List of pholidotans

{{IUCN statuses|ex=0|ew=0|cr=3|en=3|vu=2|nt=0|lc=0|suppress-others=y}}

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided where possible; if unavailable, a description of the species will instead be provided. All extinct species and subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct in prehistoric times, and are indicated by dagger symbol "{{dagger|alt=Extinct}}". Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.

The Pholidota order is composed of eight extant species belonging to three genera in three subfamilies. This does not include extinct species or hybrid animals.

• Family Manidae
• Subfamily Maninae
• Genus: Manis (Asian pangolins): four species
• Subfamily Phatagininae
• Genus: Phataginus (African tree pangolins): two species
• Subfamily Smutsiinae
• Genus: Smutsia (African ground pangolins): two species

{{cladogram|align=left|clades={{Clade|style=width:32em;

|label1=Manidae{{Cite journal |last1=Gaubert |first1=Philippe |last2=Antunes |first2=Agostinho |last3=Meng |first3=Hao |last4=Miao |first4=Lin |last5=Peigné |first5=Stéphane |last6=Justy |first6=Fabienne |last7=Njiokou |first7=Flobert |last8=Dufour |first8=Sylvain |last9=Danquah |first9=Emmanuel |last10=Alahakoon |first10=Jayanthi |last11=Verheyen |first11=Erik |date=11 May 2018 |title=The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=347–359 |doi=10.1093/jhered/esx097 |pmid=29140441 |doi-access=|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/109/4/347/4622594}}

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|label1=Maninae/Manis

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Indian pangolin

|2={{clade

|1=Philippine pangolin

|2=Sunda pangolin

}}

}}

|2=Chinese pangolin

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=Smutsiinae/Smutsia

|1={{clade

|1=Giant pangolin

|2=Ground pangolin

}}

|label2=Phatagininae/Phataginus

|2={{clade

|1=Tree pangolin

|2=Long-tailed pangolin

}}

}}

}}

}}}}

{{clear}}

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by the IUCN Red List.{{cite book |title=Mammal Species of the World |edition=3rd |volume=1 |editor-last1=Wilson |editor-first1=Don E. |editor-link1=Don E. Wilson |editor-last2=Reeder |editor-first2=DeeAnn M. |author-last=Gardner |author-first=Alfred L. |date=2005 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0 |ref=CITEREF_MSW}}

{{Main|Maninae}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Manis |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |species-count=four}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Indian pangolin |binomial=M. crassicaudata

|image=File:Pangolin brought to the Range office, KMTR AJTJ cropped.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Indian pangolin walking in dirt

|authority-name=E. Geoffroy |authority-year=1803

|subspecies=

|range=Indian subcontinent (current range in blue) |range-image=File:Manis crassicaudata range.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|51|-|75|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|33|to|47|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|10|–|16|kg}}

|habitat=Savanna, forest, grassland and shrubland{{cite iucn |title=Manis crassicaudata |author=Mahmood, T. |author2=Challender, D. |author3=Khatiwada, A. |author4=Andleeb, S. |author5=Perera, P. |author6=Trageser, S. |author7=Ghose, A. |author8=Mohapatra, R.K. |date=2019 |page=e.T12761A123583998 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12761A123583998.en |access-date=17 January 2022}}

|hunting=Myrmecophagous; eats ants and termites

|iucn-status=EN |population=unknown

|direction={{decrease|Population decreasing}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Chinese pangolin |binomial=M. pentadactyla

|image= File:Manis pentadactyla (29054818144).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Chinese pangolin in green grass

|authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year=1758

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand= |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on

| M. p. auritus

| M. p. pusilla

| M. p. pentadactyla (Taiwanese pangolin)

}}

|range=Southeast Asia (current range in green) |range-image=File:Chinese Pangolin range.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|40|–|58|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|25|–|38|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|2.5|–|7|kg}}{{cite book |title=All the Mammals of the World |date=2023 |publisher=Lynx Nature Books |editor-last1=Chernasky |editor-first1=Amy |editor-last2=Motis |editor-first2=Anna |editor-last3=Burgin |editor-first3=Connor |isbn=978-84-16728-66-4 |ref=CITEREF_ALLMAM|pages=638–639}}

|habitat=Forest, shrubland and grassland

|hunting=Eats insects such as ants and termites

|iucn-status=CR|population=10,000{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Fuhua |last2=Wu |first2=Shibao |last3=Cen |first3=Peng |date=1 January 2022|title=The past, present and future of the pangolin in Mainland China |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=33 |pages=e01995 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01995 |bibcode=2022GEcoC..3301995Z |issn=2351-9894|doi-access=free }}

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}{{Cite iucn |title= Manis pentadactyla |name-list-style=amp |author=Challender, D. |author2=Wu, S.|author3=Kaspal, P. |author4=Khatiwada, A. |author5=Ghose, A. |author6=Ching-Min Su, N. |author7=Laxmi Suwal, T. |page= e.T12764A168392151 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12764A168392151.en |year=2019 |errata=2020 |access-date=17 January 2022}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Philippine pangolin |binomial=M. culionensis

|image=File:Philippine Pangolins by Gregg Yan.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=A Phillipine pangolin female and her young in a muddy area near some green grass

|authority-name=de Elera |authority-year=1895

|subspecies=

|range=Southeast Asia (current range in brown) |range-image=File:Philippine Pangolin area.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|45|–|54|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|39|–|50|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|2.5|–|8|kg}}

|habitat=Forest, shrubland, and artificial habitats

|hunting=Preys exclusively on ant and termite species

|iucn-status=CR |population=unknown

|direction={{decrease|Population decreasing}}{{cite iucn |author=Schoppe, S. |author2=Katsis, L. |author3=Lagrada, L. |date=2019 |title=Manis culionensis |volume=2019 |page=e.T136497A123586862 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136497A123586862.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Sunda pangolin |binomial=M. javanica

|image=File:Pangolin borneo.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=A Sunda pangolin amongst fallen tree branches

|authority-name=Desmarest|authority-year=1822

|range=Southeast Asia (current range in green) |range-image=File:Sunda Pangolin area.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|40|–|65|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|35|–|58|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|3|–|10|kg}}

|habitat=Forests, shrublands, artificial terrestrial and aquatic habitats, and marine habitats

|hunting=Primarily consume ants and their larvae, bee pupas, crickets, flies and termites

|iucn-status=CR |population=unknown

|direction={{decrease|population decreasing}}{{cite iucn |title=Manis javanica |last1=Challender |first1=D. |last2=Willcox |first2=D.H.A. |last3=Panjang |first3=E. |last4=Lim |first4=N. |last5=Nash |first5=H. |last6=Heinrich |first6=S. |last7=Chong |first7=J. |date=2019 |page=e.T12763A123584856 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12763A123584856.en |access-date=17 January 2022}}

}}

{{Species table/end}}

{{Main|Phatagininae}}

{{Species table |no-note=y|genus=Phataginus |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |species-count=two}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Long-tailed pangolin |binomial=P. tetradactyla

|image=File:Manis tetradactyla (29645778336).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=A bright gold and black pangolin on a very thin green branch

|authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year=1766

|subspecies=

|range=Central and West Africa (current range in green-brown) |range-image=File:Long-tailed Pangolin area.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|30|-|40|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|55|-|70|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|2|-|3.5|kg}}

|habitat=Forest, savanna, and artificial habitats

|hunting=Feeds on ants and termites

|population=unknown

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}{{cite iucn |author=Ingram, D.J. |author2=Shirley, M.H. |author3=Pietersen, D. |author4=Godwill Ichu, I. |author5=Sodeinde, O. |author6=Moumbolou, C. |author7=Hoffmann, M. |author8=Gudehus, M. |author9=Challender, D. |date=2019 |title=Phataginus tetradactyla |volume=2019 |page=e.T12766A123586126 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12766A123586126.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

|iucn-status=VU

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Tree pangolin |binomial=P. tricuspis

|image=File:Tree pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) Nyamebe Bepo.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=A tree pangolin hanging near vertically on a thin branch that is surrounded by green leaves

|authority-name=Rafinesque|authority-year=1821 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=Central and West Africa (current range in brown)|range-image=File:Tree pangolin area.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|25|-|43|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|35|-|62|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|1.6|-|3|kg}}

|habitat=Forest, savanna, and artificial habitats

|hunting=Feeds on ants and termites

|iucn-status=EN |population=unknown

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}{{cite iucn |author=Pietersen, D. |author2=Moumbolou, C. |author3=Ingram, D.J. |author4=Soewu, D. |author5=Jansen, R. |author6=Sodeinde, O. |author7=Keboy Mov Linkey Iflankoy, C. |author8=Challender, D. |author9=Shirley, M.H. |date=2019 |title=Phataginus tricuspis |volume=2019 |page=e.T12767A123586469 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12767A123586469.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

}}

{{Species table/end}}

{{Main|Smutsiinae}}

{{Species table ||no-note=y|genus=Smutsia |authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1865 |species-count=two}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Giant pangolin |binomial=S. gigantea

|image= File:Giant pangolin (Manis gigantea), Natural History Museum, London, Mammals Gallery.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=A giant pangolin exhibited in the Natural History Museum of London

|authority-name=Illiger |authority-year=1815

|subspecies=

|range=Central and East Africa (current range in light brown)|range-image=File:Giant Pangolin area.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|67|-|81|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|58|-|68|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|30|kg}}

|habitat=Forest and savanna

|hunting=Eats mainly ants and termites, and sometimes other insects

|iucn-status=EN |population=unknown

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}{{cite iucn |title=Smutsia gigantea |name-list-style=amp |author=Nixon, S. |author2=Pietersen, D. |author3=Challender, D. |author4=Hoffmann, M. |author5=Godwill Ichu, I. |author6=Bruce, T. |author7=Ingram, D. J. |author8=Matthews, N. |author9=Shirley, M. H. |date=2019 |page=e.T12762A123584478 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12762A123584478.en |access-date=17 January 2022}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Ground pangolin |binomial=S. temminckii

|image= File:Manis temminckii (29645803646).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=A ground pangolin walking with its forelegs slightly above the earth's surface in a horizontal manner rather than a vertical one

|authority-name=Smuts |authority-year=1832 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=Southern, East and North Africa (current range in green)|range-image=File:Ground Pangolin area.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{cvt|45|-|55|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|40|-|52|cm}} long tail and a weight of {{cvt|5|-|20|kg}}

|habitat=Forest, savanna and grassland

|hunting=Myrmecophagous; preys primarily on ants and termites

|iucn-status=VU |population=16,300–24,000 in South Africa

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}{{cite iucn |author=Pietersen, D. |author2=Jansen, R. |author3=Connelly, E. |date=2019 |title=Smutsia temminckii |volume=2019 |page=e.T12765A123585768 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

}}

{{Species table/end}}

In addition to extant species, multiple extinct species have been described and classified into Pholidota. They are placed into three extinct families: Eomanidae, Patriomanidae and Eurotamandua, as well as the extant family Manidae. The genus Necromanis on the other hand, is placed as incertae sedis within the pholidotid superfamily Manoidea, together with the families Manidae and Patriomanidae. Euromanis, a genus described in 2009, is not placed under any family and is instead assigned to the Pholidota order.{{Cite journal |last=Gaudin |first=Timothy J. |last2=Emry |first2=Robert J. |last3=Wible |first3=John R. |date=1 December 2009 |title=The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=235–305 |doi=10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9 |issn=1573-7055}} The extinct species listed here are mainly based on the 2019 reference work Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation, unless otherwise cited. Where available, the temporal range of each species will be given in millions of years before the present time (mya). This list will only contain taxa that went extinct during prehistoric times.

{{Main article|Manoidea}}

{{Main|Patriomanidae}}

{{Main|Eomanidae}}

{{Main|Manidae}}

• Pholidotamorpha
• Pangolin trade

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist}}

pholidotae

pholidotae

{{Commons category-inline|Manidae}}

{{Mammal lists}}