by age group (percent).png|alt=Leading causes of accidental death in the United States as of 2002[update], as a percentage of deaths in each group.|Figure 5: Leading causes of accidental death in the United States {{as of|2002|lc=y}}, as a percentage of deaths in each group.

{{anchor|annual_deaths_in_US}}

Table 3: Avoidable causes and numbers of death per year.

Various injuries are the leading cause of death in children 9–17 years of age. In 2008, the top five worldwide unintentional injuries in children are as follows:{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7776127.stm |title=BBC News | Special Reports | UN raises child accidents alarm |work=BBC News |access-date=May 8, 2010 |date=December 10, 2008 |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705093413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7776127.stm |url-status=live }}

Table 4: Avoidable numbers of death among children

• {{annotated link|Accidental death}}
• Health effects of alcohol
• Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
• Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
• {{annotated link|Lifestyle medicine}}
• List of causes of death by rate
• Particulates
• {{section link|Health effects of tobacco#Mortality}}
• {{annotated link|Preventive healthcare}}
• {{annotated link|Public health}}

{{reflist|30em}}

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Preventable causes of death

Category:Demography

Category:Prevention