List of submarine topographical features

An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between {{convert|3000|m|sp=us}} and {{convert|6000|m|sp=us}}. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth.{{cite book

|title = Geology and Geochemistry of Abyssal Plains

|author1 = P.P.E. Weaver

|author2 = J. Thomson

|author3 = P. M. Hunter

|year = 1987

|publisher = Blackwell Scientific Publications

|location = Oxford

|page = x

|isbn = 978-0-632-01744-7

|url = http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/issue_pdf/frontmatter_pdf/31/1.pdf

|access-date = 27 June 2010

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101224060317/http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/issue_pdf/frontmatter_pdf/31/1.pdf

|archive-date = 24 December 2010

}} Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone. Abyssal plains cover more than 33% of the ocean floor (about 23% of Earth's surface),{{cite journal | author = Harris P.T., MacMillan-Lawler M., Rupp J., Baker E.K. | year = 2014 | title = Geomorphology of the oceans | journal = Marine Geology | volume = 352 | pages = 4–24 | doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011| bibcode = 2014MGeol.352....4H}} but they are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process.{{cite journal

|author1=Craig R. Smith

|author2=Fabio C. De Leo

|author3=Angelo F. Bernardino

|author4=Andrew K. Sweetman

|author5=Pedro Martinez Arbizu

|name-list-style=amp

|title=Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change

|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution

|volume=23

|pages=518–528

|year=2008

|url=http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/Students/Current_Students/SIO277/Smith%20et%20al.%20TREE%202008.pdf

|pmid=18584909

|issue=9

|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.002

|access-date=27 June 2010

|archive-date=20 July 2011

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075942/http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/Students/Current_Students/SIO277/Smith%20et%20al.%20TREE%202008.pdf

|url-status=dead

}}{{cite book

|author=N.G. Vinogradova

|title=The Biogeography of the Oceans

|chapter=Zoogeography of the Abyssal and Hadal Zones

|volume=32

|pages=325–387

|year=1997

|doi=10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60019-X

|series=Advances in Marine Biology

|isbn=978-0-12-026132-1}}

The abyssal plain is formed when the lower oceanic crust is melted and forced upwards by the asthenosphere layer of the upper mantle. As this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges, it forms new oceanic crust. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited from turbidity currents that have been channeled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments.

Use of a continuously recording fathometer enabled Tolstoy & Ewing in the summer of 1947 to identify and describe the first abyssal plain. This plain, located to the south of Newfoundland, is now known as the Sohm Abyssal Plain.{{cite journal

|author1=Ivan Tolstoy |author2=Maurice Ewing

|name-list-style=amp|title=North Atlantic hydrography and the mid-Atlantic Ridge

|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin

|volume=60

|issue=10

|pages=1527–40

|date=October 1949

|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[1527:NAHATM]2.0.CO;2

|bibcode = 1949GSAB...60.1527T

}} Following this discovery many other examples were found in all the oceans.{{cite journal

|author=Bruce C. Heezen, Maurice Ewing and D.B. Ericson

|title=Submarine topography in the North Atlantic

|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin

|volume=62

|issue=12

|pages=1407–1417

|date=December 1951

|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1407:STITNA]2.0.CO;2

|issn=0016-7606

|bibcode = 1951GSAB...62.1407H

}}{{cite journal

|author=Bruce C. Heezen, D.B. Ericson and Maurice Ewing

|title=Further evidence for a turbidity current following the 1929 Grand banks earthquake

|journal=Deep-Sea Research

|volume=1

|issue=4

|pages=193–202

|date=July 1954

|doi=10.1016/0146-6313(54)90001-5

|bibcode=1954DSR.....1..193H}}{{cite journal

|author=F.F. Koczy

|title=A survey on deep-sea features taken during the Swedish deep-sea expedition

|journal=Deep-Sea Research

|volume=1

|issue=3

|pages=176–184

|year=1954

|doi=10.1016/0146-6313(54)90047-7

|bibcode=1954DSR.....1..176K}}{{cite book

|author1=Bruce C. Heezen

|title=Heezen, Bruce C., Marie Tharp, and Maurice Ewing: The Floors of the Oceans. I. The North Atlantic. Text to Accompany the Physiographic Diagram of the North Atlantic. With 49 fig., 30 plates. – New York, N.Y.: The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 65, 1959. 122 p. $10.00

|journal=Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie

|author2=Marie Tharp

|author3=Maurice Ewing

|name-list-style=amp

|chapter=The Floors of the Oceans. I. The North Atlantic. Text to Accompany the Physiographic Diagram of the North Atlantic

|editor=H. Caspers

|publisher=WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Company

|location=Weinheim

|volume=47

|issue=3

|pages=487

|year=1962

|doi=10.1002/iroh.19620470311

|chapter-url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114044381/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

|access-date=26 June 2010

}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book

|author1=Bruce C. Heezen |author2=A.S. Laughton

|name-list-style=amp|title=The Sea

|chapter=Abyssal plains

|editor=M.N. Hill

|publisher=Wiley-Interscience

|location=New York

|volume=3

|pages=312–64

|year=1963

}}

{{See also|Abyssal plain|Oceanic basin}}

Following is a list of named abyssal plains and oceanic basins:{{cite web

|author=Marc Wick

|date=16 June 2010

|url=http://www.geonames.org/search.html?q=abyssal+plain&country=

|title=Record search for "abyssal plain"

|publisher=GeoNames geographical database

|location=Switzerland

|access-date=27 June 2010}}{{cite book

|title=DK Millennium World Atlas: A Portrait of the Earth in the Year 2000

|chapter=Viewing the Earth from space

|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing

|location=New York

|date=1 October 1999

|pages=xvi–xvii

|isbn=978-0-7894-4604-6

}}

|-

| Alaska Plain

| (Alaskan Abyssal Plain, Alaskan Plain)

| North Pacific Ocean

| {{coord|55|0|N|143|0|W}}

|-

| Alborán Plain

| (Alboran Abyssal Plain)

| Alboran Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

| {{coord|35|55|N|3|50|W}}

|-

| Aleutian Basin

| (Aleutskaya Kotlovina, Bering Abyssal Plain, Bering Basin, Bering Sea Basin)

| North Pacific Ocean

| {{coord|57|0|N|177|0|E}}

|-

| Amerasia Basin

| (Central Polar Basin; consists of the Canada Basin and the Makarov Basin)

|

|

|-

| Amundsen Basin

| (Amundsen Basin)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|89|0|N|80|0|E}}

|-

| Amundsen Plain

| (Amundsen Abyssal Plain)

| Southern Ocean

| {{coord|65|0|S|125|0|W}}

|-

| Angola Plain{{cite journal

|author1=Frank Scheckenbach |author2=Klaus Hausmann |author3=Claudia Wylezich |author4=Markus Weitere |author5=Hartmut Arndt |title=Large-scale patterns in biodiversity of microbial eukaryotes from the abyssal sea floor

|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

|volume=107

|issue=1

|pages=115–120

|date=5 January 2010

|doi=10.1073/pnas.0908816106

|pmid=20007768

|pmc=2806785|bibcode = 2010PNAS..107..115S |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal

|author1=Pedro Martínez Arbizu |author2=Horst Kurt Schminke

|name-list-style=amp|title=DIVA-1 expedition to the deep sea of the Angola Basin in 2000 and DIVA-1 workshop 2003

|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution

|volume=5

|issue=Supplement 1

|pages=1–2

|date=18 February 2005

|doi=10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.009

|doi-access=free

}}{{cite journal

|author=Schmid, C., Brenke, N. & J.W. Wägele

|title=On abyssal isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) from the Angola Basin: Eurycope tumidicarpus n.sp. and redescription of Acanthocope galathea Wolff, 1962

|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution

|volume=2

|issue=1

|pages=87–88

|year=2002

|doi=10.1078/1439-6092-00030

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite book

|author=Mursch, A., Brenke, N. & J.W. Wägele

|title=Bringing light into deep-sea biodiversity (Zootaxa 1866)

|editor1=Pedro Martinez Arbizu |editor2=Saskia Brix |chapter=Results of the DIVA-1 expedition of RV "Meteor" (Cruise M48:1): Three new species of Munnopsidae Sars, 1864 from abyssal depths of the Angola Basin (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota)

|publisher=Magnolia Press

|location=Auckland, New Zealand

|isbn=978-1-86977-260-4

|year=2008

|pages=493–539

|chapter-url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01866p539.pdf

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

| (Angola Abyssal Plain, Angola Basin)

| South Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|15|0|S|2|0|E}}

|-

| Argentine Abyssal Plain

| (Argentine Plain, Argentine Basin)

| South Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|47|30|S|50|0|W}}

|-

|Atlantic-Indian Basin{{cite book|last1=Affholder|first1=M.|last2=Valiron|first2=F.|title=Descriptive Physical Oceanography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NC3JmKI7mYC&pg=PA317|year=2001|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-96927-4|page=317}}{{Cite web|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17182|title=Antarctica Detail|publisher=United States Geological Survey-us|access-date=2017-03-07}}

|

|Indian Ocean

|{{coord|60|0|S|15|0|E}}

|-

| Balearic Abyssal Plain

|

| Mediterranean Sea

| {{Coord|40|00|N|01|30|E|}}

|-

| Baffin Basin

| (Baffin Bay Basin)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{Coord|73|15|N|67|0|W}}

|-

| Barracuda Plain

| (Barracuda Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|17|0|N|56|30|W}}

|-

| Bauer Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Bellingshausen Plain

| (Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain)

| Southern Ocean

| {{coord|64|0|S|90|0|W}}

|-

| Biscay Plain{{cite web

|author=Encyclopædia Britannica

|year=2010

|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68816/Blake-Plateau

|title=Blake Plateau

|work=Encyclopædia Britannica

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

| (Biscay Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|45|0|N|7|15|W}}

|-

| Blake Basin

| (Blake Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|29|30|N|76|4|W}}

|-

| Boreas Plain

| (Boreas Abyssal Plain)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|77|0|N|1|0|E}}

|-

| Burdwood Abyssal Plain

|

| South Atlantic Ocean

|

|-

| Canada Plain

| (Canada Abyssal Plain, Canada Basin, Canada Deep, Canadian Plain, Kanadskaya Abissal'naya Ravnina Kanadskaya). One of two sub-basins of the Amerasia Basin.

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|80|0|N|140|0|W}}

|-

| Canary Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Cape Plain

| (Cape Abyssal Plain, Cape Basin)

| South Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|34|45|S|6|0|E}}

|-

| Cape Verde Plain{{cite journal

|author1=I.G. Priede |author2=P.M. Bagley |author3=S. Way |author4=P.J. Herring |author5=J.C. Partridge |title=Bioluminescence in the deep sea: Free-fall lander observations in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Verde

|journal=Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

|volume=53

|issue=7

|pages=1272–1283

|date=July 2006

|doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2006.05.004

|bibcode = 2006DSRI...53.1272P }}

| (Cape Verde Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|23|0|N|26|0|W}}

|-

| Cascadia Plain

| (Cascadia Abyssal Plain, Cascadia Basin, Bassin Cascadia, Great Trough)

| North Pacific Ocean

| {{coord|47|0|N|127|30|W}}

|-

| Ceará Plain

| (Brazil Basin, Ceara Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|0|0|N|36|30|W}}

|-

| Central Pacific Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Ceylon Plain

| (Ceylon Abyssal Plain)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|4|0|S|82|0|E}}

|-

| Chile Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Chukchi Plain

| (Chukchi Abyssal Plain)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|77|0|N|172|0|W}}

|-

| Cocos Abyssal Plain

| (Cocos Basin)

| Indian Ocean

|

|-

| Colombian Plain

| (Colombia Abyssal Plain, Colombian Abyssal Plain)

| Caribbean (Atlantic Ocean)

| {{coord|13|0|N|76|0|W}}

|-

| Comoro Plain

| (Comores Abyssal Plain)

| Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean)

| {{coord|13|45|S|44|30|E}}

|-

| Cuvier Plain

| (Cuvier Abyssal Plain)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|22|0|S|111|0|E}}

|-

| Demerara Plain

| (Demerara Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|10|0|N|48|0|W}}

|-

| Dibble Basin

|

| Southern Ocean

| {{Coord|65|20|S|133|0|E|source:GNIS|}}

|-

| Dumshaf Plain

| (Dumshaf Abyssal Plain)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|68|0|N|5|0|E}}

|-

| Enderby Plain{{cite gnis

|type=antarid

|id=17159

|name=Enderby Plain

|accessdate=27 June 2010}}{{cite aadcgaz

|type=antarid

|id=497

|name=Enderby Plain

|accessdate=27 June 2010}}

| (Enderby Abyssal Plain, East Abyssal Plain)

| Southern Ocean

| {{coord|60|0|S|40|0|E}}

|-

| Eratosthenes Abyssal PlainMart, Yossi and Robertson, Alastair H. F. (1998). [http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/558 Eratosthenes Seamount: an oceanographic yardstick recording the Late Mesozoic-Tertiary geological history of the Eastern Mediterranean], in Robertson, A.H.F., Emeis, K.-C., Richter, C., and Camerlenghi, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 160, Chapter 52, 701–708.Kempler, Ditza (1998). [http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/160_SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/CHAP_53.PDF Eratosthenes Seamount: the possible spearhead of incipient continental collision in the Eastern Mediterranean], in Robertson, A.H.F., Emeis, K.-C., Richter, C., and Camerlenghi, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 160, Chapter 53, 709–721.

| (Eratosthenes Seamount)

| Mediterranean Sea

| {{coord|33|40|N|32|40|E|}}

|-

| Eurasian Basin

| (Norway Abyssal Plain, Norwegian Basin; consists of the Amundsen Basin and the Nansen Basin)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|80|N|90|E}}

|-

| Euxine Abyssal Plain{{cite book

|author1=David A. Ross |author2=Elazar Uchupi |author3=Kenneth E. Prada |author4=Joseph C. MacIlvaine |title=Volume M 20: The Black Sea – Geology, Chemistry, and Biology

|chapter=Bathymetry and Microtopography of Black Sea: Structure

|publisher=American Association of Petroleum Geologists

|edition=AAPG Special Volumes

|year=1974

|pages=1–10

|chapter-url=http://search.datapages.com/data/open/offer.do?target=%2Fspecpubs%2Fsedimen1%2Fdata%2Fa145%2Fa145%2F0001%2F0000%2F0001.htm

|access-date=27 June 2010}}{{cite book

|author1=Dumitru Dorogan

|author2=Diaconeasa Danut

|name-list-style=amp

|title=International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 26th Session

|editor=Richard C. Ragaini

|chapter=The Black Sea Romanian coastal zone: a general survey of the erosion process

|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company

|location=Singapore

|isbn=978-981-238-092-0

|year=2002

|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalsem00inte/page/145 145–164]

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VS5Warw4G-UC&pg=PA145

|url-access=registration

|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalsem00inte/page/145

}}{{cite book

|author=Vittorio Barale

|title=Remote Sensing of the European Seas

|editor1=Vittorio Barale |editor2=Martin Gade |chapter=The European marginal and enclosed seas: an overview

|publisher=Springer

|location=Heidelberg

|isbn=978-1-4020-6771-6

|year=2008

|pages=3–22

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9B3D5-HBTzkC&pg=PA17}}

|

| Black Sea

|

|-

| Fernando de Noronha Plain

| (Fernando de Noronha Abyssal Plain, Planicie Abissal de Fernando de Noronha)

| South Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|3|0|S|31|0|W}}

|-

| Ferradura Plain

| (Ferradura Abyssal Plain, Planicie Abissal da Ferradura)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|36|0|N|10|45|W}}

|-

| Fletcher Plain

| (Abissal’naya Ravnina Fletchera)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|86|0|N|179|59|W}}

|-

| Florida Plain

| (Florida Abyssal Plain)

| Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean)

| {{coord|25|30|N|86|0|W}}

|-

| Fram Basin{{cite web

|url=http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/oceans/ArticOceanWeb/Features/Toweringmts.htm

|title=Towering Mountains

|author=P.D.N. Hebert (Professor, Department of Zoology)

|work=Canada's Aquatic Environments

|publisher=CyberNatural Software, University of Guelph

|location=Guelph, Ontario, Canada

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

| (Barents Abyssal Plain, Barents Plain) One of two sub-basins of the Eurasian Basin.

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|83|0|N|35|0|E}}

|-

| Gambia Plain

| (Gambia Abyssal Plain, Gambia Basin)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|12|0|N|28|0|W}}

|-

| Gascoyne Plain

| (Exmouth Abyssal Plain, Gascogne Plain, Gascoyne Abyssal Plain)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|16|0|S|110|0|E}}

|-

| Greenland Plain

| (Greenland Abyssal Plain, Iceland Basin, Plaine du Groenland)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|75|0|N|3|0|W}}

|-

| Grenada Abyssal Plain

|

| Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)

|

|-

| Guiana Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Guinea Plain

| (Guinea Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|1|0|N|3|0|W}}

|-

| Hatteras Plain

| (Hatteras Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|31|0|N|71|0|W}}

|-

| Herodotus Basin

| (Herodotus Abyssal Plain, Herodotus Plain)

| Levantine Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

| {{coord|33|0|N|28|0|E}}

|-

|-

| Hellenic Trench

| (Metapan Deep System)

| Ionian Sea

| {{coord|36|23|N|22|38|E}}

|-

| Hispaniola Plain

| (Hispaniola Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|20|18|N|71|35|W}}

|-

| Horseshoe Plain

| (Horseshoe Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|35|40|N|12|20|W}}

|-

| Iberian Plain{{cite thesis|author=Bernd Andeweg|url=http://www.geo.vu.nl/~andb/iberia/index-en.html|title=Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Iberian Peninsula, causes and effects of changing stress fields|type=PhD Thesis|publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam|year=2002|access-date=27 June 2010}}{{cite journal |title=8. Cretaceous to Paleogene benthic foraminifers from the Iberia abyssal plain |vauthors=Kuhnt W, Collins ES |year=1996 |journal=Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results |volume=149 |pages=203–216 |url=http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/149_SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/SR149_08.PDF |access-date=27 June 2010 |doi=10.2973/odp.proc.sr.149.254.1996|series=Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program }}

| (Iberia Abyssal Plain, Iberian Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|43|45|N|13|30|W}}

|-

| Jamaican Abyssal Plain

|

| Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)

|

|-

| Japan Plain

| (Japan Abyssal Plain)

| Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean)

| {{coord|41|30|N|135|0|E}}

|-

| JOIDES Basin

|

| Southern Ocean

| {{coord|74|30|S|174|0|E|scale:10000000_source:GNIS}}{{cite gnis | type = antarid | id = 17147| name = JOIDES Basin | accessdate = 2018-08-14}}

|-

| Labrador Basin

| (Labrador Sea Basin)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|53|0|N|48|0|W}}

|-

| Laurentian Abyss

|

| North Atlantic Ocean

|

|-

| Lichte Trough

|

| Antarctica Ocean

| {{coord|76|25|S|30|0|W}}

|-

| Madeira Abyssal Plain

| (Madeira Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|32|0|N|21|0|W}}

|-

| Makarov Basin

| one of two sub-basins of the Amerasia Basin.

| Arctic Ocean

|

|-

| Mascarene Plain{{cite web

|author=Encyclopædia Britannica

|year=2010

|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537259/Seychelles-Mauritius-Plateau

|title=Seychelles-Mauritius Plateau

|work=Encyclopædia Britannica

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

| (Madagascar Basin, Malagasy Abyssal Plain, Seychelles-Mauritius Plateau)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|19|0|S|52|0|E}}

|-

| Melanesian Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Mendeleyev Plain

| (Mendeleyev Abyssal Plain)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|81|0|N|170|0|W}}

|-

| Mid Indian Abyssal Plain

| (Mid-Indian Basin)

| Indian Ocean

|

|-

| Mornington Abyssal Plain

|

| South Pacific Ocean

|

|-

| Namibia Abyssal Plain

|

| South Atlantic Ocean

|

|-

| Nansen Basin

| One of two sub-basins of the Eurasian Basin.

| Arctic Ocean

|

|-

| Nares Plain

| (Fosse Nares, Nares Abyssal Plain, Nares Deep, Nares Tiefe)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|23|30|N|63|0|W}}

|-

| Natal Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Newfoundland Basin

|

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|43|30|N|45|0|W}}

|-

| North Australian Basin

| (Argo Abyssal Plain, Bassin Nord de l' Australie, Severo-Avstralijskaja Kotlovina)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|14|30|S|116|30|E}}

|-

| North Polar Basin

| (consists of the Amerasia Basin and the Eurasian Basin)

|

|

|-

| Northwest Pacific Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Northwind Plain USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282)

| (Northwind Abyssal Plain)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|76|0|N|161|0|W}}

|-

| Okhotsk Abyssal Plain

|

| Sea of Okhotsk (western Pacific Ocean)

|

|-

| Oman Plain

| (Arabian Basin, Oman Abyssal Plain)

| Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean)

| {{coord|23|0|N|61|0|E}}

|-

| Panama Plain

| (Clark Abyssal Plain)

| Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)

| {{coord|11|0|N|79|0|W}}

|-

| Papua Plain

| (Papua Abyssal Plain)

| South Pacific Ocean

| {{coord|14|0|S|151|30|E}}

|-

| Para Abyssal Plain

|

| North Atlantic Ocean

|

|-

| Penrhyn Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Pernambuco Plain

| (Pernambuco Abyssal Plain)

| South Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|7|30|S|27|0|W}}

|-

| Perth PlainGeoscience Australia: [http://www-a.ga.gov.au/oceans/sa_Ntrlst.jsp Naturaliste Plateau] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120723061357/http://www-a.ga.gov.au/oceans/sa_Ntrlst.jsp |date=2012-07-23 }}. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

| (Perth Abyssal Plain, Perth Basin, West Australian Basin)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|28|30|S|110|0|E}}

|-

| Peru Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Pole Plain

| (Central Polar Basin, Pole Abyssal Plain)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|89|0|N|45|0|E}}

|-

| Porcupine Abyssal Plain{{cite web

|author = OceanLab

|year = 2000

|url = http://www.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk/esonet/porcupine.php

|title = The Porcupine Seabight and Abyssal Plain

|publisher = University of Aberdeen

|location = Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, UK

|access-date = 27 June 2010

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090722095819/http://www.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk/esonet/porcupine.php

|archive-date = 2009-07-22

|url-status = dead

}}{{cite web

|author1=Marine Biodiversity |author2=Ecosystem Functioning

|name-list-style=amp|date=18 November 2004

|url=http://www.horta.uac.pt/projectos/marbef/DSOORS/FinalFiles/PAP.pdf

|title=Porcupine Abyssal Plain

|publisher=University of the Azores

|location=Horta, Azores

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

| (Porcupine Plain, West European Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|49|0|N|16|0|W}}

|-

| Raukumara Abyssal Plain

|

| South Pacific Ocean

|

|-

| Rhodes Basin

| (Rhodes Abyssal Plain, Ró2dhos Basin)

| Sea of Crete (Mediterranean Sea)

| {{coord|35|55|N|28|30|E}}

|-

| Roggeveen Basin

|

|

|

|-

| Sardino-Balearic Plain

| (Algerian Plain, Balearic Abyssal Plain, Balearic Plain, Sardino-Balearic Abyssal Plain)

| Mediterranean Sea

| {{coord|39|0|N|6|20|E}}

|-

| Seine Plain

| (Seine Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|34|0|N|12|15|W}}

|-

| Siberian Abyssal Plain

|

| Arctic Ocean

|

|-

| Sicilia Plain

| (Messina Abyssal Plain, Sicily Plain)

| Mediterranean Sea

| {{coord|36|0|N|18|0|E}}

|-

| Sierra Leone Plain

| (Sierra Leone Abyssal Plain, Sierra Leone Basin)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|5|0|N|17|0|W}}

|-

| Sigsbee Deep

| (Mexico Basin, Sigsbee Abyssal Plain, Sigsbee Deep, Sigsbee Basin)

| Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean)

| {{coord|23|30|N|93|0|W}}

|-

| Silver Plain

| (Silver Abyssal Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|22|30|N|69|30|W}}

|-

| Sirte BasinThomas S. Ahlbrandt (2001) [http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2202-f/b2202-ftextonly.pdf The Sirte Basin Province of Libya—Sirte-Zelten Total Petroleum System]. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2202–F, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. Accessed on 27 June 2010.

| (Ionian Abyssal Plain, Sidra Abyssal Plain, Sidra Plain, Sirte Abyssal Plain, Surt Plain)

| Libyan Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

| {{coord|34|10|N|19|22|E}}

|-

| Sohm Abyssal Plain

| (Fosse de Suhm, Plaine Sohm, Sohm Deep, Sohm Plain, Suhm Abyssal Plain, Suhm Deep, Suhm Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|36|0|N|55|0|W}}

|-

| Somali Plain

| (Somali Abyssal Plain, Somali Basin)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|1|0|N|51|30|E}}

|-

| South Australian Plain

| (Eyre Abyssal Plain, Great Bight Abyssal Plain, South Australian Abyssal Plain)

| Indian Ocean

| {{coord|37|30|S|130|0|E}}

|-

| South China Basin

| (South China Sea Abyssal Plain)

| South China Sea (Pacific Ocean)

| {{coord|15|0|N|115|0|E}}

|-

| Southeast Pacific Basin

|

|

|

|-

| South Fiji Basin

|

|

|

|-

| South Indian Plain

| (South Indian Abyssal Plain, South Indian Basin, South Indian Ocean Plain)

| Southern Ocean

| {{coord|59|0|S|125|0|E}}

|-

| South West Pacific Abyssal Plain{{cite journal

|author1=Nick Mortimer |author2=Dave Parkinson

|name-list-style=amp|title=Hikurangi Plateau: A Cretaceous large igneous province in the southwest Pacific Ocean

|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research

|volume=101

|issue=B1

|pages=687–696

|year=1996

|doi=10.1029/95JB03037

|url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/95JB03037.shtml

|access-date=27 June 2010

|bibcode=1996JGR...101..687M}}{{cite book

|author1 = Kaj Hoernle

|author2 = Reinhard Werner

|author3 = Folkmar Hauff

|author4 = Paul van den Bogaard

|title = IFM – GEOMAR Yearbook 2002–2004

|chapter = The Hikurangi Oceanic Plateau: A Fragment of the Largest Volcanic Event on Earth

|publisher = Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University (IFM-GEOMAR)

|location = Kiel, Germany

|year = 2005

|pages = 51–54

|chapter-url = http://www.ifm-geomar.de/fileadmin/ifm-geomar/allgemein/avillwock/jb_pdfs/chapter3_12_hikurangi.pdf

|access-date = 27 June 2010

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070329145034/http://www.ifm-geomar.de/fileadmin/ifm-geomar/allgemein/avillwock/jb_pdfs/chapter3_12_hikurangi.pdf

|archive-date = 2007-03-29

|url-status = dead

}}{{cite book

|author=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand

|date=4 March 2010

|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sea-floor-geology/5/3

|title=Hikurangi Plateau

|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

|location=Wellington, New Zealand

|isbn=978-0-478-18451-8

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

| (South West Pacific Basin)

| South Pacific Ocean

|

|-

| Tagus Abyssal Plain

| (Tagus Plain)

| North Atlantic Ocean

| {{coord|37|30|N|12|0|W}}

|-

| Tasman Abyssal Plain

| (Tasman Plain, Eastern Australian Abyss, Tasman Basin)

| Tasman Sea (South Pacific Ocean)

| {{coord|34|30|S|153|15|E}}

|-

| Town Abyssal Plain

|

| South Atlantic Ocean

|

|-

| Tsushima Basin

| (Ulleung Basin)

| Korea Strait (Sea of Japan, Pacific Ocean)

| {{coord|36|35|N|131|48|E}}

|-

| Tufts Plain

| (Tufts Abyssal Plain)

| North Pacific Ocean

| {{coord|47|0|N|140|0|W}}

|-

| Tyrrhenian Plain

| (Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain)

| Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

| {{coord|40|0|N|12|45|E}}

|-

| Valdivia Abyssal Plain

|

| Southern Ocean

| {{coord|62|30|S|70|0|E}}

|-

| Venezuelan Plain

| (Venezuela Abyssal Plain)

| Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)

| {{coord|14|0|N|67|0|W}}

|-

| Vidal Abyssal Plain

|

| North Atlantic Ocean

|

|-

| Weddell Plain{{cite journal

|author=De Broyer, C., Nyssen, F. & P. Dauby

|title=The crustacean scavenger guild in Antarctic shelf, bathyal and abyssal communities

|journal=Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

|volume=51

|issue=14–16

|pages=1733–1752

|date=July–August 2004

|doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.032

|bibcode=2004DSRII..51.1733D|hdl=2268/34147

|url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/34147

|hdl-access=free

}}

| (Weddell Abyssal Plain)

| Southern Ocean

| {{coord|65|0|S|20|0|W}}

|-

| Wrangellia Terrane{{cite journal

|author=Daniel Sarewitz

|title=Seven Devils terrane: Is it really a piece of Wrangellia?

|journal=Geology

|volume=11

|issue=11

|pages=634–637

|date=November 1983

|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<634:SDTIIR>2.0.CO;2

|issn=0091-7613

|bibcode = 1983Geo....11..634S

}}{{cite journal

|author=WESLEY K. WALLACE, CATHERINE L. HANKS and JOHN F. ROGERS

|title=The southern Kahiltna terrane: Implications for the tectonic evolution of southwestern Alaska

|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin

|volume=101

|issue=11

|pages=1389–1407

|date=November 1989

|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1389:TSKTIF>2.3.CO;2

|bibcode = 1989GSAB..101.1389W }}{{cite journal

|author1=ROGERS, Robert K. |author2=SCHMIDT, Jeanine M.

|name-list-style=amp|title=METALLOGENY OF THE WRANGELLIA TERRANE IN THE TALKEETNA MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN ALASKA

|journal=Cordilleran Section – 98th Annual Meeting

|volume=Alaskan Tectonics, Structure, and Stratigraphy

|date=May 15, 2002

|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002CD/finalprogram/abstract_34713.htm

|access-date=27 June 2010}}{{cite book

|author=Greene, A.R., Scoates, J.S., Weis, D. and Israel, S.

|title=Yukon Exploration and Geology

|editor1=D.S. Emond |editor2=L.L. Lewis |editor3=G.D. Bradshaw |chapter=Flood basalts of the Wrangellia Terrane, southwest Yukon: Implications for the formation of oceanic plateaus, continental crust and Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization

|publisher=Yukon Geological Survey

|year=2005

|pages=109–120

|chapter-url=http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/R71-41-2004E(11).pdf

|access-date=27 June 2010}}{{cite journal

|author=WARREN J. NOKLEBERG, DAVID L. JONES and NORMAN J. SILBERLING

|title=Origin and tectonic evolution of the Maclaren and Wrangellia terranes, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska

|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin

|volume=96

|issue=10

|pages=1257–1270

|year=1985

|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1251:OATEOT>2.0.CO;2

|bibcode = 1985GSAB...96.1251N }}{{cite journal

|author1=Jeffrey M. Trop |author2=Kenneth D. Ridgway |author3=Jeffrey D. Manuszak |author4=Paul Layer |author-link2=Kenneth D. Ridgway |title=Mesozoic sedimentary-basin development on the allochthonous Wrangellia composite terrane, Wrangell Mountains basin, Alaska: A long-term record of terrane migration and arc construction

|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin

|volume=114

|issue=6

|pages=693–717

|date=June 2002

|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0693:MSBDOT>2.0.CO;2

|issn=0016-7606

|bibcode = 2002GSAB..114..693T

}}{{cite journal

|author1=ISRAEL, Steve A. |author2=MORTENSEN, James K.

|name-list-style=amp|title=STRATIGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PALEOZOIC PORTION OF WRANGELLIA

|journal=Cordilleran Section Meeting – 105th Annual Meeting

|volume=Paleozoic Paleogeography of Cordilleran Terranes III

|date=8 May 2009

|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2009CD/finalprogram/abstract_157497.htm

|access-date=27 June 2010}}{{cite journal

|author1=A.R. Greene, J.S. Scoates |author2=D. Weis

|name-list-style=amp|title=Wrangellia Terrane on Vancouver Island, British Columbia: Distribution of Flood Basalts with Implications for Potential Ni-Cu-PGE Mineralization in Southwestern British Columbia

|journal=British Columbia Geological Survey

|volume=Geological Fieldwork 2004

|pages=209–220

|year=2005

|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs/96990/2004/paperrr02.pdf

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

| (Wrangel Abyssal Plain)

| Arctic Ocean

| {{coord|81|0|N|160|0|E}}

|-

| Yamato Basin

|

| Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean)

| {{coord|37|30|N|135|0|E}}

|-

| Yucatán Abyssal Plain

| (Guatemala Basin)

| Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)

|

|}

File:Marianatrenchmap.png in the Mariana Trench]]

Oceanic trenches are long, narrow topographic depressions of the seabed. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor, and they define one of the most important natural boundaries on the Earth's solid surface: the one between two lithospheric plates. Trenches are a distinctive morphological feature of plate boundaries. Trenches are found in all oceans with the exception of the Arctic Ocean and they are most common in the North and South Pacific Oceans.

There are three types of lithospheric plate boundaries: 1.) divergent (where lithosphere and oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges), 2.) convergent (where one lithospheric plate sinks beneath another and returns to the mantle), and 3.) transform (where two lithospheric plates slide past each other).

An oceanic trench is a type of convergent boundary at which two oceanic lithospheric slabs meet; the older (and therefore denser) of these slabs flexes and subducts beneath the other slab. Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about a tenth of a square meter per second. Trenches are generally parallel to a volcanic island arc, and about 200 km from a volcanic arc. Oceanic trenches typically extend 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 10,911 m (35,798 ft) below sea level.

{{Main|Oceanic trench}}

The following is a list of the deepest parts of the Earth's oceans and seas (all depths are measured from sea level):

{{note|star|*|Entries marked are the deepest parts of their respective water bodies, but are not oceanic trenches.}}

An oceanic plateau is a large, relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/424535/oceanic-plateau oceanic plateau]. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 27, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. While many oceanic plateaus are composed of continental crust, and often form a step interrupting the continental slope, some plateaus are undersea remnants of large igneous provinces. Continental crust has the highest amount of silicon (such rock is called felsic). Oceanic crust has a smaller amount of silicon (mafic rock).

The anomalous volcanism associated with the formation of oceanic plateaux at the time of the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (90.4 million years) ago may have been responsible for the environmental disturbances that occurred at that time. The physical manifestations of this were elevated atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, a significant sea-level transgression, and a period of widespread anoxia, leading to the extinction of 26% of all genera.{{cite journal

|author=Andrew C. Kerr

|title=Oceanic plateau formation: A cause of mass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary?

|journal=Journal of the Geological Society

|volume=155

|issue=4

|pages=619–626

|date=July 1998

|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.155.4.0619

|issn=0016-7649

|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.4.0619

|access-date=27 June 2010

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105054118/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_199807/ai_n8805326/

|archive-date=5 November 2011

|bibcode=1998JGSoc.155..619K

|s2cid=129178854

}} These eruptions would also have resulted in the emission of large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Additionally, the emission of sulfur monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and halogens into the oceans would have made seawater more acidic resulting in the dissolution of carbonate, and further release of {{CO2}}. This runaway greenhouse effect was probably put into reverse by the decline of the anomalous volcanic activity and by increased {{CO2}}-driven productivity in oceanic surface waters, leading to increased organic carbon burial, black shale deposition, anoxia and mass extinction in the ocean basins.

File:Zealandia-Continent map en.svg microcontinent, showing Alpine Fault, Bounty Trough, Campbell Plateau, Challenger Plateau, Chatham Rise, Havre Trough, Hikurangi Plateau, Kermadec Trench, Lord Howe Rise, Louisville Ridge, New Caledonia Basin, Norfolk Ridge, South Fiji Basin, South West Pacific Basin, and Tasman Basin.]]

{{Main|Oceanic plateau}}

• Campbell Plateau (South Pacific)
• Challenger Plateau (South Pacific)
• Agulhas PlateauUenzelmann-Neben, G., K. Gohl, A. Ehrhardt, and M. Seargent (1999). [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1999/1999GL900391.shtml Agulhas Plateau, SW Indian Ocean: New Evidence for Excessive Volcanism], Geophysical Research Letters, 26(13), 1941–1944. (Southwest Indian)
• Caribbean–Colombian Plateau (Caribbean)
• Exmouth Plateau (Indian)
• Hikurangi Plateau (Southwest Pacific)
• Kerguelen Plateau (Indian)
• Manihiki Plateau (Southwest Pacific)
• Marquesas Plateau (Southwest Pacific)
• Mascarene Plateau (Indian)
• Naturaliste Plateau (Indian)
• Ontong Java Plateau (Southwest Pacific)
• Shatsky Rise (North Pacific)
• Vøring Plateau (North Atlantic)
• Wrangellia Terrane (Northeast Pacific)
• Yermak Plateau (Arctic)

A mid-ocean ridge is a general term for an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. This type of oceanic ridge is characteristic of what is known as an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreading.

{{Main|Mid-ocean ridge}}

• Aden Ridge
• American–Antarctic Ridge
• Carlsberg Ridge
• Central Indian Ridge
• Chile Rise
• Cocos Ridge
• East Pacific Rise
• East Scotia Ridge
• Explorer Ridge
• Gakkel Ridge (Mid-Arctic Ridge)
• Gorda Ridge
• Juan de Fuca Ridge
• Knipovich Ridge (between Greenland and Spitsbergen)
• Kolbeinsey Ridge (North of Iceland)
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• Mohns Ridge
• Norfolk Ridge
• Pacific–Antarctic Ridge
• Palau–Kyushu Ridge
• Reykjanes Ridge (south of Iceland)
• Southeast Indian Ridge
• Southwest Indian Ridge
• West Mariana Ridge

{{portal|Oceans}}

• Physical oceanography
• Bathymetry
• Challenger Deep
• Hadal zone
• List of oceanic landforms
• List of submarine volcanoes
• Seamount
• Submarine canyon

{{Reflist}}

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• {{cite journal

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• {{cite journal

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|doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.004

|bibcode=2007DSRII..54.1727S}}

• {{cite journal

|author1=Seifried S., Plum Ch. |author2=Schulz M.

|name-list-style=amp|title=A new species of Parabradya Lang, 1944 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Ectinosomatidae) from the abyssal plain of the Angola Basin

|journal=Zootaxa

|volume=1432

|pages=1–21

|year=2007

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}}

• {{cite book|title=Introduction to Physical Oceanography

|author=Robert H. Stewart

|year=2007

|publisher=Texas A&M University

|location=College Station

|oclc=169907785

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• {{cite journal

|author=Willen E.

|title=A new species of Paranannopus Lang, 1936 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Pseudotachidiidae) with atrophic mouthparts from the abyssal of the Angola Basin

|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution

|volume=5

|issue=Supplement 1

|pages=19–27

|year=2005

|doi=10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.002

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{cite journal

|author1=Yasuhara M., Cronin T.M. |author2=Martinez Arbizu P.

|name-list-style=amp|title=Abyssal ostracods from the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: biological and paleoceanographic implications

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{{GeoGroup}}

• {{cite web

|author=Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

|date=3 November 2009

|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091102171559.htm

|title=Deep-sea Ecosystems Affected By Climate Change

|publisher=Science Daily}}

{{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}

{{Tectonic plates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Submarine Topographical Features}}

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Category:Lists of landforms

Category:Marine geology

Category:Abyssal plains

Category:Oceanic plateaus

Category:Oceanic ridges

Category:Oceanic trenches

Category:Plate tectonics