List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games

The first winter sport to be contested at the modern Olympic Games was figure skating at the 1908 Games in London. A total of 21 skaters from six countries (Argentina, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, Russia, and the United States) competed in four events on 28–29 October.

Skating was not in the program of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, but returned for the 1920 Games in Antwerp. Ice hockey was also part of the 1920 program of events, with seven teams competing.

The first Winter Games were held in 1924, in Chamonix, France. They were originally called International Winter Sports Week and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, but were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the I Olympic Winter Games.

Sixteen nations participated in these Games: fourteen from Europe and two from North America.

Four years later, 25 nations were represented at the 1928 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, including Argentina (the first nation from the Southern Hemisphere), Japan (the first Asian nation), and Mexico.

The 1932 Games, held in Lake Placid, United States, saw the participation of 17 nations.

The 1936 Winter Games, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, had 28 participating nations, the largest number to that date.

These would be the last Winter Games for twelve years, as the planned 1940 Games and 1944 Games were cancelled due to World War II.

After the war, 28 nations would return to St. Moritz for the 1948 Winter Olympics, but not Germany or Japan, who were not invited because of their roles in the war.

The 1952 Winter Games in Oslo, Norway, featured 30 participating nations.

The 1956 Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, marked the Winter Games debut of the Soviet Union, along with 31 other nations.

The NOCs of East Germany and West Germany would be represented by a single German team, an arrangement that would continue until 1964.

Thirty nations would participate at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, United States, including South Africa, the first African nation to participate in the Winter Games.

Thirty-six nations were represented in Innsbruck, Austria, in 1964.

The 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, marked the first time that East Germany and West Germany competed as independent teams, two of the 37 nations that took part.

The Games of 1972 were held in Sapporo, Japan, the first time the Winter Games were held outside of Europe or North America. A total of 35 nations were represented, including the Philippines, the first appearance by a southeast Asian nation.

The Winter Games returned to Innsbruck, in 1976, with 37 participating nations.

Lake Placid was the site of the Winter Games in 1980, with 37 competing nations.

The People's Republic of China made their Olympic debut but, in response, the Republic of China boycotted the Games, protesting their inability to use the name "China" after the decision by the IOC. Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia was host to the 1984 Winter Olympics, which welcomed 49 nations.

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were the first two Caribbean NOCs to compete in the Winter Games.

Several more tropical nations would participate at the 1988 Winter Olympics, in Calgary, Canada, including the famed Jamaica national bobsleigh team.

The post-Cold War events of the early 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympics. At the 1992 Games, in Albertville, France, a total of 64 NOCs were represented, including a single Germany team—following the German reunification in 1990—and a Unified Team composed of six of the ex-republics of the Soviet Union.

The Baltic states competed independently for the first time since 1936, and some of the ex-Yugoslav nations started to compete independently in 1992.

In October 1986, the IOC had voted to hold the Olympic Winter Games halfway through the four-year Olympiad, rather than in the same year as the summer Games, and this change started with the XVIIth Olympic Winter Games in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. A total of 67 nations took part, including the Czech Republic and Slovakia as independent teams, and each of the ex-Soviet nations. Pakistan debuted in the Winter Olympics in 2010. Nigeria debuted in the Winter Olympics several years later, in 2018.

The Winter Games continued to grow in the recent past, with 72 nations at the 1998 Winter Olympics, in Nagano, Japan, 77 nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics, in Salt Lake City, United States, 80 nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy, 82 nations at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, 88 nations at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, and a record 93 nations at the 2018 Games.{{cite news |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/news/6-new-national-olympic-committees-welcomed-to-winter-olympics-for-the-first-time |title=6 New National Olympic Committees Welcomed to Winter Olympics for the First Time |publisher=pyeongchang2018.com |access-date=4 February 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072217/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/news/6-new-national-olympic-committees-welcomed-to-winter-olympics-for-the-first-time |archive-date=5 February 2018 }}

File:Nations at the Winter Olympics.svg

This list includes 129 NOCs (119 of the current 206 NOCs and 11 obsolete NOCs), arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games. However, in this section, several countries which have long-form names designated by the United Nations are referred to by their common names, such as Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic), North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), and Moldova (Republic of Moldova).

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other changes are explained by footnotes links within the table itself.

Obsolete nations are included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations.

• TCH. Czechoslovakia (TCH) participated in 1924–1992, from 1994 represented by two successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
• EUA, FRG, GDR. For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a United Team of Germany (GER), representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany. Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team. After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) participated as two distinct teams at the Games of 1968–1988.
• AHO. The NOC of the Netherlands Antilles (AHO) was recognized by the IOC from 1950 until 2011 upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.
• URS, EUN, OAR/ROC. Soviet Union (URS) participated at the Games of 1956–1988. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, nine of the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were represented at the 1992 Winter Olympics as a combined Unified Team (EUN). Since 1994 ex-republics of the Soviet Union are represented by fifteen successor NOCs, fourteen of which have participated in the Winter Games. At the 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics, athletes from Russia competed as Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) and Russian Olympic Committee (ROC), respectively.
• YUG, SCG. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia (YUG) in three Games before the World War II. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia designation, for all but one Games between 1948 and 1992, and hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro), consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games of 1998 and the Games of 2002 as Yugoslavia (YUG) and at the Games of 2006 as Serbia and Montenegro (SCG). Now the six ex-republics and one ex-province of the former Yugoslavia represented by seven successor NOCs, of which all have participated in the Winter Games.
• COR. The Korea (COR) designates the united Korean women's ice hockey team at 2018 Games.

89 of the 206 active NOCs have yet to compete in a Winter Olympics.{{cite web|title=Olympic Countries|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419213644/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-19|website=sports-reference}}

{{cnote|TPE|The Chinese Taipei was designated Republic of China (ROC) in 1972 and 1976. In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to this NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China to start participating in the Olympic Games.}}

{{cnote|MKD|North Macedonia was known as Macedonia, or more formally Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia due to a naming dispute with Greece, between 1998 and 2018.}}

{{cnote|SCG|The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games since 1998. It was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. At the 1998 and 2002 Games, the nation was still designated Yugoslavia (YUG). The Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) designation and code were used at the Winter Games in 2006.}}

{{ordered list|type=Upper-alpha

|{{note label|EST1924|A|none}}A single speed skater from Estonia registered for the 1924 Winter Olympics and carried the flag in the opening ceremonies, but did not compete.

|{{note label|CRC2002|B|none}}Costa Rica did not take part in the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics, but its athletes did compete; 78 nations participated in the 2002 Games, however the IOC web site states that 77 nations participated, probably erroneously not counting Costa Rica.

|{{note label|ISV2006|C|none}}Anne Abernathy was the lone competitor from the Virgin Islands at the 2006 Winter Olympics, but withdrew from the women's luge event after injuring herself during a practice run.

|{{note label|IND2014|D|none}}India's athletes originally competed as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association's suspension. On 11 February, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward.

}}

{{Portal|Olympics}}

• Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics
• List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games
• List of participating nations at the Winter Paralympic Games
• List of IOC country codes
• Lists of National Olympic Committees by continental association:
• Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
• European Olympic Committees
• Oceania National Olympic Committees
• Olympic Council of Asia
• Pan American Sports Organization

{{cite book|author=Cook, Theodore Andrea |title=The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report |publisher=British Olympic Association |location=London |date=May 1909 |pages=284–295 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1908/1908.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226195252/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1908/1908.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-26 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report |publisher=Belgian Olympic Committee |year=1957 |language=fr |pages=144, 168–170 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007202443/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite journal |journal=Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee |issue=1 |date=January 1926 |title=Decisions taken by the Technical Congress at Prague |page=17 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1926/BODE1/BODE1c.pdf |format=PDF|type=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305120649/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1926/BODE1/BODE1c.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-05 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel |author=(((ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français)) |publisher=Librairie de France |location=Paris |language=fr |page=669 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410085129/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des II^mes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver |author=Comité Olympique Suisse |publisher=Imprimerie du Léman |location=Lausanne |year=1928 |language=fr |page=7 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w1.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015093723/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w1.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-15 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=Official Report III Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid 1932 |author=(((ed.) George Lattimer)) |year=1932 |pages=70–72, 270 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932w.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111073527/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932w.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-11 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht |author=(((ed.) Peter von le Fort)) |publisher=Reichssportverlag |location=Berlin |year=1936 |language=de |page=272 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936win.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104102946/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936win.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-04 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite journal |journal=Olympic Review |issue=8 |date=January 1940 |title=The Fifth Olympic Winter Games Will Not Be Held |pages=8–10 |author=(((ed.) Carl Diem)) |publisher=International Olympic Institute |location=Berlin |url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1940/ORUE8/ORUE8c.pdf |format=PDF|type=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107182049/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1940/ORUE8/ORUE8c.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-07 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=Rapport Général sur les V^es Jeux Olympiques d'hiver St-Moritz 1948 |author=Comité Olympique Suisse |page=11 |publisher=H. Jaunin |location=Lausanne |date=January 1951 |language=fr |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208115118/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=The Official Report of the Organising Committee of the VIth Winter Olympic Games 1952 at Oslo |author=(((ed.) Rolf Petersen)) |location=Oslo |year=1952 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/or1952w.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209171038/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/or1952w.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-09 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=VII Olympic Winter Games Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 Official Report |page=70 |publisher=Società Grafica Romana |location=Rome |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/orw1956.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027002541/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/orw1956.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite journal |author=(((ed.) Berlioux, Monique)) |title=The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism |journal=Olympic Review |issue=93–94 |date=July–August 1975 |pages=290–306 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1975/ore93/ore93zb.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912055111/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1975/ore93/ore93zb.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite journal |author=(((ed.) Berlioux, Monique)) |title=The German Democratic Republic and Olympism |journal=Olympic Review |issue=95–96 |date=September–October 1975 |pages=362–377 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1975/ore95/ore95p.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305121315/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1975/ore95/ore95p.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-05 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley California 1960 Final Report |author=(((ed.) Robert Rubin)) |publisher=California Olympic Commission |page=92 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/1960w.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929143522/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/1960w.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-29 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=Offizieller Bericht der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele Innsbruck 1964 |author=(((ed.) Friedl Wolfgang and Bertl Neumann)) |publisher=Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst |location=Vienna, Munich |year=1967 |page=51 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/orw1964.pdf |language=de |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929140458/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/orw1964.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-29 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=Xth Winter Olympic Games Official Report |publisher=Comité d'Organisation des xèmes Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de Grenoble |year=1969 |page=399 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/or1968.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929102505/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/or1968.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-29 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 |publisher=The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games |year=1973 |pages=228–229 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |isbn=0-900315-05-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928112404/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-28 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=XII.Olympische Winterspiele Innsbruck 1976 Final Report |author=(((ed.) Bertl Neumann)) |publisher=Organizing Committee for the XIIth Winter Olympic Games 1976 at Innsbruck |page=163 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1976/orw1976.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927094831/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1976/orw1976.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-27 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=Final Report XIII Olympic Winter Games |publisher=Ed Lewi Associates |year=1980 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/orw1980v2.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926233238/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/orw1980v2.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-26 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=Official Report of the Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo |publisher=Oslobodenje |location=Sarajevo |year=1984 |pages=89–90 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/or1984w.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926190239/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/or1984w.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-26 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=XV Olympic Winter Games Official Report |author=(((ed.) Rodney Chapman)) |pages=621–645 |publisher=Calgary Olympic Development Association |isbn=0-921060-26-2 |year=1988 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/orw1988pt1.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122112102/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/orw1988pt1.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-22 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=Official Report of the XVI Winter Olympic Games of Albertville and Savoie |author=(((ed.) Claudie Blanc, Jean-Marc Eysseric)) |isbn=2-9507109-0-5 |chapter=Results |page=3 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1992/orw1992.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |year=1992 |publisher=Comité d'organisation des XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver d'Albertville et de la Savoie |location=Albertville, France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122113113/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1992/orw1992.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-22 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite journal |title=Decisions of the 91st IOC Session |journal=Olympic Review |page=651 |issue=229–230 |date=November–December 1986 |author=(((ed.) Gafner, Raymond)) |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1986/ore229/ore229j.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305123006/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1986/ore229/ore229j.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-05 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=Official Report of the XVII Olympic Winter Games |year=1994 |chapter=Volume IV |page=63 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK4.PDF |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223241/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK4.PDF |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book|title=The XVIII Olympic Winter Games Official Report |author=(((ed.) Shinano Mainichi Shimbun)) |publisher=The Organizing Committee for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games, Nagano 1998 |year=1998 |chapter=Volume Three Competition Results and Participants |page=12 |isbn=4-7840-9827-5 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1998/Vol3_e.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060916/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1998/Vol3_e.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games |publisher=Salt Lake Organizing Committee |year=2002 |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf |isbn=0-9717961-0-6 |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923043118/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-23 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=Torino 2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2006/2006v2.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221233844/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2006/2006v2.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-21 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |title=Vancouver 2010 - Staging the Olympic Winter Games Knowledge Report |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2010/2010v2.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101235747/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2010/2010v2.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-01 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=dead }}

{{cite news |title=Record 88 nations to participate in Winter Games |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1123578/record-88-nations-to-participate-in-winter-games/ |newspaper=Global News |location=Sochi, Russia |agency=Associated Press |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014}}

{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/national-olympic-committees |title=National Olympic Committees |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=31 January 2022}}

{{cite journal |title=IOC and OCOG Abbreviations for NOCs |last=Mallon |first=Bill |author2=Karlsson, Ove |journal=Journal of Olympic History |volume=12 |issue=2 |date=May 2004 |pages=25–28 |url=http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv12n2/johv12n2l.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912011218/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv12n2/johv12n2l.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite journal |author=(((ed.) Berlioux, Monique)) |title=China and Olympism |journal=Olympic Review |issue=190–191 |date=August–September 1983 |pages=583–592 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1983/ore190/ORE190za.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912054922/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1983/ore190/ORE190za.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite journal |last=Chan |first=Gerald |date=Autumn 1985 |title=The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=473–490 |publisher=University of British Columbia |location=Vancouver |doi=10.2307/2759241 |jstor=2759241}}

{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/ |title=Olympic Medal Winners |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=31 January 2022}}

{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/curtain-comes-down-on-123rd-ioc-session/133159 |title=Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=31 January 2022}}

{{cite web |title=Olympics: 'Grandma Luge' crashes out |date=2006-02-13 |publisher=CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SPORT/02/13/olympics.grandma/index.html |access-date=2008-04-01}}

{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/salt-lake-city-2002 |title=Salt Lake City 2002 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=31 January 2022}}

{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-lifts-suspension-of-noc-of-india/224038 |title=IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=31 January 2022}}

• [https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games Olympic Games]. International Olympic Committee
• [http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/ Olympic Review and Revue Olympique]. library.la84.org
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170803121634/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/ Official Reports]. library.la84.org

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