List of parasites of the marsh rice rat

File:Amblyomma americanum tick.jpg is one of the parasites that the marsh rice rat shares with other mammals.]]

A variety of parasites have been recorded from the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris), a semiaquatic rodent found in the eastern and southern United States, north to New Jersey and Kansas and south to Florida and Texas, and in Tamaulipas, far northeastern Mexico.Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1152; Wolfe, 1982, p. 1; Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 914 Some of these parasites are endoparasites, internal parasites, while others are ectoparasites, external parasites.Wolfe, 1982, p. 3; Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998, p. 281

Parasitologist John Kinsella compared the endoparasites of marsh rice rats in a saltwater marsh at Cedar Key and a freshwater marsh at Paynes Prairie, both in Florida, in a 1988 study. He found a total of 45 species, a number unequaled in rodents. This may be related to the diverse habitats the rice rat uses and to its omnivorous diet; it eats a variety of animals which may serve as intermediate hosts of various parasites. The endoparasites in the saltwater marsh were dominated by trematodes (flukes), and those of the freshwater marsh by nematodes (roundworms). Endoparasites were found in the gastric mucosa (which lines the stomach), the cavity of the stomach, the small intestine, the cecum, the large intestine, the pancreatic duct, the bile ducts, the mucus of the liver, the pulmonary arteries, the abdominal cavity, and the pleural cavity.Kinsella, 1988, table 1 While the marsh rice rat harbors a number of host-specific species,Kinsella, 1988, p. 275 such as the nematode Aonchotheca forresteri, other parasite species, such as the lone star tick (pictured), are shared with other mammals.Kinsella, 1988, p. 279 Compared to the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), Florida marsh rice rats usually harbor fewer individual ectoparasites of each species.Worth, 1950, p. 334 Borrelia, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, has been identified in some ticks that infect the marsh rice rat and it has been identified as a possible natural reservoir for Borrelia.Sonenshine et al., 1993, p. 10; Levin et al., 1993, p. 12

Key

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%"

|style="background:#e3e3e3"|Name

|The scientific name of the parasite species. A note is given where a species has been recorded on the marsh rice rat under different scientific names. Unnamed species are indicated with "sp." and parasites that could not be identified to species level are indicated with "unidentified".

style="background:#e3e3e3"|Geographic occurrence

|U.S. states where the parasite has been recorded on the marsh rice rat (no parasite records are available from the Mexican distribution of the marsh rice rat). This information is unavailable for some parasites.

style="background:#e3e3e3"|Prevalence

|Prevalence of infection with the parasite in a studied marsh rice rat population. The prevalence is given either as a percentage (e.g., 10%) or as a fraction (e.g., 5/50, meaning that 5 out of 50 examined animals were infected with the parasite), together with the site of study. Prevalence figures are unavailable for some parasites.

style="background:#e3e3e3"|Present on other species?

|"Yes" indicates that the parasite has also been recorded on other host species, "no" that it is (as far as known) specific to the marsh rice rat. For some unnamed species, the sources do not indicate whether or not the species is specific to the marsh rice rat.

Ectoparasites

=Acari=

The Acari include the mites and ticks. Many are parasites of other animals.Borror and White, 1970, p. 52 One study in South Carolina failed to find ticks on marsh rice rats living in marshes, which are an unsuitable habitat for the parasites.Clark et al., 2001, p. 1382

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! width="15%" \| Name !! width="25%" \| Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" \| Prevalence !! width="25%" \| Present on other species?
Amblyomma americanum	GeorgiaWilson and Durden, 2003, table 1	–	Yes
Amblyomma maculatum	South Carolina	–	Yes
Androlaelaps casalisWhitaker and Wilson, 1974, p. 4	–	–	Yes
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi{{#tag:ref\|Previously reported as Haemolaelaps glasgowi, but that name is a synonym of Androlaelaps fahrenholzi.\|group=Note}}	Florida; GeorgiaWilson and Durden, 2003, table 3	50% (Everglades, Florida); 60% (Hillsborough Co., Florida); 3/29 (southwestern Georgia)	YesWhitaker and Wilson, 1974, p. 5
Dermacentor variabilis	Florida; Georgia; Missouri; South Carolina;Williams et al., 1999, p. 28 TennesseeKollars, 1996, p. 707	47% (Everglades); 65% (Hillsborough Co.); 12/29 (southwestern Georgia); 21% (Chester Co., South Carolina)	Yes, but marsh rice rat is among most important hostsKollars et al., 2000, p. 640
Euschoengastia peromysci	Georgia	–	Yes
Euschoengastia setosa	Georgia	–	No
Euschoengastia sp.	Georgia	–	No
Eutrombicula batatas	Florida	–	No
Eutrombicula splendens	Florida; Georgia	95% (Hillsborough Co.); 1/29 (southwestern Georgia)	Yes
Gigantolaelaps mattogrossensis{{#tag:ref\|The Gigantolaelaps mite from the marsh rice rat was first described as Gigantolaelaps cricetidarum, a separate species, but later considered identical with G. mattogrossensis; some still consider the two to be different species.Carmichael et al., 2007, p. 80\|group=Note}}	Florida; Georgia; Texas	35% (Everglades); 14/29 (southwestern Georgia)	Yes, but in the United States occurs mainly in rice rats
Haemogamasus, unidentified species	Georgia	–	–
Ixodes affinis	Georgia	–	Yes
Ixodes brunneus	GeorgiaWilson and Durden, 2003, table 2	–	Yes
Ixodes cookei	VirginiaLevine et al., 1991, p. 668	–	Yes
Ixodes minor	South CarolinaClark et al., 2001, p. 1381	–	Yes
Ixodes scapularis	Georgia; North Carolina;Levine et al., 1993, p. 8 South Carolina;Williams et al., 1999, p. 129 VirginiaSonenshine et al., 1993, p. 9	30% (Outer Banks, North Carolina)	Yes
Ixodes texanus	Georgia	–	Yes
Ixodes, unidentified species	FloridaWorth, 1950, p. 332	–	–
Laelaps manguinhosi{{#tag:ref\|Laelaps oryzomydis is a synonym.Whitaker and Wilson, 1974, p. 10\|group=Note}}	Florida; South Carolina; Texas	–	None north of Mexico
Laelaps sp.	Florida;Worth, 1950, p. 330 Georgia	50% (Everglades); 10% (Hillsborough Co.); 4/29 (southwestern Georgia)	Yes, but occurs mainly in rice rats
Listrophoridae, unidentified species	Florida;Worth, 1950, p. 331 Georgia	–	–
Listrophorus, unidentified species	Georgia	8/29 (southwestern Georgia)	–
Ornithonyssus bacoti{{#tag:ref\|Previously known as Bdellonyssus bacoti, but since reassigned to Ornithonyssus.Whitaker et al., 2007, pp. 27, 120; Radovsky, 2007, p. 223\|group=Note}}	Florida;Worth, 1950, p. 329 Georgia	20% (Everglades); 50% (Hillsborough Co.); 11/29 (southwestern Georgia)	Yes
Ornithonyssus sp.{{#tag:ref\|Originally assigned to Bdellonyssus (spelled Bdelonyssus), but that name is a synonym of Ornithonyssus.Radovsky, 2007, p. 223\|group=Note}}	Georgia	1/29 (southwestern Georgia)	Yes
Oryzomysia oryzomys{{#tag:ref\|Previously reported as Chilodiscoides oryzomys,Whitaker and Wilson, 1974, p. 11 but now assigned to Oryzomysia.Whitaker et al., 2007, p. 5\|group=Note}}	Georgia	–	No
Prolistrophorus bakeri{{#tag:ref\|Previously known as Listrophorus bakeri, but since assigned to the genus Prolistrophorus.Whitaker et al., 2007, p. 25\|group=Note}}	–	–	Yes
Prolistrophorus grassii{{#tag:ref\|Previously known as Listrophorus bakeri, but since assigned to the genus Prolistrophorus.\|group=Note}}	Georgia	–	Yes
Radfordia palustrisWhitaker et al., 2007, p. 31	Florida; Georgia; South Carolina	–	No

=Anoplura=

Sucking lice (Anoplura) are a diverse group infecting placental mammals.Durden and Musser, 1994, p. 1 Species found on marsh rice rats include three of the common genus HoplopleuraWolfe, 1982, p. 3; Pratt and Lane, 1951, p. 141 and Polyplax spinulosa, which more usually infects black and brown rats.

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! width="15%" \| Name !! width="25%" \| Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" \| Prevalence !! width="25%" \| Present in other species?
Hoplopleura hirsuta	GeorgiaMorlan, 1952, table 2	1/29 (southwestern Georgia)	Yes; usually occurs in cotton ratsDurden and Musser, 1994, p. 27
Hoplopleura oryzomydis{{#tag:ref\|Listed as Hoplopleura quadridentata by Worth (1950), but later described as a separate species, Hoplopleura oryzomydis.\|group=Note}}	Delaware; Florida;Pratt and Lane, 1951, p. 142 Georgia;Wilson and Durden, 2003, table 4 Louisiana; South Carolina; Tennessee; Texas	18% (Everglades); 35% (Hillsborough Co.); 1/21 (Shelby County, Tennessee)Durden et al., 1997, p. 73	YesDurden and Musser, 1994, p. 31
Polyplax spinulosa	Georgia; Tennessee	2/29 (southwestern Georgia)	Yes; normally infects RattusDurden, 1988, p. 900

=Siphonaptera=

Fleas (Siphonaptera) are common parasites of vertebrates, mainly mammals.Medvedev and Krasnov, 2006, p. 163 Several species of fleas have been found on the marsh rice rat.Wilson and Durden, 2003, table 4; Layne, 1971, p. 41

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! width="15%" \| Name !! width="25%" \| Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" \| Prevalence !! width="25%" \| Present in other species?
Ctenocephalides felis	Georgia	–	Yes
Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes	Missouri;Kollars et al., 1997, table 1 TennesseeDurden and Kollars, 1997, p. 15	2/21 (Shelby Co., Tennessee)	Yes
Epitedia wenmanni	Missouri	–	Yes
Polygenis gwyni	Florida;Layne, 1971, p. 41 Georgia; Mississippi; South CarolinaDurden et al., 1999, p. 176	4/29 (southwestern Georgia); 33% (Marion Co., Mississippi)Clark and Durden, 2002, table 3	Yes; mainly found on the hispid cotton rat
Stenoponia americana	South Carolina;Durden et al., 1999, p. 177 TennesseeDurden and Kollars, 1997, p. 17	1/39 (Shelby Co.)	Yes

Endoparasites

Unless otherwise specified, all information in this section is from Kinsella (1988, table 1).

=Nematoda=

Nematodes are among the largest animal phyla and include at least 12,000 known species that are parasites of vertebrates.Morand et al., 2006, p. 67 In Kinsella's 1988 study in Florida, species diversity was higher in the saltwater marsh (Cedar Key) than the freshwater marsh (Paynes Prairie), but nematodes at Paynes Prairie occurred more commonly and made up the bulk of the parasites found in rice rats there.

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! width="15%" \| Name !! width="25%" \| Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" \| Prevalence !! width="25%" \| Present in other species?
Aonchotheca forresteri{{#tag:ref\|Originally placed in the genus Capillaria,Kinsella and Pence, 1987, p. 1295 but later reassigned to Aonchotheca.Pisanu and Bain, 1999, p. 21\|group=Note}}	Florida	46% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)	NoKinsella and Pence, 1987, p. 1297
Capillaria gastrica	Florida	4% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 6% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesPulido-Flores et al., 2005, p. 191
Capillaria hepatica	Florida	8% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 6% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesMeagher, 1999, p. 1318
Hassalstrongylus forresteri	Florida	rowspan="3" \| 92% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 9% (Cedar Key, Florida){{#tag:ref\|Because females of these three species cannot be distinguished, data were combined.\|group=Note}}	NoDiaw, 1976, p. 1084
Hassalstrongylus lichtenfelsi	Florida	No
Hassalstrongylus musculi	Florida	Yes
Litomosoides scotti	Florida	57% (Cedar Key, Florida)	NoForrester and Kinsella, 1973, p. 255
Mastophorus muris	Georgia;Doran, 1955, p. 164 FloridaKinsella, 1974, p. 7	36% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Monodontus sp.	Florida	1% (Cedar Key, Florida)	–
Parastrongylus schmidti{{#tag:ref\|Originally named Angiostrongylus schmidti by Kinsella (1971),Kinsella, 1971, p. 491 but moved to Parastrongylus by Ubelaker (1986).Ubelaker, 1986, p. 239\|group=Note}}	Florida	7% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 3% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Not in the wild, but is able to infect other rodents in experimentsRobles et al., 2008, p. 517
Pterygodermatites ondatrae	Florida	rowspan="2" \| 20% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 5% (Cedar Key, Florida){{#tag:ref\|Females of these two species cannot be distinguished, so data were combined.\|group=Note}}	Yes
Pterygodermatites sp.	Florida	–
Physaloptera hispida	Florida	35% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)	Yes
Physaloptera sp.	Florida	4% (Cedar Key, Florida)	–
Skrjabinoclava kinsellai{{#tag:ref\|Listed as Skrjabinoclava thapari by Kinsella (1988), but later described as a separate species.Anderson and Wong, 1994, p. 1\|group=Note}}	Florida	28% (Cedar Key, Florida)	No
Spiruridae, unidentified larvae	Florida	5% (Cedar Key, Florida)	–
Strongyloides sp.	Florida	30% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)	–
Syphacia oryzomyos	Florida	42% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)	NoUnderwood et al., 1986, p. 411
Trichostrongylus affinis	Florida	14% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 6% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Trichostrongylus sigmodontis	Florida	8% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 3% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes

=Cestoda=

Four tapeworms are known from the marsh rice rat, all in Florida, but three of those are usually found in other species and only rarely in the rice rat.Kinsella, 1988, p. 277

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! width="15%" \| Name !! width="25%" \| Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" \| Prevalence !! width="25%" \| Present in other species?
Hymenolepis diminuta	Florida	19% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Taenia rileyi	Florida	1% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes; usually infects bobcats
Taenia mustelae	Florida	0.5% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)	Yes; usually infects skunks and mustelids
Cladotaenia circi	Florida	0.5% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes; usually infects hawks

=Digenea=

Flukes (Trematoda) from the subclass Digenea are common parasites of small mammals with complex life cycles.Feliu et al., 2006, p. 13 In his 1988 study, Kinsella found an unprecedented 21 species of trematodes in Florida marsh rice rats. The intermediate hosts of these trematodes include a variety of invertebrates, fish, and amphibians, which are eaten by the marsh rice rat.Kinsella, 1988, p. 278 Trematodes were generally more common at the Cedar Key saltwater marsh than at the freshwater marsh in Paynes Prairie.

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! width="15%" \| Name !! width="25%" \| Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" \| Prevalence !! width="25%" \| Present in other species?
Acanthotrema cursitans{{#tag:ref\|Listed as Stictodora cursitans by Kinsella (1988), but moved to Acantothrema in 2003.Sohn et al., 2003, p. 157\|group=Note}}	Florida	52% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesKinsella and Heard, 1974, p. 408
Ascocotyle angrense	Florida	25% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes; occurs mainly in birdsNúñez, 1993, p. 198
Ascocotyle pindoramensis{{#tag:ref\|Listed as Ascocotyle mollienisicola by Kinsella (1988), but that name is a synonym of A. pindoramensis.Simões et al., 2006, p. 501\|group=Note}}	Florida	9% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes; occurs mainly in birdsSimões et al., 2006, p. 503
Brachylaima virginianum{{#tag:ref\|Spelled Brachylaeme by Kinsella (1988).\|group=Note}}	Florida	15% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)	Yes; occurs mainly in the Virginia opossumFoster et al., 2004, p. 174
Catatropis johnstoni	Florida	30% (Cedar Key, Florida)	No other natural definitive host known, but occurs outside the range of the marsh rice rat and the normal host may be a birdBush and Kinsella, 1972
Echinochasmus schwartzi	Florida	19% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesDitrich et al., 1996, p. 234
Fibricola lucida	Florida	67% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 11% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesKontrimavichus, 1985, p. 80
Gymnophalloides heardi{{#tag:ref\|Reported as Parvatrema sp. by Kinsella (1988), but later described as Gymnophalloides heardi.\|group=Note}}	FloridaCheng, 1995, pp. 924, 926	26% (Cedar Key, Florida)	No
Gynaecotyla adunca	Florida	15% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes; normally infects birdsVerberg and Hunter, 1961, p. 34
Levinseniella deblocki{{#tag:ref\|Reported as Levinseniella sp. by Kinsella (1988), and described as L. deblocki in 1995.\|group=Note}}	FloridaHeard and Kinsella, 1995	49% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Lyperosomum intermedium	Florida	45% (Cedar Key, Florida)	NoDenton and Kinsella, 1972, p. 226
Maritrema heardi{{#tag:ref\|Reported as Maritrema sp. II by Kinsella (1988), then described as the only member of its own genus, Floridatrema heardi, and later again assigned to the genus Maritrema.Tkach et al., 2005, p. 10\|group=Note}}	FloridaKinsella and Deblock, 1995, p. 1	19% (Cedar Key, Florida)	NoKinsella and Deblock, 1994, p. 95; Kinsella, 1988, p. 277
Maritrema prosthometra{{#tag:ref\|This species was called prosthrometra by Kinsella (1988); the correct spelling is prosthometra.Deblock and Heard, 1969, p. 416\|group=Note}}	Florida	5% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Maritrema sp. I	Florida	69% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Microphallus basodactylophallus	Florida	94% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesKinsella, 1974, pp. 5, 7
Microphallus nicolli	Florida	9% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesMayer et al., 2003, p. 77
Microphallus sp.	Florida	10% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Notocotylus fosteri	FloridaKinsella and Tkach, 2005, p. 195	3/4 (Cedar Key, Florida)	No
Odhneria odhneri	Florida	6% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesSinclair, 1971, p. 980
Probolocoryphe glandulosa	Florida	56% (Cedar Key, Florida)	Yes
Urotrema scabridum	Florida	23% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesGoldberg et al., 1998, table 1
Zonorchis komareki	Florida	1% (Cedar Key, Florida)	YesMcKeever, 1971

=Pentastomida=

Pentastomida is an enigmatic group of parasites that may be related to maxillopod crustaceans.Martin and Davis, 2001, p. 24 One species, Porocephalus crotali, is known from the marsh rice rat.Wolfe, 1982, p. 3 It infects various mammals in the southeastern United States, which serve as intermediate hosts; snakes which eat those mammals are the definitive hosts.Brookins et al., 2009, p. 460

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%"

! width="15%" | Name !! width="25%" | Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" | Prevalence !! width="25%" | Present in other species?

Porocephalus crotali

Florida;Forrester, 1992, p. 109 South CarolinaForrester et al., 1970

12/105 (Levy County, Florida); 3/17 (Bear Island, South Carolina)

Yes

=Apicomplexa=

Apicomplexa is a major group of unicellular eukaryotes that encompasses several important parasites, including the malaria parasite Plasmodium.Beck et al., 2009, p. 175 Three species are known from the marsh rice rat, all of which belong to the Eimerina clade.Beck et al., 2009, fig. 1 Two are in the genus Eimeria, members of which cause the economically significant disease coccidiosis in poultry.Beck et al., 2009, p. 177 The third is a member of Isospora, which includes species that are pathogenic in humans and pigs.Lindsay et al., 1997, p. 20

class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! width="15%" \| Name !! width="25%" \| Geographic occurrence !! width="35%" \| Prevalence !! width="25%" \| Present in other species?
Eimeria kinsellai	FloridaBarnard et al., 1971a, p. 546	–	No
Eimeria palustris	Alabama	7/19 (Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama)Barnard et al., 1971b, p. 1294	No
Isospora hammondi	AlabamaBarnard et al., 1971b, p. 1293	3/19 (Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama)Barnard et al., 1971b, p. 1295	No

Footnotes

References

Literature cited

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Oryzomys palustris, parasites of

Category:Parasites of rodents