Treaties of Nijmegen
{{short description|Series of peace treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen
| long_name = {{native name|fr|Traités de Paix de Nimègue}}
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| image = Vrede van Nijmegen - De ondertekening van de Vrede tussen Frankrijk en Spanje door Henri Gascard (1635-1701).jpg
| caption = Dutch and French diplomats signing the peace treaty
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| type =
| context = Franco-Dutch War: Franco-Dutch War end; France control Franche-Comté, select Flanders cities, and Hainaut.
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| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 1678–79
| location_signed = Nijmegen, Dutch Republic
| date_sealed =
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| mediators =
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- {{flag|Kingdom of France}}
- {{flag|Dutch Republic}}
- {{flagicon|Spain|1506}} Habsburg Spain
- File:Wappen Mark Brandenburg.png Brandenburg-Prussia
- {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} Swedish Empire
- {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark–Norway
- File:Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster.svg Bishopric of Münster
- 20px Lüneburg (Celle)
- {{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}
| ratifiers =
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The Treaties or Peace of Nijmegen ({{langx|fr|Traités de Paix de Nimègue}}; {{langx|de|Friede von Nimwegen}}; {{langx|nl|Vrede van Nijmegen}}) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679. The treaties ended various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire. The most significant of the treaties was the first, which established peace between France and the Dutch Republic and placed the northern border of France very near its modern position.{{cite book |title=Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715 |last=Nolan |first=Cathal J |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-33046-9 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&pg=PA128 }}
Background
The Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78 was the source of all the other wars that were ended formally at Nijmegen. Separate peace treaties were arranged for conflicts like the Third Anglo-Dutch War and the Scanian War, but all of them had been directly caused by and form part of the Franco-Dutch War. England initially participated in the war on the French side but withdrew in 1674, after the Treaty of Westminster. The Electorate of Cologne left the war in 1674, while the Prince-Bishopric of Münster switched sides from France to join the anti-French coalition that year. Denmark-Norway also joined the anti-French side in 1675, primarily fighting against Sweden.{{cn|date=November 2021}}
At the end of the Franco-Dutch and Scanian Wars, these were the belligerents:
{{col-float}}
;Anti-French coalition:
- File:Statenvlag.svg Dutch Republic
- File:Flag of New Spain.svg Spanish Empire (including Spanish Netherlands)
- File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark-Norway
- File:Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire:
- File:Kriegsflagge Kur-Brandenburgische Flotte.svg Brandenburg-Prussia
- File:Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster.svg Prince-Bishopric of Münster
- 20px Principality of Lüneburg (Celle)
- File:Lorraine.svg Duchy of Lorraine
- and others
{{col-float-break}}
;France and allies
{{col-float-end}}
Treaties
Peace negotiations had begun as early as 1676, but nothing was agreed to and signed before 1678. Most treaties were concluded in Nijmegen, therefore the sum of all documents is known as the 'Treaties of Nijmegen'. Some of the countries involved signed peace deals elsewhere, such as the Treaty of Celle (Sweden made peace with Lüneburg (Celle)), Treaty of Saint-Germain (France and Sweden made peace with Brandenburg) and Treaty of Fontainebleau (France dictated peace between Sweden and Denmark-Norway).{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="6" align="center" | Treaties of Nijmegen and related treaties |
| Date (New Style / (Old Style))
! Treaty ! Anti-French side ! French side ! Text ! Refs |
|---|
| 10 August 1678
| Treaty of Nijmegen | Dutch Republic | France | [https://www.geschiedenislokaal024.nl/bronnen/de-vrede-van-nijmegen/ Dutch] | {{Cite book |last=Verzijl |first=J. H. W. |date=1973 |title=International Law in Historical Perspective, Volume 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2TYeklwLB4C&pg=PA143 |location=Leiden |publisher=A. W. Sijthoff |page=143 |isbn=9789028602236 |access-date=15 August 2020 |language=en}}Sweden was not part of the treaty, but a section forces the Dutch Republic to take a neutral approach toward Sweden with which it had been at war since 1675. |
| 10 August 1678
| (separate trade treaty) | Dutch Republic | France | |
| 17 September 1678
| Treaty of Nijmegen | Spain | France | French |
| 5 February 1679
| Treaty of Nijmegen | Holy Roman Empire | France and Sweden |
| 5 February 1679 (26 January 1679)
| Sweden (and France) | |
| 19 March 1679
| Treaty of Nijmegen | Münster | Sweden | | {{Cite web |url=https://treatiesofnijmegenmedal.eu/geschiedenis/ |title=History |publisher=Treaties of Nijmegen Medal |date=2010 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230042858/https://treatiesofnijmegenmedal.eu/geschiedenis/ |url-status=dead }}All of Münster's soldiers in Danish war service were to be withdrawn. |
| 29 June 1679 (19 June 1679)
| Brandenburg-Prussia | France (and Sweden) | |
| 2 September 1679 (23 August 1679)
| Denmark-Norway | Sweden (and France) | |
| 26 September 1679 (16 September 1679)
| Denmark-Norway | Sweden (and France) | |
| 12 October 1679 (2 October 1679)
| Treaty of Nijmegen | Dutch Republic | Sweden | |
Terms
{{Onesource|section|date=November 2021}}
File:Treaty of Nijmegen between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire 1679 01.djvu
The Franco–Dutch War ended with a treaty which gave France control over the region of the Franche-Comté.{{Cite book |title=La Belle France |last=Horne |first=Alistair |year=2004 |page=164 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-1-4000-3487-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ7tAAAAMAAJ}} France also gained further territories of the Spanish Netherlands, adding to those it had annexed under the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees and 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. These included the town of Saint-Omer with the remaining northwestern part of the former Imperial County of Artois; the lands of Cassel, Aire and Ypres in southwestern Flanders; the Bishopric of Cambrai; and the towns of Valenciennes and Maubeuge in the southern County of Hainaut.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
In turn, French King Louis XIV ceded the occupied town of Maastricht and the Principality of Orange to the Dutch stadtholder William III. The French forces withdrew from several occupied territories in northern Flanders and Hainaut.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
Emperor Leopold I retained the captured fortress of Philippsburg but had to accept the French occupation of the towns of Freiburg (until 1697) and Kehl (until 1698) on the right bank of the Rhine.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
The treaties did not result in a lasting peace.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
Culture
Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a Te Deum for this occasion. The prelude of the Te Deum is also known as the Eurovision theme.
See also
References
{{reflist|colwidth=40em}}
External links
{{commons category|Peace of Nijmegen}}
- [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=233&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=%26is_fts%3D1%26filter_select%3D%26filter_wt%3D%26filter_id%3D%26filter_l%3D%26filter_p%3D%26searchlang%3Dde%26searchstring%3D1678%26date%3D%26year_from%3D%26year_till%3D%26location%3D Scan of the Franco-Dutch treaty (10 Aug 1678, in French, IEG Mainz)]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaties of Nijmegen}}
Category:Peace treaties of the Ancien Régime
Category:Peace treaties of Spain
Category:Peace treaties of Denmark
Category:Treaties of the Swedish Empire
Category:Treaties of the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Category:Treaties of the Spanish Empire
Category:1678 in the Dutch Republic
Category:1679 in the Dutch Republic
Category:1678 in the Holy Roman Empire
Category:1679 in the Holy Roman Empire
Category:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor