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List of communist states

{{Short description|States that adopt the communist ideology}}

[[File:Former & Current Marxist–Leninist states map.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of communist states:

{{legend|#990000|Current}}

{{legend|#d00000|Former}}

]]

The following are lists of current and former states that claimed to be communist states.

Current communist states

The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism. They are listed here together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling parties.{{cite web |title=North Korea |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html?countryName=Korea,%20North&countryCode=KN®ionCode=eas&#kn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613152626/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html?countryName=Korea,%20North&countryCode=KN®ionCode=eas&#kn |archive-date=13 June 2009 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}

class="wikitable sortable"

|+Overview of current states espousing Marxism–Leninism

!scope="col"|Country

!scope="col"|Local name

!scope="col"|Since

!scope="col"|Ruling party

!Ideology

scope="row"|{{flag|China|name=People's Republic of China (PRC)}}{{refn|Hong Kong and Macau are administrated under the "one country, two systems" principle.|group=nb}}

|{{lang-zh|s=中华人民共和国}}
Pinyin: {{transliteration|zh|Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó}}

|data-sort-value="1949-10-01"|{{Start date|1949|10|1|df=yes}}

|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg}} Communist Party of China

|Socialism with Chinese characteristics

scope="row"|{{flag|Cuba|name=Republic of Cuba}}

|{{langx|es|República de Cuba}}

|data-sort-value="1959-01-01"|{{Start date|1959|1|1|df=yes}}
{{Start date|1976|2|24|df=yes}} (communist constitution adopted)

|{{Flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} Communist Party of Cuba

|{{ublist

| Castroism

| Guevarism

}}

scope="row"|{{flag|Laos|name=Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)}}

|{{langx|lo|ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ}}
{{no wrap|Lao romanisation: {{transliteration|lo|Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao}}}}

|data-sort-value="1975-12-02"|{{Start date|1975|12|2|df=yes}}

|{{no wrap|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party.svg}} Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}

|Kaysone Phomvihane Thought

scope="row"|{{flag|Vietnam|name=Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)}}

|{{no wrap|{{langx|vi|Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}}}

|data-sort-value="1945-09-02"|{{no wrap|2 September 1945 (North Vietnam{{Refn|Vietnam was divided on 21 July 1954|group=nb}}}})
30 April 1975 (South Vietnam)
2 July 1976 (unified)

|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg}} Communist Party of Vietnam

|Ho Chi Minh Thought

=Disputed=

Although founded as a Marxist–Leninist state, North Korea began moving away from orthodox Marxism–Leninism and replaced all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea with Juche in 1992.{{cite journal |last=Dae-Kyu |first=Yoon |year=2003 |title=The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1934&context=ilj |journal=Fordham International Law Journal |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1289–1305 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=10 August 2020}} In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.{{cite news |last=Park |first=Seong-Woo |date=23 September 2009 |title=Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi |script-title=ko:북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 |trans-title=First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution |url=https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/first_millitary-09232009120017.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=10 August 2020 |language=ko |agency=Radio Free Asia}}{{efn|According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.{{cite book |last=Worden |first=Robert L. |url=http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf |title=North Korea: A Country Study |publisher=Library of Congress |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8444-1188-0 |edition=5th |location=Washington, D. C. |page=206 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}}} The government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism. The ruling Workers' Party of Korea reinstated its goal towards communism in 2021.{{Cite news |date=1 June 2021 |title=북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용 |trans-title=Major revisions to North Korea's Workers' Party rules |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210601170100504 |archive-url= |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Yonhap News Agency}}{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Jong-un |date=7 April 2021 |title=Closing Speech to the 6th Conference of WPK Cell Secretaries |url=https://www.ncnk.org/node/2142 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=National Committee of North Korea}}

class="wikitable sortable"

|+

! scope="col" |Country

! scope="col" |Local name

! scope="col" |Since

! scope="col" |Ruling party

!Ideology

scope="row"|{{flag|North Korea|name=Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)}}

|{{Korean|hangul=조선민주주의인민공화국}}
MR: {{No wrap|{{transliteration|zh|Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk}}}}

| data-sort-value="1949-10-01" |{{Start date|1948|9|9|df=yes}}

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.svg}} Workers' Party of Korea

|Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism

Multi-party democratic states with governing communist parties

{{see also|Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions}}

There are multi-party states with communist parties leading the government. Such states are not considered to be communist states because the countries themselves allow for multiple parties and do not provide a constitutional role for their communist parties. Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957 and 1978-1990), Moldova (2001–2009), Cyprus (2008–2013), and Guyana (1992–2015).

Nicaragua has been ruled by a socialist party from 1979–1990, and from 2007 on by Daniel Ortega, who is a Sandinista.

Venezuela is currently ruled by Nicolás Maduro, who has been President since 2013 (disputed since 2019). Maduro is the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which is considered far-left and Marxist.{{cite web |website=psuv.org.ve |url=http://www.psuv.org.ve/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Nuevo_Libro_Rojo_PSUV.pdf |access-date=10 March 2023 |title=Libro Rojo |language=es |trans-title=Red Book |date=December 2014 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

During the socialist Free Peru party's rule over Peru, many international observers described the party as being somewhat Marxist{{cite news |title=Pedro Castillo: The primary school teacher who became Peru's president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57941309 |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=BBC News |date=28 July 2021 |quotation=Casting himself as a man of the people, Mr Castillo was rarely seen without the traditional white, broad-rimmed hat of his Cajamarca region, and a huge inflatable pencil, the symbol of his Marxist Free Peru party which also represents his background in education. |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{Cite news |date=14 October 2021 |title=Peru president challenged by his own party over Cabinet |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-environment-biden-cabinet-cabinets-8744cfa5dc72d5812e40b8b13230843a |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{Cite news |title=Havana-Trained Marxist Pushes Peru's New President to the Left |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-23/havana-trained-marxist-pushes-peru-s-new-president-to-the-left |access-date=11 November 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=23 August 2021 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} or even Marxist–Leninist.{{Cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Peru's Congress postpones Cabinet confirmation vote to next week |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-congress-mulls-whether-confirm-new-moderate-left-cabinet-2021-10-25/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{Cite news |title=Peru confirms new moderate-left cabinet |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/peru-appoints-new-cabinet-in-blow-to-presidents-opponents |access-date=2021-11-15 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

In 2024, Anura Kumara Dissanayake of the Marxist-Leninist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) was elected President of Sri Lanka, and the JVP's broader coalition, National People's Power won a landslide in parliamentary elections shortly thereafter. This represents the first time a communist party has been the ruling party of Sri Lanka.https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/sri-lanka-election-2024-npp-victory-dissanayake-reforms-tamil-support-parliament-majority-economic-agenda/article68871257.ece

Former communist states

{{See also|People's republic}}

{{Table|class=floatright}}

|{{Graph:Map|scale=80|AF=#FF7F50|AL=#FF7F50|AM=#FF7F50|AO=#FF7F50|AR=#FF6347|AT=#FFA500|AZ=#FF7F50|BD=#FF6347|BG=#FFD700|BJ=#FF7F50|BR=#FFD700|BY=#FF7F50|CG=#FF7F50|CL=#FFD700|CN=#FF4500|CU=#FF4500|CY=#FFA500|CZ=#FF6347|DD=#FF7F50|EE=#FF7F50|ES=#FF6347|ET=#FF7F50|FI=#FFD700|FR=#FFD700|GD=#FF7F50|GE=#FF7F50|GR=#FF7F50|GY=#FFA500|HR=#FF7F50|HU=#FF7F50|IN=#FFD700|IT=#FFD700|KG=#FF7F50|KH=#FF7F50|KP=#FF4500|KZ=#FF7F50|LA=#FF4500|LK=#FFD700|LT=#FF7F50|LV=#FF7F50|MD=#FF7F50|ML=#FFD700|MN=#FF7F50|MZ=#FF7F50|NP=#FFA500|PA=#FF6347|PE=#FFD700|PL=#FF7F50|PT=#FF6347|RO=#FF7F50|RS=#FF6347|RU=#FF7F50|SM=#FFD700|SO=#FF7F50|SU=#FF7F50|SY=#FF6347|TJ=#FF7F50|TM=#FF7F50|UA=#FF7F50|UY=#FF6347|UZ=#FF7F50|VN=#FF4500|VZ=#FF6347|YD=#FF7F50|YU=#FF7F50|ZA=#FF6347}}

{{Legend0|OrangeRed|Officially ruling parties in communist states}}
{{Legend0|Tomato|Communist parties as ruling parties or part of a governing coalition in multi-party states}}
{{Legend0|Coral|Formerly ruling in a one-party system}}
{{Legend0|Orange|Formerly ruling in a parliamentary majority or minority government}}
{{Legend0|Gold|Formerly ruling as a coalition partner or supporter}}

File:Communist Block.svg in orange, and states with constitutional references to socialism in yellow]]

The following communist states were socialist states committed to communism. Some were short-lived and preceded the widespread adoption of Marxism–Leninism by most communist states.

  • {{flagicon|Cambodia}} Cambodia
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg}} Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979)
  • {{flagicon|Cambodia|1979}} People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg}} State of Cambodia (1989–1992)
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg}} Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1992)
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg}} Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1994–1998)
  • {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} Afghanistan
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg}} Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)
  • {{flagicon|Afghanistan|1987}} Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
  • {{flagicon|Grenada}} Grenada
  • {{flagicon|Grenada}} People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983){{cite book |first=Joseph Ewart |last=Layne |title=We Move Tonight: The Making of the Grenada Revolution |publisher=Grenada Revolution Memorial Foundation |date=2014}}
  • {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso
  • {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} National Council for the Revolution (1984–1987)
  • {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey
  • {{flagicon image|Strandzha_Commune.svg}} Strandzha Commune (1903){{Cite book |last1=Khadzhiev |first1=Georgi |translator1-last=Firth |translator1-first=Will |chapter=The Transfiguration Uprising and the 'Strandzha Commune': The First Libertarian Commune in Bulgaria |title=Nat︠s︡ionalnoto osvobozhdenie i bezvlastnii︠a︡t federalizŭm |trans-title=National Liberation and Libertarian Federalism |language=bg |pages=99–148 |date=1992 |publisher=Artizdat-5 |location=Sofia |chapter-url=http://www.savanne.ch/tusovka/en/will-firth/bulgaria.html#strandzha |oclc=27030696 |df=mdy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507010205/http://www.savanne.ch/tusovka/en/will-firth/bulgaria.html#strandzha |archive-date=7 May 2020}}{{cite news |language=fr |first=Sonia |last=Vasséva |title=2 août: Insurrection de la Saint Elie et de la Transfiguration |trans-title=August 2: Insurrection of Saint Elijah and the Transfiguration |publisher=Radio Bulgaria |date=2 August 2013 |url=http://bnr.bg/fr/post/100208160/2-aot-insurrection-de-la-saint-elie-et-de-la-transfiguration |access-date=12 December 2016}}
  • {{flagicon|Canada}} Canada
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Canadian Commune (1918-1925)
  • {{flagicon|Chile}} Chile
  • {{flagicon|Chile}} Socialist Republic of Chile (1932)
  • {{flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Socialist Republic of Brazil (1935)
  • {{flagicon|Argentina}} Argentina
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Red Argentina (1919)
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Socialist Republic of Argentina (1920-1922)
  • {{flagicon|Madagascar}} Madagascar
  • {{flagicon|Madagascar}} Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992)
  • {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa.svg}} Simba rebellion (1963-1965)
  • {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa.svg}} Kwilu rebellion (1963-1965)
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Party of the People's Revolution.svg}} Maquis of Fizi (1967-1986)
  • {{flag|Ireland}}
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Irish soviets (1919-1923)
  • {{flag|Italy}}
  • {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Albona_Republic.svg}} Labin Republic (1921)
  • {{flagicon image|Bandiera_delle_Brigate_Garibaldi_partigiane_(1943-1945).svg}} Republic of Alto Monferrato (1944)
  • {{flagicon image|Bandiera_delle_Brigate_Garibaldi_partigiane_(1943-1945).svg}} {{ill|Republic of Torriglia|it|Repubblica di Torriglia}} (1944-1945)
  • {{ill|Republic of Montefiorino|it|Repubblica partigiana di Montefiorino}} (1944-1945)
  • {{flagicon image|Bandiera_delle_Brigate_Garibaldi_partigiane_(1943-1945).svg}} {{ill|Republic of Corniolo|it|Repubblica partigiana del Corniolo}} (1944)
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Red Republic of Caulonia (1945)
  • {{flag|India}}
  • {{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} Gram Rajyams of Telangana (1946-1951)
  • {{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} Punnapra-Vayalar (1946)
  • {{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} Naxalbari (1967)
  • {{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} Naxalite Srikakulam (1967–1970)
  • {{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} Naxalite Bhojpur (1970-2002)
  • {{flag|Belgium}}
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Brussels Soldiers' Council (1918)
  • {{flag|Mexico}}
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Partido Liberal Mexicano.svg}} Morelos Commune (1911–1920)
  • {{flagicon image|Ejército_Zapatista_de_Liberación_Nacional,_Flag.svg}}Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (1994–2023)
  • {{flag|Philippines}}
  • {{flagicon image|Hukbalahap_flag.svg}} People's Government of the Philippines (1942-1951)
  • {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Diliman Commune (1971)
  • {{flag|Comoros}}
  • {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Comoros_(1975–1978).svg}} State of the Comoros (1975-1978)
  • {{flag|Gambia}}
  • {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Comoros_(1975–1978).svg}} National Revolutionary Council (1981)

Notes

{{reflist|group=nb}}

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

= General =

References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.

{{refbegin}}

{{refend}}

= Articles and journal entries =

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite journal |last=Bui |first=T. |title=Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform |volume=11 |journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Law |issue=2 |pages=219–234 |year=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6403BF859E16F8CC7EAC25A16AC76345/S2194607816000223a.pdf/constitutionalizing_single_party_leadership_in_vietnam_dilemmas_of_reform.pdf |doi=10.1017/asjcl.2016.22 |doi-access=free}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Chang |first=Yu-nan |title=The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954 |volume=18 |issue=3 |journal=The Journal of Politics |pages=520–546 |date=August 1956 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association |jstor=2127261 |doi=10.2307/2127261 |s2cid=154446161}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Guins |first=George |title=Law Does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union |volume=9 |issue=3 |journal=The Russian Review |pages=187–204 |date=July 1950 |publisher=Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review |jstor=125763 |doi=10.2307/125763}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Hand |first=Keith |title=An Assessment of Socialist Constitutional Supervision Models and Prospects for a Constitutional Supervision Committee in China: The Constitution as Commander? |issue=150 |journal=Legal Studies Research Paper Series |date=2016 |publisher=University of California |ssrn=2624663 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2624663}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Hazard |first=John |title=Soviet Model for Marxian Socialist Constitutions |volume=60 |issue=6 |journal=Cornell Law Review |date=August 1975 |publisher=Cornell University |pages=109–118 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.no/&httpsredir=1&article=4046&context=clr}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Imam |first=Zafar |title=The Theory of the Soviet State Today |volume=47 |issue=3 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |pages=382–398 |date=July–September 1986 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |jstor=41855253}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Keith |first=Richard |title=Chinese Politics and the New Theory of 'Rule of Law' |issue=125 |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=125 |pages=109–118 |date=March 1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies |jstor=654479 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000030320 |s2cid=154980279}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Kokoshin |first=Andrey |title=2015 Military Reform in the People's Republic of China |journal=Belfer Center Paper |date=October 2016 |publisher=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs |url=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/Military%20Reform%20China%20-%20web2.pdf}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Kramer |first=Mark N. |title=Civil-Military Relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European Component |volume=61 |issue=1 |journal=International Affairs |pages=45–66 |date=January 1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs |jstor=2619779 |doi=10.2307/2619779}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Alice |title=The 19th Central Committee Politburo |issue=55 |journal=China Leadership Monitor |date=January 2018 |publisher=Hoover Institute |url=https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm55-am-final.pdf}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Mulvenon |first=James |title=The Cult of Xi and the Rise of the CMC Chairman Responsibility System |issue=55 |journal=China Leadership Monitor |date=January 2018 |publisher=Hoover Institute |url=https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm55-jm-final.pdf}}
  • {{cite thesis |last=Poelzer |first=Greg |title=An Analysis of Grenada as a Socialist-Oriented State |year=1989 |publisher=Carleton University |url=https://curve.carleton.ca/c50ea832-3c4f-4d02-a6f6-c604a8d04051}}
  • {{cite news |last=Skilling |first=H. Gordon |date=January 1961 |title=People's Democracy and the Socialist Revolution: A Case Study in Communist Scholarship. Part I |journal=Soviet Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=241–262 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}
  • {{cite thesis |last=Snyder |first=Stanley |title=Soviet Troop Control and the Power Distribution |year=1987 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |hdl=10945/22490}}
  • {{cite report |author=National Foreign Assessment Center |title=Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces |year=1980 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000499888.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121103848/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000499888.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 January 2017 |ref=CITEREFStaff_writer1980}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Steiner |first=Arthur |title=The Role of the Chinese Communist Party |volume=277 |journal=The Annals |pages=56–66 |year=1951 |publisher=SAGE Publications in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science |jstor=1030252}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Tang |first=Peter S. H. |title=The Soviet, Chinese and Albanian Constitutions: Ideological Divergence and Institutionalized Confrontation? |volume=21 |issue=1 |journal=Studies in Soviet Thought |pages=39–58 |date=February 1980 |publisher=Springer Publishing |jstor=20098938.pdf |doi=10.1007/BF00832025 |s2cid=144486393}}
  • {{cite book |last=Thayer |first=Carlyle |editor-first=Marcus |editor-last=Mietzner |chapter=Military Politics in Contemporary Vietnam |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415460354 |title=The Political Resurgence of the Military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and Leadership |chapter-url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/133459/Thayer%20Military%20Politics%20in%20Vietnam.pdf}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Quigley |first=John |title=Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition |volume=37 |issue=4 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |date=Autumn 1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=781–808 |url=http://spg.snnu.edu.cn/kindeditor-4.1.10/attached/file/20170517/20170517102021182118.pdf |doi=10.2307/840224 |jstor=840224 |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152608/http://spg.snnu.edu.cn/kindeditor-4.1.10/attached/file/20170517/20170517102021182118.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}

{{refend}}

= Books =

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite book |last=Blasko |first=Dennis |year=2006 |title=The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135988777}}
  • {{cite book |last=Dimitrov |first=Vessellin |editor1-last=Dimitrov |editor1-first=Vessellin |editor2-last=Goetz |editor2-first=H. Klaus |editor3-last=Wollmann |editor3-first=Hellmut |year=2006 |title=Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking |edition=2nd |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=9780742540095 |chapter=Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds |pages=159–203}}
  • {{cite book |last=Ellman |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Ellman |year=2014 |title=Socialist Planning |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107427327}}
  • {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Daniel |year=1993 |title=Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780275947637}}
  • {{cite book |last=Feldbrugge |first=F. J. M. |editor1-last=Feldbrugge |editor1-first=F. J. M. |editor2-last=Van den Berg |editor2-first=G. P. |editor3-last=Simons |editor3-first=William B. |year=1985 |title=Encyclopedia of Soviet Law |edition=2nd |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=1349060860 |chapter=Council of Ministers |pages=202–204}}
  • {{cite book |last=Furtak |first=Robert K. |year=1987 |title=The Political Systems of the Socialist States |location=New York City |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312625276}}
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{{refend}}

=Notes=

{{Notelist}}

{{authoritarian types of rule}}

{{communist states}}

{{Marxism–Leninism}}

Category:Authoritarianism

State

Category:Dictatorship

Communist states

Category:Marxism–Leninism