List of monarchs of Kashmir#Gonanda dynasty

{{Infobox former monarchy

| royal_title = Maharaja/Sultan

| realm = Kashmir

| coatofarms = Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png

| coatofarmscaption = Emblem of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir

| image = Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg

| caption = Last to reign
Hari Singh
23 September 1925 – 17 November 1952

| first_monarch =

Maharaja Gonanda I (c. 1400 BCE){{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}

| last_monarch = Hari Singh (1925–1952 CE)

| style = Maharaja
Sultan
Raja

| residence = Amar Mahal Palace
Mubarak Mandi Palace
Hari Niwas Palace
Akhnoor Fort
Pari Mahal
Hari Parbat Fort
Red Fort
Gulab Bhavan
Sher Garhi Palace
Baghsar Fort

| appointer = Hereditary

| began = c. 1400 BCE{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}

| ended = 17 November 1952{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Adarsh Sein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSXRUwNnMB0C |title=The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir: Its Development & Comments |date=2007 |publisher=Universal Law Publishing Company Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-7534-520-1 |edition=5 |page=67 |language=en |author-link=Adarsh Sein Anand}}

| pretender = Karan Singh

}}

This is a list of the monarchs of Kashmir from the establishment of the Gonanda dynasty[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490128/Rajatarangini "Rajatarangini"] Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 17 December 2011. around 1400 BCE until the cession of parts of Kashmir State by the Dogra dynasty to Indian Union in 1947 and then officially merging into the Republic of India in 1952.

1st Edition

Cold War in the High Himalayas

The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s

By S. Mahmud Ali

Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19

[https://www.google.com/search?q=Sudhan+Pathan+rebels+fighting+for+freedom&client=ms-android-samsung-gj-rev1&sca_esv=593805704&tbm=bks&p]

Gonanda dynasty

= Gonanda dynasty (I) =

The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}

class="wikitable" ! Ruler{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Notes
Gonanda I	Contemporary of Yudhishthira, a relative of Magadha's ruler Jarasandha (Jarasindhu) (I.59). He was killed by Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna.
Damodara I	Killed in a battle by Krishna.
{{ill\|Yashovati\|sv\|Yasovati}}	Wife of Damodara. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne.
Gonanda II	Son of Yashovati and Damodara. Ruled as a minor over Kashmir, during the Kurukshetra War. Killed by Parikshit.{{Cite web \|title=Gonanda Dynasty \|url=https://www.kashmirthroughages.in/medieval-era/gonanda-dynasty \|access-date=2024-01-15 \|website=Kashmir Through Ages \|language=en}}
35 kings (names lost)	A manuscript titled Ratnakar Purana supposedly contained these names, and was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. The purported original manuscript as well as its translation are now lost. A Muslim historian named Hassan is said to have obtained a copy of the translation, and the later Muslim historians provided a fabricated list of 35 names ending in Khan (title)
Khan.{{sfn\|Raina\|2013\|p=260}}Some sources claim that after Gonanda II was killed, Parikshit handed over Kashmir to his second son Harnadeva. This gave rise to the Pandava Dynasty of Kashmir. Harnadeva lost a succession war against Janamejaya, and so he remained the King of Kashmir. The last ruler was Bhagavanta, who was defeated by Lava in 1752 BCE.{{Cite web \|title=Pandav Dynasty \|url=https://www.kashmirthroughages.in/medieval-era/pandav-dynasty \|access-date=2024-01-15 \|website=Kashmir Through Ages \|language=en}}
Lava	A descendant of Gonanda I, who belonged to the Naga Dynasty and defeated King Bhagavanta of the Pandava Dynasty of Kashmir in 1752 BCE. He laid the foundation of Kashmira Naga Dynasty, a sub-division of the Gonanda Dynasty (I). He established a city named Lolora (Lolab) in Kashmir. According to the Rajatarangini, there were 84 lakh stone-walled houses in it.
Kusheshaya	Son of Lava
Khagendra	Son of Kushyendra
Surendra	Son of Khagendra. Surendra was the first Buddhist king of Kashmir who established the Buddhist culture of Saman culture in Kashmir.
Godhara	Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95)
Suvarna	Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani
Janaka	Unsuccessfully invaded Persia
Shachinara	Died childless
Ashoka	Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day Srinagar). In his days, the mlechchhas (foreigners) overran the country, and he took sannyasa. According to Kalhana's account, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Despite the discrepancies, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who adopted Buddhism.{{sfn\|Guruge\|1994\|pp=185–186}} Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha.{{sfn\|Lahiri\|2015\|pp=378–380}}
Jalauka (Jaloka)	A staunch Shaivite, who constructed several Shiva temples. He rid the country from the mlechchhas (foreigners, possibly Greco-Bactrians). {{sfn\|Guruge\|1994\|p=130}}
Damodara II	Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu.
Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka	Buddhist kings of Turashka origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified with Kanishka of the Kushan Empire.{{cite book \|last1=Pandit \|first1=Ranjit Sitaram \|title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) \|date=1935 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n65 23] I68- \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051}}
Abhimanyu I	A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite Nāga rites prescribed in the holy text Nilamata Purana. This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva.

= Gonanditya dynasty (I) =

The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}

class="wikitable" ! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes
Gonanda III	35 years	1182 BCE	Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to Rama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites
Vibhishana I	53 years, 6 months	1147 BCE
Indrajit	35 years	1094 BCE
Ravana	30 years, 6 months	–	A Shivalinga attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana.
Vibhishana II	35 years, 6 months	1058 BCE
Nara I (Kinnara)	40 years, 9 months	1023 BCE	His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire.
Siddha	60 years	983 BCE	Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle.
Utpalaksha	30 years, 6 months	923 BCE	Son of Siddha
Hiranyaksha	37 years, 7 months	893 BCE	Son of Utpalaksha
Hiranyakula	60 years	855 BCE	Son of Hiranyaksha
Vasukula (Mukula)	60 years	795 BCE	Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly Hunas) overran Kashmir.
Mihirakula	70 years	735 BCE	According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was Toramana. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|p=65}} According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the Sinhala Kingdom, and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through Chola, Karnata and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation.
Vaka (Baka)	63 years, 18 days	665 BCE	A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons.
Kshitinanda	30 years	602 BCE	The only surviving child of Vaka
Vasunanda	52 years, 2 months	572 BCE	"Originator of the science of love"
Nara II	60 years	520 BCE	Son of Vasunanda
Aksha	60 years	460 BCE	Son of Nara II
Gopaditya	60 years, 6 days	400 BCE	Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries.
Gokarna	57 years, 11 months	340 BCE	Son of Gopaditya
Narendraditya I (Khingkhila)	36 years, 3 months, 10 days	282 BCE	Son of Gokarna
Yudhisthira I	34 years, 5 months, 1 day	246 BCE	Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule.

= Other rulers =

No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.{{sfn|Stein|1979|p=65}} These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}

class="wikitable" ! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes
Pratapaditya I	32 years	167 BCE	Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This Vikramaditya is not same as the Vikramaditya of Ujjain, who is mentioned later as a patron of Matrigupta.
Jalauka	32 years	135 BCE	Son of Pratapaditya
Tungjina I	36 years	103 BCE	Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed sati. The couple died childless.
Vijaya	8 years	67 BCE	From a different dynasty than Tungjina.
Jayendra	37 years	59 BCE	Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death.
Sandhimati alias Aryaraja	47 years	22 BCE	Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with rishis (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne.

= Restored Gonandiya dynasty/Gonanda dynasty (II)=

class="wikitable" ! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes
Meghavahana	34 years	25 CE	File:Coin of Meghama(...). Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.{{efn\| Obverse: Shiva Pashupati ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend Meghana... in Brahmi. Reverse: Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, Kidara monogram to left, Jaya in Brahmi to right.}}{{cite journal \|last1=Cribb \|first1=Joe \|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly \|journal=Numismatic Digest \|volume=40 \|year=2016 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187 \|language=en}}]] Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great-grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.
Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II)	30 years	59 CE	Son of Meghavahana
Hiranya and co-regent Toramana	30 years, 2 months	89 CE	File:Alchon Huns Toramana II Circa AD 540-570.jpg", {{Circa\|6th century}}, Kashmir.]] Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|p=65}}
Matrigupta	4 years, 9 months, 1 day	120 CE	According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606–47 CE).{{cite book \|url=http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352 \|title=Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition \|author=D. C. Sircar \|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal \|year=1969 \|isbn=978-8121503488 \|pages=111 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617064610/http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352 \|archive-date=2016-06-17 }} The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|p=66}}
Pravarasena II	60 years	125 CE	File:Post-Kushan Gandhara Kidara Shahis Sri Pravarasena Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.jpg". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE, Kashmir.{{efn\|Obverse: Standing king with two figured seated below. Name "Pravarasena". Reverse: goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra".}}]] Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|p=65}} According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details.{{sfn\|Stein\|1989\|pp=439–441}}
Yudhishthira II	39 years, 8 months	185 CE	Son of Pravarasena
Narendraditya I (Lakshmana)	13 years	206 CE	Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati
Ranaditya I (Tungjina III)	-	219 CE	File:Sri Tujina. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual.
Vikramaditya	42 years	519 CE	Son of Ranaditya
Baladitya	36 years, 8 months	561 CE	Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama Kayastha caste.

Early Medieval Period

= Karkota dynasty (c. 625–855 CE) =

;List of rulers–{{cite book |last=Stein |first=M.A. |title=Kalhaņa's Rājatarańgiņī, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr |date=1900 |location=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1527/page/n163/ |pages=133–138}}

class="wikitable" ! Ruler !! Reign !! Ascension year
Durlabhavardhana (Prajnaditya)	38 years	598 CE
Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II)	60 years	634 CE
Chandrapida (Vajraditya I)	8 years, 8 months	694 CE
Tarapida (Udayaditya)	4 years, 24 days	703 CE
Muktapida (Lalitaditya I)	36 years, 7 months, 11 days	703 CE
Kuvalayapida	1 year, 15 days	739 CE
Vajraditya II (Bappiyaka / Vappiyaka / Lalitaditya II)	7 years	746 CE
Prithivyapida I	4 years, 1 month	750 CE
Sangramapida I	7 days	750 CE
Jayapida (Vinayaditya); Jajja	31 years; 3 years	781 CE
Lalitapida	12 years	793 CE
Sangramapida II (Prithivyapida II)	7 years	805 CE
Chippatajayapida (Brhspati / Vrihaspati)	12 years	812 CE
Ajitapida	37 years	830 CE
Anangapida	3 years	867 CE
Utpalapida	2 years	870 CE

= Utpala dynasty (c. 855–1012 CE) =

;List of rulers–

class="wikitable" ! Ruler !! Reign (CE)
Avantivarman	853/855–883
Shankaravarman	883–902
Gopalavarman	902–904
Sankata	904
Sugandha	904–906
Partha	906–921
Nirjitavarman	921–922
Chakravarman	922–933
Shuravarman I	933–934
Partha (2nd reign)	934–935
Chakravarman (2nd reign)	935
Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana)	935–936
Chakravarman (3rd reign)	936–937
Unmattavanti ("Mad Avanti")	937–939
Shuravarman II	939
Yashaskara-deva	939
Varnata	948
Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I)	948
Parvagupta	948–950
Kshemagupta	950–958
Abhimanyu II	958–972
Nandigupta	972–973
Tribhuvanagupta	973–975
Bhimagupta	975–980
Didda	980–1009/1012

= Lohar dynasty (c. 1003–1339 CE) =

;List of rulers–{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=P. Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sep5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |title=The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism? |date=2022-10-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78039-0 |pages=150 |language=en}}

class="wikitable" ! Ruler !! Ascension year (CE)
Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati)	1003 CE
Hariraja	1028 CE
Ananta-deva	1028 CE
Kalasha (Ranaditya II)	1063 CE
Utkarsha	1089 CE
Harsha	died in 1101 CE
Uchchala	1101 CE
Sussala	unknown
Jayasimha	1111 CE
Paramanuka	1123 CE
Vantideva	until 1165 CE
Vuppadeva	1172 CE
Jassaka	1181 CE
Jagadeva	1199 CE
Rājadeva	1213 CE
Samgrāmadeva	1235 CE
Laksmandadeva	1273 CE
Simhadeva	1286 CE
Sūhadeva	1301 CE
Rinchan	13 November 1320 – December 1320 (as Maharaja of Kashmir), December 1320 – 25 November 1323 (as Sultan of Kashmir)
Udayanadeva	1323 CE
Kota Rani	1338–1339 CE

Late Medieval Period

= Kashmir Sultanate (c. 1320/1339–1589) =

== Bhoti dynasty (c. 1320–1323) ==

width=100% class="wikitable"

! style= width=7% |No.

! style= width=7% |Titular Name

! style= width=7% |Personal Name

! style= width=7% |Reign

align="center" |1

| align="center" |Sadr'ud-Din Shah

|align="center"| Rinchan

|align="center"|13 November 1320 – 31 December 1323

== Shah Mir dynasty (c. 1339–1561 CE) ==

style="width:5%;"\|No. ! style="width:14%;"\|Titular Name ! style="width:20%;"\|Personal Name ! style="width:25%;"\|Reign
class="wikitable"
style="text-align:center;"\| 2	style="text-align:center;"\|Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;"\|Shāh Mīr	style="text-align:center;" \| 4 July 1339 – 6 July 1342
style="text-align:center;"\| 3	style="text-align:center;"\|Jamshīd Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Jamshīd	style="text-align:center;" \| 6 July 1342 – 6 May 1343
style="text-align:center;"\| 4	style="text-align:center;"\|Alāu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Alī Shēr	style="text-align:center;" \| 6 May 1343 – 19 April 1354
style="text-align:center;"\| 5	style="text-align:center;"\|Shihābu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Shīrashāmak	style="text-align:center;" \| 19 April 1354 – 6 June 1373
style="text-align:center;"\| 6	style="text-align:center;"\|Qutbu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Hindāl \| style="text-align:center;" \| 6 June 1373 – 24 August 1389
style="text-align:center;"\| 7	style="text-align:center;"\|Sikandar Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Shingara	style="text-align:center;" \| 24 August 1389 – 31 May 1413
style="text-align:center;"\| 8	style="text-align:center;"\|Alī Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Mīr Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 31 May 1413 – 20 February 1418
style="text-align:center;"\| 9	style="text-align:center;"\|Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah	style="text-align:center;" \| Shāhī Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 20 February 1418 – December 1419
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Alī Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Mīr Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| December 1419 – 7 July 1420
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah	style="text-align:center;" \| Shāhī Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 7 July 1420 – 5 April 1470
style="text-align:center;"\| 10	style="text-align:center;" \|Haider Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Hāji Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 5 April 1470 – 13 April 1472
style="text-align:center;"\| 11	style="text-align:center;" \|Hasan Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Hasan Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 13 April 1472 – 19 April 1484
style="text-align:center;"\| 12	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 19 April 1484 – 14 October 1486
style="text-align:center;"\| 13	style="text-align:center;" \|Fatēh Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Fatēh Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 14 October 1486 – July 1493
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| July 1493 – 1505
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Fatēh Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Fatēh Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 1505 – 1514
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 1514 – September 1515
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Fatēh Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Fatēh Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| September 1515 – August 1517
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| August 1517 – January 1528
style="text-align:center;"\| 14	style="text-align:center;" \|Ibrahīm Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ibrahīm Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| January 1528 – April 1528
style="text-align:center;"\| 15	style="text-align:center;" \|Nāzuk Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Nādir Shāh \| style="text-align:center;" \| April 1528 – June 1530
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| June 1530 – July 1537
style="text-align:center;"\| 16	style="text-align:center;" \|Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh II	style="text-align:center;" \| Shamsu'd-Dīn \| style="text-align:center;" \| July 1537 – 1540
style="text-align:center;"\| 17	style="text-align:center;" \|Ismaīl Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ismaīl Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 1540 – December 1540
style="text-align:center;"\|–	style="text-align:center;" \|Nāzuk Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Nādir Shāh \| style="text-align:center;" \| December 1540 – December 1552
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Ibrahīm Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ibrahīm Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| December 1552 – 1555
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Ismaīl Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ismaīl Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 1555 – 1557
style="text-align:center;"\| 18	style="text-align:center;" \|Habīb Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Habīb Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 1557 – 1561

NOTE : Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.{{cite web |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-kashmirsultans.html |title = The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir}}{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=325|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2013-01-17}}

== Chak dynasty (c. 1561–1579 CE) ==

width=100% class="wikitable"

! style="background-color: width=7% |No.

! style="background-color: width=7% |Titular Name

! style="background-color: width=7% |Personal Name

! style="background-color: width=7% |Reign

align="center" |19

| align="center" |Muḥammad Humāyūn

|align="center"| Ghazi Shah

|align="center"|1561 – 1563

align="center" |20

|align="center"|Nasiru'd-Din

|align="center"| Husain Shah

|align="center"|1563 – 1570

align="center" |21

|align="center"|Zahīru'd-Din Muhammad Alī

|align="center"| Ali Shah

|align="center"|1570 – December 1578

align="center" |22

|align="center"|Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi

|align="center"| Yousuf Shah

|align="center"|December 1578 – February 1579

== Baihaqi dynasty (c. 1579 CE) ==

width=100% class="wikitable"

! style= width=7% |No.

! style= width=7% |Titular Name

! style= width=7% |Personal Name

! style= width=7% |Reign

align="center" |23

| align="center" |Mubarak Ghazi

|align="center"| Mubarak Baihaqi

|align="center"|February 1579 – November 1579

== Restored Chak dynasty (c. 1579–1589 CE) ==

width=100% class="wikitable"

! style= width=7% |No.

! style= width=7% |Titular Name

! style= width=7% |Personal Name

! style= width=7% |Reign

align="center" |24

| align="center" |Lohar Ghazi

| align="center" | Lohar Khan

| align="center" | November 1579 – November 1580

align="center" |–

| align="center" | Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi

| align="center" | Yousuf Shah

| align="center" | November 1580 – 14 February 1586

align="center" |25

| align="center" | Ismā'īl Shah

| align="center" | Yakub Shah

| align="center" | 14 February 1586 – 8 August 1589

NOTE : Yakub Shah was dethroned on 14 October 1586 by the Mughals but continued to use the title of the Sultan of Kashmir till 1589.

Early Modern Period

= Jamwal rulers of Jammu (c. 1600–1846 CE) =

class="wikitable"
Ruler !Portrait ! Reign !Reference
Raja Sangram Dev \| \|1600 – 1625 \|{{Cite book \|last=Randhawa \|first=M. S. \|title=Basohli Painting \|publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India \|year=2013 \|isbn=9788123018065 \|edition=2nd reprint \|location=Lodhi Road, New Delhi \|pages=102}}
Raja Bhupat Dev \| \|1625 – 1650 \|
Raja Hari Dev \|167x167px \|1660 – 1690 \|{{cite book \|last1=Seth \|first1=Mira \|title=Dogra Wall Paintings in Jammu and Kashmir \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780195615494 \|edition=illustrated \|page= \|pages=1–9 \|chapter=1: Background}}
Raja Gajai Dev \| \|1690 – 1703 \|
Raja Dhruv Dev \|150x150px \| 1703 – 1735 \|
Mian Ghansar Dev \|150x150px \|1735 – 1747 \|
Raja Ranjit Dev \|154x154px \| 1747 – 1781 \|
Raja Braj Dev \|181x181px \| 1781 – 1787 \|
Raja Sampuran Dev \|150x150px \| 1787 – 1797 \|
Raja Jit Dev \|280x280px \| 1797 – 1808 or 1812 \|
colspan="2" \| Direct Sikh Rule ! 1808 or 1812 – 1820 !
Raja Kishore Singh \|242x242px \| 1820 – 1822 \|{{Cn\|date=October 2024}}
Raja Gulab Singh \|211x211px \| 1822 – 1846 \|{{Cn\|date=October 2024}}

class="wikitable"

Ruler

!Portrait

! Reign

!Reference

Raja Sangram Dev

|1600 – 1625

|{{Cite book |last=Randhawa |first=M. S. |title=Basohli Painting |publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2013 |isbn=9788123018065 |edition=2nd reprint |location=Lodhi Road, New Delhi |pages=102}}

Raja Bhupat Dev

|1625 – 1650

Raja Hari Dev

|167x167px

|1660 – 1690

|{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Mira |title=Dogra Wall Paintings in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195615494 |edition=illustrated |page= |pages=1–9 |chapter=1: Background}}

Raja Gajai Dev

|1690 – 1703

Raja Dhruv Dev

|150x150px

| 1703 – 1735

Mian Ghansar Dev

|150x150px

|1735 – 1747

Raja Ranjit Dev

|154x154px

| 1747 – 1781

Raja Braj Dev

|181x181px

| 1781 – 1787

Raja Sampuran Dev

|150x150px

| 1787 – 1797

Raja Jit Dev

|280x280px

| 1797 – 1808 or 1812

colspan="2" | Direct Sikh Rule

! 1808 or 1812 – 1820

Raja Kishore Singh

|242x242px

| 1820 – 1822

|{{Cn|date=October 2024}}

Raja Gulab Singh

|211x211px

| 1822 – 1846

|{{Cn|date=October 2024}}

= Mughal Kashmir (c. 1586–1752) =

Akbar (1586–1605), Under Akbar's regin Mughal army was finally successful in annexing Kashmir in 1586, robbing its independence and reducing it to the status of a subah (province) of their empire.
Jahangir (1605–1627)
Shayarar Mirza (1627 - 1628)
Shah Jahan I (1628–1657)
Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
Muhammad Azam Shah (1707)
Bahadur Shah I (1707–1712)
Jahandar Shah (1712–1713)
Farrukh Siyar (1713–1719)
Rafi ud Darajat (1719)
Shah Jahan II (1719)
Nikusiyar (1719)
Muhammad Shah (first rule, 1719–1720)
Muhammad Ibrahim (1720)
Muhammad Shah (restored) (1720–1748)
Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1752), last Mughal to rule Kashmir.

= Durrani Empire (c. 1752–1754 CE) =

{{Succession table monarch

| name1 = Ahmad Shah Durrani

| life1 = 1720/1722 – 4 June 1772

| reignstart1 = 1752

| reignend1 = 1754

| notes1 = Established the Durrani dynasty and the Durrani Empire

| family1 = Durrani

| image1 = Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg

}}

= Raja of Kashmir (c. 1754–1762 CE) =

style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"

! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)

! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name

! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign

style="text-align:center;"|Raja Jiwan

| style="text-align:center;"| Sukh Jiwan Mal Sahni

| style="text-align:center;"|1754–1762

= Durrani Empire (restored) (c. 1762–1819 CE) =

{{Succession table monarch

| name1 = Ahmad Shah Durrani

| life1 = 1720/1722 – 4 June 1772

| reignstart1 = 1762

| reignend1 = 4 June 1772

| family1 = Durrani

| image1 = Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg

| alt1 = Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan

| name2 = Timur Shah Durrani

| life2 = December 1746 – 20 May 1793

| reignstart2 = November 1772

| reignend2 = 20 May 1793

| family2 = Durrani

| image2 = Temur-Shah.jpg

| alt2 = Timur Shah Durrani of Afghanistan

| name3 = Zaman Shah Durrani

| life3 = 1770–1844

| reignstart3 = 20 May 1793

| reignend3 = 25 July 1801
{{small|(deposed)}}

| family3 = Durrani

| image3 = Shah-Zaman-Khan.jpg

| alt3 = Zaman Shah Durrani of Afghanistan

| name4 = Mahmud Shah Durrani

| life4 = 1769 – 18 April 1829

| reignstart4 = 25 July 1801

| reignend4 = 13 July 1803
{{small|(deposed)}}

| family4 = Durrani

| image4 = Mahmud Shah Durrani.jpg

| alt4 = Mahmud Shah Durrani of Afghanistan

| name5 = Shah Shujah Durrani

| life5 = 4 November 1785 – 5 April 1842

| reignstart5 = 13 July 1803

| reignend5 = 3 May 1809
{{small|(deposed)}}

| family5 = Durrani

| image5 = Lithograph of Shah Shujah in 1843.jpg

| alt5 = Shah Shujah Durrani of Afghanistan

| name6 = Mahmud Shah Durrani
{{small|(2nd reign)}}

| life6 = 1769 – 18 April 1829

| reignstart6 = 3 May 1809

| reignend6 = 1818
{{small|(deposed)}}

| family6 = Durrani

| image6 = Mahmud Shah Durrani.jpg

| alt6 = Mahmud Shah Durrani of Afghanistan

| name7 = Ali Shah Durrani

| life7 = unknown

| reignstart7 = 1818

| reignend7 = 1819
{{small|(deposed)}}

| family7 = Durrani

| image7 = Sin foto.svg

| alt7 = Ali Shah Durrani of Afghanistan

}}

Modern Period

= Sikh Empire (c. 1819–1846 CE) =

The nominal and acting governors of Kashmir during Sikh-rule and their tenures are as follows:{{Cite book |last=Herrli |first=Hans |title=The Coins of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=2004 |isbn=9788121511322 |edition=2nd |pages=120 |chapter=6: Kashmir - The Sikh Governors of Kashmir}}

Diwan Moti Ram (1st term), end of 1819 – 1820
Hari Singh Nalwa, 1820–1821
Diwan Moti Ram (2nd term), December 1821 – spring of 1825
Gurmak Singh, 1825 (acting governor)
Diwan Chuni Lal, 1825 – end of 1826
Diwan Kirpa Ram, early 1827 – 1830
Maha Singh, 1830 (governor for one month after Kirpa Ram)
Bhima Singh Ardali, summer 1830 – 1831
Kanwar Sher Singh, 1831–1834
Diwan Vesaka Singh, 1831–1832 (acting governor on behalf of Sher Singh)
Shaikh Gholam Muhyi Addin & Jamadar Kushal Singh, 1832–1834 (acting governors for Sher Singh)
Mihan Singh Kumedan, July 1834 – 17 April 1841
Shaikh Gholam Muhyi Addin, April 1841 – 1845
Shaikh Imam-ud-Din, 1845 – November 1846

= State of Jammu and Kashmir (c. 1846–1952 CE) =

class="wikitable"
Ruler ! Portrait ! Reign
Maharaja Gulab Singh \|194x194px \|16 March 1846 – 20 February 1856
Maharaja Ranbir Singh \|201x201px \|20 February 1856 – 12 September 1885
Maharaja Pratap Singh \|223x223px \|12 September 1885 – 23 September 1925
Maharaja Hari Singh \|218x218px \|12 September 1925 – 17 November 1952{{Efn\|Monarchy abolished.\|group=note}}

class="wikitable"

Ruler

! Portrait

! Reign

Maharaja Gulab Singh

|194x194px

|16 March 1846 – 20 February 1856

Maharaja Ranbir Singh

|201x201px

|20 February 1856 – 12 September 1885

Maharaja Pratap Singh

|223x223px

|12 September 1885 – 23 September 1925

Maharaja Hari Singh

|218x218px

|12 September 1925 – 17 November 1952{{Efn|Monarchy abolished.|group=note}}

Notes

References

=Works cited=

{{cite book |last=Guruge |first=Ananda |author-link=Ananda W. P. Guruge |editor=Nuradha Seneviratna |title=King Asoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0}}
{{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |year=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91525-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT379}}
{{cite book |last=Raina |first=Mohini Qasba |year=2013 |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People |publisher=Partridge |isbn=9781482899450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260}}
{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Marc Aurel |year=1979 |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImBDAAAAYAAJ |volume=1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |orig-year=1900 |chapter=Chronological and Dynastic Tables of Kalhana's Record of Kasmir Kings |isbn=978-81-208-0368-8}}
{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Marc Aurel |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&pg=PA439}}

Category:Lists of monarchs in Asia

Category:Political history of Kashmir

style="width:5%;"\|No. ! style="width:14%;"\|Titular Name ! style="width:20%;"\|Personal Name ! style="width:25%;"\|Reign
class="wikitable"
style="text-align:center;"\| 2	style="text-align:center;"\|Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;"\|Shāh Mīr	style="text-align:center;" \| 4 July 1339 – 6 July 1342
style="text-align:center;"\| 3	style="text-align:center;"\|Jamshīd Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Jamshīd	style="text-align:center;" \| 6 July 1342 – 6 May 1343
style="text-align:center;"\| 4	style="text-align:center;"\|Alāu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Alī Shēr	style="text-align:center;" \| 6 May 1343 – 19 April 1354
style="text-align:center;"\| 5	style="text-align:center;"\|Shihābu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Shīrashāmak	style="text-align:center;" \| 19 April 1354 – 6 June 1373
style="text-align:center;"\| 6	style="text-align:center;"\|Qutbu'd-Dīn Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Hindāl \| style="text-align:center;" \| 6 June 1373 – 24 August 1389
style="text-align:center;"\| 7	style="text-align:center;"\|Sikandar Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Shingara	style="text-align:center;" \| 24 August 1389 – 31 May 1413
style="text-align:center;"\| 8	style="text-align:center;"\|Alī Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Mīr Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 31 May 1413 – 20 February 1418
style="text-align:center;"\| 9	style="text-align:center;"\|Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah	style="text-align:center;" \| Shāhī Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 20 February 1418 – December 1419
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Alī Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Mīr Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| December 1419 – 7 July 1420
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah	style="text-align:center;" \| Shāhī Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 7 July 1420 – 5 April 1470
style="text-align:center;"\| 10	style="text-align:center;" \|Haider Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Hāji Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 5 April 1470 – 13 April 1472
style="text-align:center;"\| 11	style="text-align:center;" \|Hasan Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Hasan Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 13 April 1472 – 19 April 1484
style="text-align:center;"\| 12	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 19 April 1484 – 14 October 1486
style="text-align:center;"\| 13	style="text-align:center;" \|Fatēh Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Fatēh Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 14 October 1486 – July 1493
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| July 1493 – 1505
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Fatēh Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Fatēh Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 1505 – 1514
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| 1514 – September 1515
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Fatēh Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Fatēh Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| September 1515 – August 1517
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| August 1517 – January 1528
style="text-align:center;"\| 14	style="text-align:center;" \|Ibrahīm Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ibrahīm Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| January 1528 – April 1528
style="text-align:center;"\| 15	style="text-align:center;" \|Nāzuk Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Nādir Shāh \| style="text-align:center;" \| April 1528 – June 1530
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Muhammad Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Muhammad Khān	style="text-align:center;" \| June 1530 – July 1537
style="text-align:center;"\| 16	style="text-align:center;" \|Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh II	style="text-align:center;" \| Shamsu'd-Dīn \| style="text-align:center;" \| July 1537 – 1540
style="text-align:center;"\| 17	style="text-align:center;" \|Ismaīl Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ismaīl Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 1540 – December 1540
style="text-align:center;"\|–	style="text-align:center;" \|Nāzuk Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Nādir Shāh \| style="text-align:center;" \| December 1540 – December 1552
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Ibrahīm Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ibrahīm Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| December 1552 – 1555
style="text-align:center;"\| –	style="text-align:center;" \|Ismaīl Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Ismaīl Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 1555 – 1557
style="text-align:center;"\| 18	style="text-align:center;" \|Habīb Shāh	style="text-align:center;" \| Habīb Khān \| style="text-align:center;" \| 1557 – 1561

List of monarchs of Kashmir#Gonanda dynasty

Gonanda dynasty

= Gonanda dynasty (I) =

= Gonanditya dynasty (I) =

= Other rulers =

= Restored Gonandiya dynasty/Gonanda dynasty (II)=

Early Medieval Period

= Karkota dynasty (c. 625–855 CE) =

= Utpala dynasty (c. 855–1012 CE) =

= Lohar dynasty (c. 1003–1339 CE) =

Late Medieval Period

= Kashmir Sultanate (c. 1320/1339–1589) =

== Bhoti dynasty (c. 1320–1323) ==

== Shah Mir dynasty (c. 1339–1561 CE) ==

== Chak dynasty (c. 1561–1579 CE) ==

== Baihaqi dynasty (c. 1579 CE) ==

== Restored Chak dynasty (c. 1579–1589 CE) ==

Early Modern Period

= Jamwal rulers of Jammu (c. 1600–1846 CE) =

= Mughal Kashmir (c. 1586–1752) =

= Durrani Empire (c. 1752–1754 CE) =

= Raja of Kashmir (c. 1754–1762 CE) =

= Durrani Empire (restored) (c. 1762–1819 CE) =

Modern Period

= Sikh Empire (c. 1819–1846 CE) =

= State of Jammu and Kashmir (c. 1846–1952 CE) =

See also

Notes

References

=Works cited=