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List of stadtholders in the Low Countries#Lordship of Groningen

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{{about|governors (stadtholders) of individual provinces|governors-general (landvoogden)|List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands}}

This is a list of stadtholders ({{langx|nl|stadhouders}}, {{langx|de|Statthalter}}) or governors ({{langx|fr|gouverneurs}}) in the Low Countries, or historical Netherlands region. This includes all the territories in the Low Countries that were acquired by the House of Habsburg in the 15th and 16th century and were politically united as the Habsburg Netherlands, then known as the "Seventeen Provinces". It also includes non-Habsburg territories, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège (until 1794), the Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy (until 1794), the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrésis and the Imperial City of Cambray (until 1678), the Principality of Sedan (until 1651), the Duchy of Bouillon (until 1795), and the Duchy of Jülich (until 1795).

Background

The stadtholders or governors were appointed from the ranks of the high nobility, and acted as deputies of a monarch, such as the dukes of Burgundy, Saxony and Guelders, the kings of Spain, or the archdukes of Austria. During the Eighty Years' War, the States(-General) of provinces which rebelled against the Spanish crown started appointing their own stadtholders, establishing a symbiotic relationship between States and stadtholders in what would become the Dutch Republic. Throughout the war, some areas had two stadtholders: those appointed by the Habsburgs, and those appointed by the States in revolt.

By county, duchy, and lordship

= County of Artois =

The County of Artois ({{langx|nl|Artesië}}) was a province of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659. Through the Burgundian treaty of 1548, it was made part of the Habsburg Netherlands (Seventeen Provinces) until 1659, when it was reincorportated into France.

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In Habsburg service:

  • 1500–1504: Engelbert II of Nassau, count of Nassau-Breda{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 1506–1513: James II of Luxemburg-Fiennes, lord of Fiennes{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 15??–1524: Ferry of Croÿ, lord van Roeulx
  • 1524–1553: Adrian of Croÿ, count of Roeulx{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=366}}
  • 1553–1558: Pontus of Lalaing, lord of Bugnicourt{{aut|Louis-Prosper Gachard}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qZVOAAAAcAAJ&pg=86 Relations des ambassadeurs vénitiens sur Charles-quint et Philippe II] (1847) 86.
  • 1559–1568: Lamoral, Count of Egmont, prince of Gavre{{Cite book |last=Soen |first=Violet |date=2012 |title=Vredehandel : Adellijke en Habsburgse verzoeningspogingen tijdens de Nederlandse Opstand (1564-1581) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMIU-uVS8qgC&pg=PA40 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |page=40 |isbn=9789089643773 |accessdate=7 August 2016}}
  • 1568–1571: none (?)
  • 1571–1578?: Ferdinand of Lannoy, duke of Bojano
  • 1578–1579: Gilles van Berlaymont, lord of Hierges
  • 1579–1597?: Florent de Berlaymont, count of Lalaing and Berlaymont
  • 1597–1610: Charles III de Croÿ, prince of Chimay
  • 1610–1624: Lamoral, Prince of Ligne

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= Duchy of Brabant =

The Duchy of Brabant had no stadtholder, since the governor-general administered this region directly from Brussels. William of Orange once proposed to appoint a kind of stadtholder (he called it superintendent) to be able to persuade the States of Brabant to obey, because without the stadtholder the States could act too independently. He implied that he himself would be a good candidate for the office. However, his proposal was rejected by Granvelle.Robert Fruin, Het voorspel van den tachtigjarigen oorlog (1859). At the Entry of William of Orange to Brussels in September 1577, Orange did receive the medieval title of ruwaard from the hands of the States of Brabant, which came down to a stadtholdership, but mainly had symbolic value.

= Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai =

Although the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai ({{langx|nl|Kamerijk}}) or Cambrésis was not formally part of the Habsburg Netherlands but was sovereign and directly under the emperor, the emperor was also always from the House of Habsburg, and the city of Cambrai had had a Spanish garrison as its occupation since 1543. The Spanish Habsburgs therefore appointed governors (stadtholders) over Cambrai who were not answerable to the prince-bishop residing in Le Cateau-Cambrésis.

;In Habsburg service

  • 1566–1574: Philip of Noircarmes{{Cite web |title=Noircarmes, Philip of Saint-Aldegonde, lord of |author=Anton van der Lem |work=dutchrevolt.leiden.edu |date= |access-date=19 July 2022 |url= https://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/personen/N/Pages/noircarmes.aspx |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Collection de mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de Belgique |author=Société de l'histoire de Belgique |work=Google Books |date=1872 |access-date=19 July 2022 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oVdOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA336}}
  • 1574–1576: Philip of Récourt, baron of Licques (Liques), viscount of Lens. Taken captive and deposed by Baudouin de Gavre in 1576.{{Cite web |title=Lodovico Guicciardini, Description of the entire Netherlands, also called Nederduitsland, Dutch-language edition of 1612 |author= |work=museumplantinmoretus.be |date= |access-date=19 July 2022 |url=https://museumplantinmoretus.be/sites/plantinmoretus/files/p349_350_Kamerijk.pdf}}

;In States-General service

  • 1576–1581: Baudouin de Gavre, lord of Inchy, conquered Cambrai and was appointed commander/governor/stadtholder of Cambrai in the service of the States-General.{{cite book |last=Bloembergen |first=Auke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SVYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA114 |title=De intrede en huldiging van Frans, Hertog van Anjou, Alençon, Berry, enz. als Hertog van Braband en Markgraaf van Antwerpen, binnen Antwerpen den 19den Februarij 1582: benevens geschiedkundige bijzonderheden over de voornaamste personen die daarbij tegenwoordig waren |trans-title=The entry and inauguration of Francis, Duke of Anjou, Alençon, Berry, etc., as Duke of Brabant and Margrave of Antwerp, within Antwerp on the 19th of February 1582: together with historical details of the principal persons who were present at the event |date=1860 |page=114 |publisher=Hazenberg}}{{Cite web |title=Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Volume 4 |author= S.P. Haak|work=DBNL |date=1918 |access-date=18 July 2022 |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu04_01/molh003nieu04_01_0083.php |language=en}}
  • 1589: Cambrai conquered by the French{{Cite web |title=Coins - Southern Netherlands - Kamerijk - Munthandel G. Henzen |author= |work=henzen.org |date= |access-date=19 July 2022 |url= http://www.henzen.org/en/kamerijk.php}}

;In French service

  • 1594–1595: Jean de Moltluc, lord of Balagny (on behalf of the king of France)
  • 1595: Siege of Cambrai (1595), Balagny capitulated on 9 October 1595 and the city fell back into Spanish hands.

;In Habsburg service

  • 1617–1630: Carlos Coloma, previously governor of Roussillon (1600–1611) and viceroy of Majorca (1611–1617)
  • 1630–16??: Juan Carlos de Guzman, Marquis of Fuentès{{Cite web |title=Hugo de Groot, Correspondence of Hugo Grotius. Volume 5 - dbnl |author= |work=DBNL |date=1966 |access-date=19 July 2022 |url= https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/groo001brie05_01/groo001brie05_01_0178.php |language=nl |quote=Carlos de Coloma }}
  • Siege of Cambrai (1677): French forces took control of Cambrai. By the 1678–9 Treaties of Nijmegen, France annexed Cambrésis.

;In French service

  • 168?–168?: François de Montbion{{Cite book |title=Eglise, gens d'Eglise et identité comtoise |author=Henri Moreau |via=Google Books |date=2020 |publisher=Editions du Cerf |isbn=9782204118552 |access-date=19 July 2022 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3F_MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392}}
  • 1741–1750?: Lodewijk Pieter Engelbert van der Marck{{Cite web |title=Biographical Dictionary of the Netherlands |author=A. J. van der Aa |work=resources.huygens.knaw.nl |date=1852 |access-date=19 July 2022 |url= http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog14_01.xml&page=178&view=imagePane}}

= County of Drenthe =

;In Habsburg service:

;In States-General service

= County of Flanders =

;In Habsburg service:

  • 1490–1506: Engelbert II of Nassau, count of Nassau-Breda
  • 1506–1513: James II of Luxemburg-Fiennes, lord of Fiennes{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 1513–1517: ?
  • 1517–1532: James II of Luxemburg-Fiennes, lord of Fiennes{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 1532–1540: Stadtholderless period (office temporarily suspended due to concerns of political power){{aut|Willem Pieter Blockmans}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7hqnC_hkbtcC&pg=211 Bourgondië voorbij: De Nederlanden 1250-1650] (2010) 211–214. Uitgeverij Verloren.
  • 1540–1553: Adrian of Croÿ, count of Roeulx
  • 1553–1558: Pontus of Lalaing, lord of Bugnicourt
  • 1559–1568: Lamoral, Count of Egmont, prince of Gavre
  • 1568–1572: none (?)After Egmont's execution, Flanders (probably) temporarily had no stadtholder. Jean de Croÿ (the Count of Rœulx) is mentioned as his successor, but he did not receive his appointment until 3 July 1572.
  • 1572–1577: {{ill|Jean de Croÿ, Count of Rœulx|nl|Jan van Croÿ}}
  • 1577–1584: none (?); province in States-General control (Calvinist Republic of Ghent)

In States-General service:

= Lordship of Frisia =

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= Lordship of Groningen =

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= Duchy of Guelders =

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== Upper Guelders ==

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= County of Hainaut =

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= County of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht =

The stadtholdership of Holland and Zealand has always been combined. Since the office was instituted there in 1528, the stadtholder of Utrecht has been the same as the one of Holland, with one exception. In 1572, William of Orange was elected as the stadtholder, although Philip II had appointed a different one.

During the First Stadtholderless Period, the provinces of Holland, Zealand and Utrecht were governed by their States free from autocratic intervention. The Second Stadtholderless Period in Holland ended when the Frisian stadtholder became hereditary stadtholder for all provinces of the Dutch Republic.

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= Duchy of Jülich =

Only one Habsburg stadtholder was ever appointed over the Duchy of Jülich, when that country was occupied in 1543 at the end of the Guelders Wars. However, it soon became clear that Jülich would not become part of the Habsburg Netherlands, but remained in the possession of the House of La Marck. The stadtholdership was abolished the same year.

= Duchy of Luxemburg =

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= Lordship of Overijssel =

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= Duchy of Limburg =

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= Lordship of Mechelen =

  • 29 May 1579: Catholic citizen militia expelled Calvinist rebel forces from Mechelen; city governor and military commander Pontus de Noyelles defected to the Habsburg camp.{{sfn|Tracy|2008|p=157}}
  • 9 April 1580: English Fury at Mechelen: Calvinist rebel forces recaptured Mechelen.{{sfn|Tracy|2008|p=157}}
  • 15??–1594?: Pierre de Melun, in service of the rebel States-General

= County of Namur =

In Habsburg service:

  • 1429–1473: Jean II de Croÿ, lord of Chimay
  • 1485–1???: John III of Glymes,lord of Bergen op Zoom (fell into disgrace and had to resign){{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 1503–1507: William de Croÿ, lord of Chièvres{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 1509–1532: John III of Glymes, lord of Bergen op Zoom (restored to office){{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 1532–1541: Anthony of Glymes, marquess of Bergen op Zoom{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=369}}
  • 1541–1545: {{ill|Pierre de Barbançon|nl|Peter van Barbançon}}, lord of Werchin{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=371}}
  • 1553/4–1578: Charles de Berlaymont, baron of Hierges[http://www.dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/personen/B/Pages/berlaymont.aspx Berlaymont, Charles, graaf van. Universiteit Leiden.]
  • 1578–1579: Gilles van Berlaymont, lord of Hierges
  • 1579–1599?: Florent de Berlaymont, count of Lalaing and Berlaymont
  • 1599–16??: Charles II of Egmont
  • 16??–16??: Albert François de Croÿ-Roeulx, count of MegenJean Coenen, Baanderheren, boeren en burgers (2004) 145.

= Tournaisis =

;In Habsburg service

  • 1555–1556: {{ill|Perre de Barbançon|nl|Peter van Barbançon}}, lord of Werchin{{sfn|Gorter-Van Royen|1995|p=371}}
  • 1559–1570?: Floris of Montmorency, baron of Montigny
  • 1581–1588?: Philippe de Récourt, baron de Licques (Liques), castellan of Lens, from 1574 to 1576 governor of Cambrésis

;In States-General service

See also

File:Spanish Netherlands.svg in 1560. {{legend|darkorange|Habsburg Netherlands}}{{legend|purple|Prince-Bishopric of Liège}}{{legend|fuchsia|Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy}}{{legend|SlateBlue|Prince-Bishopric of Cambrésis}}]]

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite book |last=Gorter-Van Royen |first=L.V.G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-94RKP-Lc4UC |title=Maria van Hongarije: regentes der Nederlanden : een politieke analyse op basis van haar regentschapsordonnanties en haar correspondentie met Karel V |date=1995 |page=383 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |location=Hilversum |isbn=9789065503947}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Tracy |first=J.D. |date=2008 |title=The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920911-8}}

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{{Stadtholders of Groningen}}

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{{Stadtholders of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht}}

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