List of tributary states of China

This is a list of states that paid tribute to the Imperial dynasties of China under the tributary system. It encompassed states in Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.Gundry, R. S. "China and her Tributaries," {{Google books|xDUFAAAAQAAJ| National Review (United Kingdom), No. 17, July 1884, pp. 605-619.|page=605}}

List of tributaries

In the 5th century, a status hierarchy was an explicit element of the tributary system in which Korea and Vietnam were ranked higher than others, including Japan, the Ryukyus, Siam and others.Kang, David C. (2010). {{Google books|ydVymF_OrWEC|East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, p. 59.|page=59}} All diplomatic and trade missions were construed in the context of a tributary relationship with China,Wang, Zhenping. (2005). {{Google books|LipE-1U6-Q0C|Ambassadors from the islands of immortals: China-Japan relations in the Han-Tang period, pp. 4-5|page=4}}; excerpt, criticizing "the western tributary theory, which sees the world only from the viewpoint of the Chinese and overly simplifies the intricate domestic and international situations ...." including:

Bhutan{{cite web |author= |date=2010-09-26 |title=由钓鱼岛故事想到清代中国的藩属国 |url=https://city.udn.com/3011/4192243?tpno=48&cate_no=0 |trans-title=Thinking about the vassal states of China in the Qing Dynasty from the story of Diaoyu Islands |website=city.udn.com |language=Chinese |location=China |publisher= |access-date=2025-03-15}}
Brunei (文萊){{cite web|url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf|title=Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case|author1=Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho|author2=Hurng-yu Chen|publisher=NCCU Institutional Repository|work=National Chengchi University|date=July 2014|accessdate=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509133532/http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=dead}}
Borneo{{cite web|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp236_china_borneo_santubong.pdf|title=Examining the Connection Between Ancient China and Borneo Through Santubong Archaeological Sites|author1=Wan Kong Ann|author2=Victor H. Mair|author3=Paula Roberts|author4=Mark Swofford|work=Tsinghua University and Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania|publisher=Sino-Platonic Papers|date=April 2013|accessdate=14 May 2016|issn=2157-9687|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514050717/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp236_china_borneo_santubong.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2016|url-status=dead}}
Poni (渤泥){{cite web|url=http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/SEA-China-Interactions-Cluster/Others/BoniInChineseSources-edited4.pdf |title=Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties |publisher=National University of Singapore |work=Universiti Brunei Darussalam |accessdate=1 June 2014 |author=Johannes L. Kurz |pages=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195229/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/SEA-China-Interactions-Cluster/Others/BoniInChineseSources-edited4.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}Kerr, George. (2000). {{Google books|vaAKJQyzpLkC|Okinawa: The History of an Island People, p. 65.|page=65}}
Burma (Myanmar){{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinahermysterie00stearich|quote=burma was a tributary state of china british forward tribute peking.|title=China and her mysteries|author=Alfred Stead|year=1901|publisher=Hood, Douglas, & Howard|location=LONDON|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinahermysterie00stearich/page/100 100]|accessdate=February 19, 2011}}(Original from the University of California){{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinasintercour01rockgoog|quote=tribute china.|title=China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895|author=William Woodville Rockhill|year=1905|publisher=Luzac & Co.|location=LONDON|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasintercour01rockgoog/page/n11 5]|accessdate=February 19, 2011}}(Colonial period Korea; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)
CambodiaShambaugh, David L. et al. (2008). {{Google books|9I3ClMEYs3gC|International Relations of Asia, p. 54 n15.|page=54}} citing the 1818 Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty (DaQing hui-tien)
Kingdom of Funan{{Cite web|url=http://goasia.about.com/library/weekly/blfunan.htm|title=Funan|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2007-06-02|archive-date=2007-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109203840/http://goasia.about.com/library/weekly/blfunan.htm|url-status=live}}
Zhenla{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/khmerchronology/preangkor.htm|title=The Kingdom of Funan and Chenla (First to Eighth Century AD)|accessdate=2007-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503123723/http://www.geocities.com/khmerchronology/preangkor.htm|archive-date=2006-05-03}}

Ceylon (Sri Lanka){{Cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/GEHNWP21-GA.pdf |title=Working Papers of the Global Economic History Network (GEHN) No. 21/06 - The Nature and Linkages of China's Tributary System under the Ming and Qing Dynasties|author=Giovanni Andornino|access-date=2016-10-31 |archive-date=2017-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110173229/http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/GEHNWP21-GA.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=London School of Economics}}

JapanYoda, {{Google books|97LTcTx8N98C|p. 40.|page=40}}; excerpt, "... King Na was awarded the seal of the Monarch of the Kingdom of Wa during the Chinese Han dynasty, and Queen Himiko, who had sent a tribute mission to the Wei Dynasty (third century) was followed by the five kings of Wa who also offered tribute to the Wei. This evidence points to the fact that at this period Japan was inside the Chinese tribute system ...."Book of Sui, vol. 81{{Cite web |url=http://www.ourorient.com/articles/relations/chinaandjapan.htm |title=The Early Relations between China and Japan |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108014944/http://www.ourorient.com/articles/relations/chinaandjapan.htm |archive-date=2010-11-08 |url-status=dead }}Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall. {{Google books|nCJwEDzyxNgC|The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan, pp. 280-283.|page=280}}Chisholm, Hugh. (1911). {{Google books|HlQEAAAAYAAJ|The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 15, p. 224|page=224}}Yoda, Yoshiie et al. (1996) {{Google books|97LTcTx8N98C|The Foundations of Japan's Modernization: a Comparison with China's Path, p. 40.|page=40}}; excerpt, "While other countries in East Asia were almost consistently emeshed within the Chinese tribute system, Japan found itself sometimes inside sometimes outside of the system ...."
Wa (Japan) (16 tribute missions)According to the Book of Later Han vol. 85, :zh:s:Frédéric Nussbaum, see [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 |date=2012-05-24 }}.Yoda, {{Google books|97LTcTx8N98C|p. 40.|page=40}}; excerpt, "... Japanese missions to the Sui [Dynasty] (581–604) ... were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute ...."[http://heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/6-nara-period-sees-the-nurturing-of-chinese-culture/in-the-shadow-of-the-chinese-empire/monks-on-a-mission/imperial-envoys-made-perilous-passages-on-kentoshi-sen-ships-to-tang-china/ Imperial envoys made perilous passages on kentoshi-sen ships to Tang China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128013044/http://heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/6-nara-period-sees-the-nurturing-of-chinese-culture/in-the-shadow-of-the-chinese-empire/monks-on-a-mission/imperial-envoys-made-perilous-passages-on-kentoshi-sen-ships-to-tang-china/ |date=2011-01-28 }} "The cross-cultural exchanges began with 5 missions between 600 and 614, initially to Sui China (on kenzuishi-sen), and at least 18 or 19 missions were sent to T'ang China from 630 to 894 although not all of them were designated kentoshi."
Asuka Japan (5 tribute missions)Book of Sui, vol. 81Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kentoshi" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|Japan encyclopedia, p. 511|page=511}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Loui
Nara/Heian Japan (16 tribute missions)Fogel, Joshua A. (2009). {{Google books|EKSCTrJUkrwC|Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time, pp. 102-107.|page=102}}Yoda, {{Google books|97LTcTx8N98C|p. 40.|page=40}}; excerpt, "Japanese missions to the ... Tang Dynasties were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute; however, in the middle of the ninth century -- the early Heian Period -- Japan rescinded he sending of missions to the Tang Empire. Subsequently Japan conducted a flourishing trade with China and for the next five hundred years also imported much of Chinese culture, while nevertheless remaining outside the tribute system."Edwin O. Reischauer (1955). Ennin's travels in T'ang China: Chapter III - Kentoshi. {{ISBN|978-89-460-3814-1}}Old book of Tang, vol. 199
Ashikaga shogunate (20 tribute missions) Fogel, {{Google books|EKSCTrJUkrwC| p. 27.|page=27}}; Goodrich, Luther Carrington et al. (1976). {{Google books|JWpF-dObxW8C|Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644, p. 1316.|page=1316}}; note: the economic benefit of the Sinocentric tribute system was profitable trade. The tally trade (kangō bōeki or kanhe maoyi in Chinese) was a system devised and monitored by the Chinese -- see Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia, p. 471.Frederick W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank. {{Google books|tyhT9SZRLS8C|The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1, pp. 491-492.|page=491}}
Korea{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&q=tribute+korea+china&pg=PA482|title=Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary|first1=Keith L.|last1=Pratt|year=1999|isbn=9780700704637|page=482|publisher=Psychology Press |access-date=2021-02-01|archive-date=2021-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622033524/https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&q=tribute+korea+china&pg=PA482|url-status=live}}Kwak, Tae-Hwan et al. (2003). {{Google books|yIVXMjmKqHkC|The Korean peace process and the four powers, p. 100.|page=100}}; excerpt, "The tributary relations between China and Korea came to an end when China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895."
Goguryeo (173 tribute missions)
Baekje (45 tribute missions)
Silla (19 tribute missions) Seth, Michael J. (2006). {{Google books|yIVXMjmKqHkC|A concise history of Korea, p. 64|page=64}}; excerpt, "China found instead that its policy of using trade and cultural exchanges and offering legitimacy and prestige to the Silla monarchy was effective in keeping Silla safely in the tributary system. Indeed, the relationship that was worked out in the late seventh and early eighth centuries can be considered the beginning of the mature tributary relationship that would characterize Sino-Korean interchange most of the time until the late nineteenth century;"Korean History Project, [http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C03/E0304.htm Unified Silla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120114645/http://koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C03/E0304.htm |date=2008-11-20 }}.
Unified Silla (63 tribute missions in 8th century)
Goryeo (The envoy missions)Kwak, {{Google books|yIVXMjmKqHkC| p. 99.|page=99}}; excerpt, "Korea's tributary relations with China began as early as the fifth century, were regularized during the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392), and became fully institutionalized during the Yi dynasty (1392–1910)."
Joseon (826 tribute missions) 391 envoy missions between 1392 and 1450435 special embassy missions between 1637 and 1881.{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&q=391+envoys&pg=PA280 |page=280 |title=The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Part 2 |journal=The Cambridge History of China |volume=8 |first=Donald N. |last=Clark |isbn=0-521-24333-5 |year=1998 |quote=Between 1392 and 1450, the Choson court dispatched 391 envoys to China: on average, seven each year. |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085717/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&q=391+envoys&pg=PA280 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydVymF_OrWEC&q=435&pg=PT75 |title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-231-15318-8 |page=59 |first=David C. |last=Kang |quote=thus, between 1637 and 1881, Korea sent 435 special embassies to the Qing court, or an average of almost 1.5 embassies per year. |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085733/https://books.google.com/books?id=ydVymF_OrWEC&q=435&pg=PT75 |url-status=live }}
Laos (老挝)
Malaysia
Tanah Merah Kingdom{{Cite web|url=http://www.wenhuacn.com/lishi/shiji/13suishu/082.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627064126/http://www.wenhuacn.com/lishi/shiji/13suishu/082.htm|url-status=dead|title=Chinese Sui Dynasty annals|archivedate=June 27, 2006}}
Kedah Kingdom{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/early2.htm|title=Kedah: The Birthplace of Malay Civilisation|website=www.sabrizain.org|access-date=2012-01-11|archive-date=2012-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204135215/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/early2.htm|url-status=live}}
Kelantan{{Cite web|url=http://www.eguide.com.my/kelantan/|title=Kelantan|access-date=2012-01-11|archive-date=2012-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202160815/http://www.eguide.com.my/kelantan/|url-status=live}}
Malacca Sultanate{{Cite web |url=http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/detail.php?section=sm01&spesifik_id=3&ttl_id=59 |title=First Ruler of Melaka : Parameswara 1394-1414 |access-date=2012-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603195120/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/detail.php?section=sm01&spesifik_id=3&ttl_id=59 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |url-status=dead }}

NepalGundry, {{Google books|xDUFAAAAQAAJ|"Nepal," pp. 609-610.|page=609}}
Philippines{{Cite web |url=http://pascn.pids.gov.ph/DiscList/d99/s99-16.pdf |title=The Political Economy of Philippines- China Relations |access-date=2007-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621110647/http://pascn.pids.gov.ph/DiscList/d99/s99-16.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-21 |url-status=dead }}
Butuan (蒲端){{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Rita C. |year=1991 |title=Participation of the Philippines in the Nanhai Trade |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/participation-philippines-nanhai-trade-9th-16th-centuries |journal=International Seminar for UNESCO Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue: "Manila as an Entrepot in the Trans-pacific Commerce". |pages=2–3}}{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Zhenping |date=March 31, 2008 |title=Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial history of the Philippines |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10112/3180 |journal=Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies |volume=1 |pages=249–260|hdl=10112/3180 }}
Sanmalan (三麻蘭)
Sulu
Ryukyus{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Ryukyus Period/The Sanzan Period |url=http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/002/003/e_min.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010111/http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/002/003/e_min.html |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2007-06-08}}Gundry, {{Google books|xDUFAAAAQAAJ|"Ryūkyū," pp. 615-616.|page=615}}
HokuzanKerr, George. (2000). {{Google books|vaAKJQyzpLkC|Okinawa: The History of an Island People, p. 74.|page=74}}
ChūzanKerr, {{Google books|vaAKJQyzpLkC|p. 66.|page=66}}
Nanzan
Siam (Thailand)Gundry, {{Google books|xDUFAAAAQAAJ|"Siam," pp. 616-619.|page=616}}
Sikkim (锡金)
TibetGundry, {{Google books|xDUFAAAAQAAJ|"Tibet," pp. 610-611.|page=610}}
Vietnam[http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C09/E0901.htm "Tribute and Trade"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190844/http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C09/E0901.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}, KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.Gundry, {{Google books|xDUFAAAAQAAJ|"Annam," pp. 613-615.|page=613}}

File:Zhigongtu full.jpg of Liang. 6th-century painting in National Museum of China. Ambassadors from right to left: Uar (Hephthalites); Persia; Baekje (Korea); Qiuci; Wo (Japan); Langkasuka (in present-day Malaysia); Dengzhi (鄧至) (Qiang) Ngawa; Zhouguke (周古柯), Hebatan (呵跋檀), Humidan (胡密丹), Baiti (白題, of similar Hephthalite people), who dwell close to Hephthalite; Mo (Qiemo).]]

By dynasty

=Western Han=

Internal vassals (206 BC - ?) – Upon the founding of the dynasty, the first emperor awarded up to one-half of territory of Han as fiefdoms to various relatives, who ruled as princes. These fiefdoms collected their own taxes and established their own laws and were not directly administered by imperial government. Consolidation and centralization by succeeding emperors increased imperial controls, gradually dissolving the princedoms. During the period of Three kingdoms, Japan's king also sent tribute to Cao Rui stating about his status as a vassal to the Rui.
Dayuan (102 BC) – Kingdom located in the Fergana Valley. Hearing tales of their high-quality horses, which would be of great utility in combatting the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of Han dispatched an expedition to acquire their submission and the horses. The first expedition of 3,000 was woefully undermanned, but the second, numbering 100,000 besieged the capital, bringing them into submission after negotiations. The expedition returned with 10,000 horses along with a promise to pay an annual tribute in horses{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}.
Dian Kingdom (109 BC) – A kingdom located in modern-day Yunnan province. Brought into subjugation by Emperor Wu of Han, who annexed the kingdom into an imperial commandery but allowed local rulers to remain in power.
Jushi (108 BC) – City-state in modern-day Turpan. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by Emperor Wu of Han.
Loulan (108 BC) – Located along the northeastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in modern-day Xinjiang province. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by Emperor Wu of Han.
Minyue (138 BC - ?) – A Baiyue people situated in modern-day Fujian province. After an attack by the Minyue people, Emperor Wu of Han launched a massive expedition, and forced their entire population to relocate within imperial borders.
Nanyue (211 BC - 111 BC) – A kingdom situated today's northern Vietnam, and the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi founded by a former Chinese general, Zhao Tuo. Under Zhao Tuo it paid nominal tribute to Han but his successors lost more and more power. After a coup d'état against the king, Han directly conquered the kingdom and directly administered it from then on.page 63 of the book, "MAPPING HISTORY WORLD HISTORY, by Dr. Ian Barnes. {{ISBN|978-1-84573-323-0}}
Xiongnu (53 BC - 10) – A nomadic confederation/empire in Central Asia and modern day Mongolia and extending their control to territories as far as Siberia, western Manchuria, the areas along the Caspian Sea, and modern day Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. They entered tributary relations with the Han after several defeats, territorial losses, and internal conflicts{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}. Tributary relationships terminated as a result of diplomatic fumblings during the reign of Wang Mang. Xinjiang passed to Chinese control after their defeat.
Wusun (105 BC - ?) – Central Asian people. Bitter enemies with the Xiongnu, they entered a military alliance with the Han. In 53 BC, the kingdom split into two following a succession dispute. Both continued to recognize Han sovereignty and remained faithful vassals{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}.

=Xin=

During Wang Mang's reign, relations with many of the empire's allies and tributaries deteriorated, due in large part to Wang Mang's arrogance and inept diplomacy.

=Eastern Han=

Khotan – King Guangde of Khotan submitted to the Han dynasty in 73 AD. In 129: Fangqian, the king of Khotan, sent an envoy to offer tribute to Han. The Emperor pardoned the crime of the king of Khotan, ordering him to hand back the kingdom of Keriya. Fangqian refused. Two years later Fangqian send one of his sons to serve and offer tribute at the Chinese Imperial Palace.
Southern Xiongnu (50 - 220) – The Xiongnu split into northern and southern factions. The southern Xiongnu brought themselves into tributary relations with the Han. They were resettled along with large numbers of Chinese immigrants in frontier regions. Economically dependent on Han, they were obliged to provide military services under a tightened tributary system with greater direct imperial supervision.

=Jin, Northern and Southern, Tang=

In the 5th century the Wa (Japan during the Kofun period) sent five tributes to the Jin and to the Liu Song dynasty and the emperors promoted the five kings to the title like Supreme Military Commander of the Six States of Wa, Silla, Mimana, Gaya, Jinhan and Mahan.

According to the Xīn Táng shū the kingdom of Zhēnlà had conquered different principalities in Northwestern Cambodia after the end of the Yǒnghuī (永徽) era (i.e. after 31 January 656), which previously (in 638/39) paid tribute to China.Wolters, "North-western Cambodia in the seventh century", p. 356 and pp. 374–375

The Chinese retaliated against Cham which was raiding the Rinan coast around 430s-440s by seizing Qusu, and then plundering the capital of the Cham around Huế. Around 100,000 jin in gold was the amount of plunder. Lin Yi then paid 10,000 jin in gold, 100,000 jin in silver, and 300,000 jin in copper in 445 as tribute to China. The final tribute paid to China from Lin Yi was in 749, among the items were 100 strings of pearls, 30 jin gharuwood, baidi, and 20 elephants.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs1q9VEoEkoC&q=champa+tribute+linyi+raids+hue+china&pg=PA210|title=Money, markets, and trade in early Southeast Asia: the development of indigenous monetary systems to AD 1400|author=Robert S. Wicks|year=1992|publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=0-87727-710-9|page=210|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085630/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs1q9VEoEkoC&q=champa+tribute+linyi+raids+hue+china&pg=PA210|url-status=live}}

Enslaved people from tributary countries were sent to Tang China by various groups, the Cambodians sent albinos, the Uyghurs sent Turkic Karluks, the Japanese sent Ainu, and Göktürk (Tujue) and Tibetan girls were also sent to China.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&q=karluks+lake+balkash+turkish+women+tibetan+girls&pg=PA44|title=The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of Tʻang exotics|author=Edward H. Schafer|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-05462-8|page=50|accessdate=2011-01-09|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085630/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&q=karluks+lake+balkash+turkish+women+tibetan+girls&pg=PA44|url-status=live}} Prisoners captured from Liaodong, Korea, and Japan were sent as tribute to China from Balhae.{{cite book|author=Михаил Иосифович Сладковский|title=Тхе лонг роад: Сино-Руссиян экономик контактс фром анциент тимес то 1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHGGAAAAIAAJ&q=Z.+N.+Mat-+veyev+cites+Chinese+sources+which+show+that+Bohai+supplied+China+with+slaves+of+both+sexes+%28including+Japanese+dancing+girls%29+captured+during+raids+on+Japan,+Korea+and+Liaodong+[138,+19,+20].+Simultaneously,+as+N.+I.+Konrad+...|year=1981|publisher=Прогресс Публишерс|page=13|isbn=9780828521260|access-date=2016-04-07|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085718/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHGGAAAAIAAJ&q=Z.+N.+Mat-+veyev+cites+Chinese+sources+which+show+that+Bohai+supplied+China+with+slaves+of+both+sexes+%28including+Japanese+dancing+girls%29+captured+during+raids+on+Japan%2C+Korea+and+Liaodong+%5B138%2C+19%2C+20%5D.+Simultaneously%2C+as+N.+I.+Konrad+...|url-status=live}} Tang dynasty China received 11 Japanese girl dancers as tribute from Balhae in 777.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9kGxcE1BvxUC&pg=PA66 Schafer 1963] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424143926/https://books.google.com/books?id=9kGxcE1BvxUC&pg=PA66 |date=2016-04-24 }}, p. 66.

=Song=

The Song dynasty received 302 tribute missions from other countries. Vietnamese missions consisted of 45 of them, another 56 were from Champa. More tribute was sent by Champa in order to curry favor from China against Vietnam.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaZvX2BzeegC&q=champa+vietnam+china+disputes+tribute+missions&pg=PA120|title=China and Vietnam: the politics of asymmetry|author=Brantly Womack|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-61834-7|page=121|accessdate=2010-11-28|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085721/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaZvX2BzeegC&q=champa+vietnam+china+disputes+tribute+missions&pg=PA120|url-status=live}} Champa brought as tribute Champa rice, a fast-growing rice strain, to China, which massively increased Chinese yields of rice.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niqhizFDhKUC&q=champa+tribute+rice+india+yields+crop&pg=PA279|title=The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History: to 1550|author1=Richard Bulliet|author2=Pamela Kyle Crossley|author3=Daniel Headrick|author4=Steven Hirsch|author5=Lyman Johnson|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-618-99238-6|page=279|accessdate=2010-11-28|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085752/https://books.google.com/books?id=niqhizFDhKUC&q=champa+tribute+rice+india+yields+crop&pg=PA279|url-status=live}}Lynda Noreen Shaffer, A Concrete Panoply of Intercultural Exchange: Asia in World History (1997) in Asia in Western and World History, edited by Ainslie T. Embree and Carol Gluck (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe), p. 839-840.

In 969 the son of King Li Shengtian named Zongchang sent a tribute mission to China. According to Chinese accounts, the King of Khotan offered to send in tribute to the Chinese court a dancing elephant captured from Kashgar in 970.{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |editor=E. Yarshater |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA271 |chapter=Chapter 7, The Iranian Settlements to the East of the Pamirs |page=271 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521200929 |date=1983-04-14 |access-date=2020-12-15 |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085720/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA271 |url-status=live }}

=Yuan=

The Mongols extracted tribute from throughout their empire.{{cite book |last1=Allsen |first1=Thomas T. |title=Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521583015 |pages=28–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2IU99wzgrEC&pg=PA28 |accessdate=8 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010918/https://books.google.com/books?id=x2IU99wzgrEC&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }} From Goryeo, they received gold, silver, cloth, grain, ginseng, and falcons.{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Jinwung |title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict |date=2012 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253000248 |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA172 |accessdate=8 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805012332/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA172 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Ki-Baik |title=A New History of Korea |date=1984 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674615762 |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA157 |accessdate=8 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024906/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA157 |url-status=live }} The tribute payments were a burden on Goryeo and subjugated polities in the empire.{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=David M. |title=Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674036086 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&pg=PA49 |accessdate=8 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805000312/https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&pg=PA49 |url-status=live }} As with all parts of the Mongol Empire, Goryeo provided palace women, eunuchs, Buddhist monks, and other personnel to the Mongols.{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=David M. |title=Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674036086 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&pg=PA48 |accessdate=8 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230125739/https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&pg=PA48 |url-status=live }}

Just as Korean women entered the Yuan court, the Korean Koryo kingdom also saw the entry of Mongol women.{{cite journal |last = 崔 CUI |first = 鲜香 Xian-xiang |year = 2010 |issue = 1 |title = 高丽女性在高丽与蒙元关系中的作用 |url = http://edu.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/Detail/nmgdxxb-rwshkxb201001004 |journal = Pku Cssci |publisher = 天津师范大学性别与社会发展研究中心 |location = Tianjin |access-date = 2018-07-15 |archive-date = 2018-07-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180706081030/http://edu.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/Detail/nmgdxxb-rwshkxb201001004 |url-status = live }} Great power was attained by some of the Korean women who entered the Yuan court.{{cite journal |last=李 |first=鹏 |year=2006 |title=元代入华高丽女子探析 |url=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn.dincheng.cn/Article/CDMD-10602-2007046424.htm |publisher=广西师范大学 |journal= |access-date=2018-07-15 |archive-date=2018-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706081827/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn.dincheng.cn/Article/CDMD-10602-2007046424.htm |url-status=live }} One example is the Empress Ki (Qi) and her eunuch Bak Bulhwa when they attempted a major coup of Northern China and Koryo.{{cite book|author=Peter H. Lee|title=Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1uLvWyRJYC&pg=PA681|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51529-0|pages=681–|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902063744/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1uLvWyRJYC&pg=PA681|url-status=live}}

King Ch'ungson (1309–1313) married two Mongol women, Princess Botasirin and a non-royal woman named Yesujin. She gave birth to a son and had a posthumous title of "virtuous concubine". In addition 1324, the Yuan court sent a Mongol princess of Wei named Jintong to the Koryo King Ch'ungsug.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnIIbzweN7IC&q=jintong+wei&pg=PA182 |title=Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty |isbn=978-1433102752 |edition=illustrated |author=George Qingzhi Zhao |issn=0893-6870 |volume=60 of Asian thought and culture |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |page=182 |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085739/https://books.google.com/books?id=XnIIbzweN7IC&q=jintong+wei&pg=PA182 |url-status=live }}

The entry of Korean women into the Yuan court was reciprocated by the entry of Yuan princesses into the Goryeo court, and this affected relations between Korea and the Yuan. Marriages between the imperial family of Yuan existed between certain states. These included the Onggirat tribe, Idug-qut's Uighur tribe, the Oirat tribe, and the Koryo (Korean) royal family.{{cite journal |last=兰 |first=阳 |date=2007 |title=论元丽联姻及其对高丽的政治影响 |url=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn.dincheng.cn/Article/CDMD-10184-2007183911.htm |publisher=延边大学 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706051756/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn.dincheng.cn/Article/CDMD-10184-2007183911.htm |archive-date=2018-07-06 |url-status=dead }}George Qingzhi Zhao. Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty.

=Ming=

File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg painting of a tribute giraffe, which was thought to be a Qilin by court officials, from Bengal]]

Under the Ming dynasty, countries that wanted to have any form of relationship with China, political, economic or otherwise, had to enter the tribute system. As a result, tribute was often paid for opportunistic reasons rather than as a serious gesture of allegiance to the Chinese emperor, and the mere fact that tribute was paid may not be understood in a way that China had political leverage over its tributary.John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: On the Ch'ing Tributary System, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 137-150 Also some tribute missions may just have been up by ingenious traders. A number of countries only paid tribute once, as a result of Zheng He's expeditions. As of 1587, in Chinese sources the following countries are listed to have paid tribute to the Ming emperors:John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: On the Ch'ing Tributary System, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 150ff

The Hongwu Emperor started tributary relations in 1368, emissaries being sent to countries like Korea, Vietnam, Champa, Japan, of which Korea, Vietnam, and Champa sent back tribute in 1369. During Hongwu's rule, Liuch'iu sent 20, Korea sent 20, Champa sent 19, and Vietnam sent 14 tribute missions.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzWsAAAAIAAJ&q=champa+tribute+china&pg=PA116|title=Early Ming China: a political history, 1355-1435|author=Edward L. Dreyer|year=1982|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-1105-4|page=116|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085632/https://books.google.com/books?id=yzWsAAAAIAAJ&q=champa+tribute+china&pg=PA116|url-status=live}} The tribute system was an economically profitable form of government trade, and Korea requested and successfully increased the number of tributes sent to Ming from once every three years to three times each year starting in 1400, and eventually four times each year starting in 1531.{{cite book|last1=Kang|first1=Jae-eun|title=The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism|publisher=Homa & Sekey Books|isbn=9781931907309|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&q=profitable+government+trade&pg=PA179|accessdate=29 June 2016|language=en|year=2006|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085633/https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&q=profitable+government+trade&pg=PA179|url-status=live}} "Reciprocating a tribute usually exceeded the tribute itself, which was a profitable government trade to the small nation but a big burden for China. Therefore, China requested for Joseon to send tribute only "once every three years," but in contrast, Joseon requested to send a tribute "thrice each year" or "four times per year" instead and achieved it."

The 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa and Ming Turpan Border Wars were either started by or marked by disruptions in the tribute system.

Tribute in the form of servants, eunuchs, and virgin girls came from: Ming's various ethnic-minority tribes, tribes on the Mongolian Plateau, Korea,{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&q=korean+girls+ming&pg=PA1597|title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644|author=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich, Chao-ying Fang|year=1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=1597|isbn=0-231-03833-X|accessdate=2010-07-04|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085707/https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&q=korean+girls+ming&pg=PA1597|url-status=live}} Vietnam,{{cite book|author=Hugh Dyson Walker|title=East Asia: A New History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA259|date=20 November 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4772-6517-8|pages=259–|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225150648/https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA259|url-status=live}} Cambodia, Central Asia, Siam, Champa, and Okinawa.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&q=eunuch+virgin+ming&pg=PA14|title=The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-2687-4|pages=14–16|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2020-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324234901/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA14&q=eunuch+virgin+ming|url-status=live}}

There were Korean, Jurchen, Mongol, Central Asian, and Vietnamese eunuchs under the Yongle Emperor,{{cite book|author=John W. Dardess|title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA36|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0490-4|pages=36–|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2019-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228133620/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author1=Frederick W. Mote|author2=Denis Twitchett|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA212|date=26 February 1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24332-2|pages=212–|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228131051/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA212|url-status=live}} including Mongol eunuchs who served him while he was the Prince of Yan.{{cite book|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|title=Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cUVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80022-6|pages=33–|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226213407/https://books.google.com/books?id=5cUVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|url-status=live}} In 1381, Muslim and Mongol eunuchs were captured from Yunnan, and possibly among them was the great Ming maritime explorer Zheng He.{{cite book|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|title=The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA14|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2687-6|pages=14–|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA14|url-status=live}} Vietnamese eunuchs like Ruan Lang, Ruan An, Fan Hong, Chen Wu, and Wang Jin were sent by Zhang Fu to the Ming.{{cite book|author1=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee|author2=Luther Carrington Goodrich|author3=房兆楹|title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1363|date=January 1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-03833-1|pages=1363–|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227231635/https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1363|url-status=live}}

During Ming's early contentious relations with Joseon, when there were disputes such as competition for influence over the Jurchens in Manchuria, Korean officials were even flogged by Korean-born Ming eunuch ambassadors, when their demands were not met. Some of the ambassadors were arrogant, such as Sin Kwi-saeng who, in 1398, got drunk and brandished a knife at a dinner in the presence of the king.{{Cite web |url=http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL58/VOL58-4.docx |title=The Ming Connection: Notes on Korea's Experience In the Chinese Tributary System|author=Donald N. Clark |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2014-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110192036/http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL58/VOL58-4.docx |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis C. |last2=Mote |first2=Frederick W. |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521243339 |pages=283–284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA283 |accessdate=3 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208042637/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA283 |url-status=live }} Sino-Korean relations later became amiable, and Korean envoys' seating arrangement in the Ming court was always the highest among the tributaries. A total of 198 eunuchs were sent from Korea to Ming.{{Cite book|title=한중관계사 II|author=김한규|year=1999|publisher=아르케|pages=581~585|isbn=89-88791-02-9}}

On 30 Jan 1406, the Ming Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the Ryukyuans castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs in order to give them to Yongle. Yongle said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and didn't deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.{{cite journal|last=Wade |first=Geoff |date=July 1, 2007 |title=Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s-1580s |url=http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps07_093.pdf |ssrn=1317152 |archive-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore |series=Working Paper Series |issue=93 |page=75 |accessdate=6 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905010101/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps07_093.pdf }}

Joseon sent a total of 114 women to the Ming dynasty, consisting of 16 virgin girls, accompanied by 48 female servants, 42 cooks (執饌女), and 8 musical performers (歌舞女).{{cite book |last1=Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies |title=조선 사람의 세계여행 (규장각 교양총서05) |trans-title=World Travels of the Joseon People |date=2011 |publisher=글항아리 |isbn=9788967352790 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ijo9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143 |accessdate=12 March 2019 |language=ko |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805063158/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ijo9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=김운회 |title=몽골은 왜 고려를 멸망시키지 않았나 |trans-title=Why Did Mongolia Not Destroy Goryeo? |date=2015 |publisher=역사의아침 |isbn=9788993119916 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRxRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |accessdate=12 March 2019 |language=ko |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105820/https://books.google.com/books?id=tRxRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |url-status=live }} The women were sent to the Yongle and Xuande emperors in a total of 7 missions between 1408 and 1433. Xuande was the last Ming emperor to receive human tribute from Korea.{{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Yuan-kang |title=Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics |date=2010 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231522403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxVfTuKsaJQC&pg=PT244 |accessdate=1 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222022742/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxVfTuKsaJQC&pg=PT244 |url-status=live }} with his death in 1435, 53 Korean women were repatriated.{{cite book |last1=Dardess |first1=John W. |title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire |date=2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442204904 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA39 |accessdate=1 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805111519/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA39 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis Crispin |last2=Fairbank |first2=John King |title=The Cambridge History of China |date=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521243322 |page=301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA301 |accessdate=3 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024527/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA301 |url-status=live }} There was much speculation that the Yongle Emperor's real mother was a Korean{{cite book|last1=Hua|first1=Hsieh Bao|title=Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739145166|page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHvyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|date=2014-06-18|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805031303/https://books.google.com/books?id=oHvyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Watt|first1=James C. Y.|last2=Leidy|first2=Denise Patry|title=Defining Yongle: Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth-century China|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9781588391537|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwWzKBy1UuQC&pg=PA12|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=2005|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805034228/https://books.google.com/books?id=DwWzKBy1UuQC&pg=PA12|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Mote|first1=Frederick W.|title=Imperial China 900-1800|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674012127|page=594|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA594|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=2003|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075402/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA594|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=The Taiping Rebellion|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=9780765619532|page=661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-ZcCcwz1QC&pg=PA661|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=2001|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805095911/https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-ZcCcwz1QC&pg=PA661|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Swope|first1=Kenneth M.|title=A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806185026|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G50MaPJWMC&pg=PA44|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|date=2013-04-29|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105200/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G50MaPJWMC&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Forges|first1=Roger V. Des|last2=Major|first2=John S.|title=The Asian World, 600-1500|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195178432|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKHWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22whose+mother+may+have+been+a+Korean+secondary+wife+of+Taizu%27s%22|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=2005|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085659/https://books.google.com/books?id=LKHWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22whose+mother+may+have+been+a+Korean+secondary+wife+of+Taizu%27s%22|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|title=Arts of Asia|date=1 January 2008|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpDrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22who+was+probably+Korean+and+a+secondary+consort%22|accessdate=13 September 2016|publisher=Arts of Asia Publications.|language=en|journal=|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085634/https://books.google.com/books?id=zpDrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22who+was+probably+Korean+and+a+secondary+consort%22|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Fogel|first1=Joshua A.|title=The Teleology of the Modern Nation-state: Japan and China|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812238204|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwSFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22but+his+real+mother+was+most+likely+a+secondary+consort+of+Korean+origin%22|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=2005|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085705/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwSFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22but+his+real+mother+was+most+likely+a+secondary+consort+of+Korean+origin%22|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=He|first1=Li|last2=Knight|first2=Michael|last3=Vinograd|first3=Richard Ellis|last4=Bartholomew|first4=Terese Tse|last5=Chan|first5=Dany|last6=Culture|first6=Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and|last7=Art|first7=Indianapolis Museum of|last8=Museum|first8=St Louis Art|title=Power and glory: court arts of China's Ming dynasty|publisher=Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture|isbn=9780939117420|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lady+Qi%2C+who%2C+according+to+several+Ming+documents%2C+was+a+Korean%22|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|date=2008-07-22|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085706/https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lady+Qi%2C+who%2C+according+to+several+Ming+documents%2C+was+a+Korean%22|url-status=live}} or Mongolian{{cite book|last1=Chase|first1=Kenneth Warren|title=Firearms: A Global History to 1700|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521822749|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA47|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|date=2003-07-07|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805012026/https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA47|url-status=live}} concubine.{{cite book|last1=Tsai|first1=Shih-shan Henry|title=Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295981093|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuSsxBuALQYC&pg=PA20|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|date=July 2001|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010358/https://books.google.com/books?id=OuSsxBuALQYC&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Weidner|first1=Marsha Smith|last2=Berger|first2=Patricia Ann|last3=Art|first3=Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of|last4=Francisco|first4=Asian Art Museum of San|title=Latter Days of the Law: Images of Chinese Buddhism, 850 - 1850; [exhibition, August 27 - October 9 1994 ...]|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824816629|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ffYIPn--wC&pg=PA107|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=1994|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010922/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ffYIPn--wC&pg=PA107|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Dardess|first1=John W.|title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442204904|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA34|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=2012|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805012404/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA34|url-status=live}} Relations between Ming China and Joseon Korea improved dramatically and became much more amicable and mutually profitable during Yongle's reign. Yongle and Xuande were said to have a penchant for Korean cuisine and women.{{cite book|last1=Dardess|first1=John W.|title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442204904|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA39|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|year=2012|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805111519/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Schirokauer|first1=Conrad|last2=Brown|first2=Miranda|title=A Brief History of Chinese Civilization|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1133709251|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZQJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|accessdate=13 September 2016|language=en|date=2012-01-06|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024908/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZQJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|url-status=live}}

An anti pig slaughter edict led to speculation that the Zhengde Emperor adopted Islam, due to his use of Muslim eunuchs who commissioned the production of porcelain with Persian and Arabic inscriptions in white and blue color.{{cite book|author1=Jay A. Levenson|author2=National Gallery of Art (U.S.)|title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA477|year=1991|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05167-4|pages=477–|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2019-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231080336/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA477|url-status=live}} {{cite book|author=Bernard O'Kane|title=The Civilization of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7HMZ-flk9kC&pg=PA207|date=15 December 2012|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4488-8509-1|pages=207–|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224143622/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7HMZ-flk9kC&pg=PA207|url-status=live}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20024/lot/37/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821220251/http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20024/lot/37/ |archivedate=2016-08-21|title=Bonhams Auctioneers : A rare blue and white screen Zhengde six-character mark and of the period|website=bonhams.com}} Oriental Blue and White, London, 1970, p.29. {{cite web |url=http://www.fa.hku.hk/home/JenChianEssay.pdf |title=FINE2055 Crossing Cultures: China and the Outside World |author=Dr. Yeewan Koon |website=www.fa.hku.hk |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321075936/http://www.fa.hku.hk/home/JenChianEssay.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead}} {{cite book|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|title=The Culture of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0pS_hjfKs8C&pg=PA176|year=2010|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1-61530-183-6|pages=176–|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2019-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195516/https://books.google.com/books?id=o0pS_hjfKs8C&pg=PA176|url-status=live}} {{cite book|author=Kathleen Kuiper|title=The Culture of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePytAJX0yZcC&pg=PA176|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-140-9 |pages=176– |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2019-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224194718/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePytAJX0yZcC&pg=PA176|url-status=live}} {{cite book|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|title=The Culture of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcecAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1-61530-183-6|pages=176–|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230204617/https://books.google.com/books?id=jcecAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|url-status=live}} {{cite book|author=Suzanne G. Valenstein|title=A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVwuJvo4YgC&pg=PA187|year=1988|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-8109-1170-3|pages=187–|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227145223/https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVwuJvo4YgC&pg=PA187|url-status=live}} Muslim eunuchs contributed money in 1496 to repairing Niujie Mosque. Central Asian women were provided to the Zhengde Emperor by a Muslim guard and Sayyid Hussein from Hami.{{cite book|author=Susan Naquin|title=Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bANasl7nayUC&pg=PA213|date=16 December 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92345-4|pages=213–|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223035803/https://books.google.com/books?id=bANasl7nayUC&pg=PA213|url-status=live}} The guard was Yu Yung and the women were Uighur.{{cite book|author1=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee|author2=Luther Carrington Goodrich|author3=房兆楹|title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA309|year=1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-03801-0|pages=309–|access-date=2016-09-22|archive-date=2016-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902203803/https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA309|url-status=live}}

It is unknown who really was behind the anti-pig slaughter edict.{{cite book|author=B. J. ter Haar|title=Telling Stories: Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PVPyPRcPBYC&pg=PA4|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-14844-2|pages=4–|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919014512/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PVPyPRcPBYC&pg=PA4|url-status=live}} The speculation of him becoming a Muslim is remembered alongside his excessive and debauched behavior along with his concubines of foreign origin.{{cite book|author=Frank Trentmann|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlSOtYk_fIgC&pg=PT65|date=22 March 2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-162435-3|pages=47–|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805000447/https://books.google.com/books?id=qlSOtYk_fIgC&pg=PT65|url-status=live}} Muslim Central Asian girls were favored by Zhengde, with Korean girls being favored by Xuande.{{cite book|author=John W. Dardess|title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQVzWT2iiUC&pg=PA47|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0491-1|pages=47–|access-date=2016-09-22|archive-date=2019-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228122821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQVzWT2iiUC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}} A Uighur concubine was kept by Zhengde.{{cite book|author=Peter C Perdue|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA64|date=30 June 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04202-5|pages=64–|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225074211/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA64|url-status=live}} Uighur and Mongol women were favored by the Zhengde emperor.{{cite book|author=Frederick W. Mote|title=Imperial China 900-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA657|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01212-7|pages=657–|access-date=2016-09-22|archive-date=2019-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408150053/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC|url-status=live}}

=Qing=

File:Nieuhof-p-189-Mogolsche-gezant-Lach-van-Kley-plate-315.jpg) think that the emissaries portrayed had actually come from Turfan, and not all the way from the Moghul India.]]

File:Houckgeest.JPG in 1795. The Dutch embassy was the last European embassy sent to China under the tributary system.]]

This list covers states that sent tribute between 1662 and 1875, and were not covered under the Lifan Yuan. Therefore, Tibet or the Khalkha are not included, although they did send tribute in the period given:John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: On the Ch'ing Tributary System, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 193ff

Badakhshan{{cite book|last1=Noda|first1=Jin|title=The Kazakh Khanates Between the Russian and Qing Empires: Central Eurasian International Relations During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=134JDAAAQBAJ&dq=badakhshan+tributary+qing&pg=PA142|page=142|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004314474}}
Hunza (1761){{Cite journal |last=LIN |first=HSIAO-TING |date=2009-09-09 |title=The Tributary System in China's Historical Imagination: China and Hunza, ca. 1760–1960 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186309990071 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=489–507 |doi=10.1017/s1356186309990071 |s2cid=154623203 |issn=1356-1863}}
Joseon (Korea) (three or four times a year;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&q=%22four+times%22&pg=PA179|title=The land of scholars: two thousand years of Korean Confucianism|first=Jae-un|last=Kang|publisher=Homa & Sekey Books|year=2006|quote=Joseon requested to send a tribute "thrice each year" or "four times per year" instead and achieved it.|isbn=1-931907-30-7|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085708/https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&q=%22four+times%22&pg=PA179|url-status=live}}{{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740594493 |url-access = registration |page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740594493/page/22 22] |title=Korea |first1= Martin|last1= Robinson|first2=Andrew |last2=Bender |first3= Rob |last3= Whyte |publisher= Lonely Planet |year= 2004 |isbn= 1-74059-449-5 |quote=The tribute taken to Beijing three or four times a year during most of the Joseon period provides an interesting insight into Korean products at this time.}} 435 embassies, 1637-1881)
Empire of Holland (1663(?), 1667, 1686, and 1795).van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1794; see also 1798 English translation: [http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B2962471X/ An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795, Vol. I.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215094026/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B2962471X/ |date=2009-02-15 }}de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph (1808). Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France.
Sulu Sultanate (1726,{{cite book|author=Geoffrey C. Gunn|title=History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA94|date=1 August 2011|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-988-8083-34-3|pages=94–|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193849/https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA94|url-status=live}})

After the Second Manchu Invasion of Korea, Joseon Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince Dorgon.{{cite book|editor-last1=Thackeray|editor-first1=Frank W.|editor-last2= Findling |editor-first2=John E.|title=Events that formed the modern world : from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1598849011|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&q=dorgon+korean+princess&pg=RA1-PA200|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000057/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=RA1-PA200&dq=dorgon+korean+princess&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KaNsVbuZC8KEsAXjy4HoDQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA|url-status=live}}{{cite book|editor-last1=Hummel|editor-first1=Arthur W.|title=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period : (1644 - 1912)|date=1991|publisher=SMC Publ|location=Taipei|isbn=9789576380662|page=217|edition=Repr.}}{{cite ECCP|title=Dorgon|page=217}}{{cite book|author1=Library of Congress. Orientalia Division|editor1-last=Hummel|editor1-first=Arthur William|title=清代名人傳略: 1644-1912|date=1943|publisher=經文書局|page=217|edition=reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs8LhXwRqPgC&q=dorgon+korean+princess|access-date=2016-05-02|archive-date=2016-10-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161022133653/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs8LhXwRqPgC&q=dorgon+korean+princess&dq=dorgon+korean+princess&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KaNsVbuZC8KEsAXjy4HoDQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBA|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Wakeman|first1=Frederic Jr.|title=The great enterprise : the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China|date=1985|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520048041|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC/page/n910 892]|edition=Book on demand.|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC|quote=dorgon korean princess.}}{{cite book|last1=Dawson|first1=Raymond Stanley|title=Imperial China|date=1972|publisher=Hutchinson|page=275|isbn=9780091084806|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AKAQAAIAAJ&q=dorgon+korean+princess|access-date=2016-05-02|archive-date=2016-10-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161022134507/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AKAQAAIAAJ&q=dorgon+korean+princess&dq=dorgon+korean+princess&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KaNsVbuZC8KEsAXjy4HoDQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Dawson|first1=Raymond Stanley|title=Imperial China|date=1976|publisher=Penguin|page=306|isbn=9780140218992|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFtxAAAAMAAJ&q=and+for+the+first+seven+years+of+his+young+nephew%27s+reign+Dorgon+exercised+supreme+power+and+laid+the+firm+foundations+...+Power+seems+to+have+gone+to+his+head,+for+he+ordered+the+King+of+Korea+to+send+princesses+to+be+his+concubines+and+...|access-date=2016-05-02|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731142859/https://books.google.com/books?id=AFtxAAAAMAAJ&q=and+for+the+first+seven+years+of+his+young+nephew's+reign+Dorgon+exercised+supreme+power+and+laid+the+firm+foundations+...+Power+seems+to+have+gone+to+his+head,+for+he+ordered+the+King+of+Korea+to+send+princesses+to+be+his+concubines+and+...|url-status=live}} In 1650, Dorgon married the Korean Princess Uisun (義順).{{cite book|author1=梨大史學會 (Korea)|title=梨大史苑, Volume 7|date=1968|publisher=梨大史學會|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IN42AAAAIAAJ&q=dorgon+korean+princess|access-date=2016-05-02|archive-date=2016-10-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161022134944/https://books.google.com/books?id=IN42AAAAIAAJ&q=dorgon+korean+princess&dq=dorgon+korean+princess&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KaNsVbuZC8KEsAXjy4HoDQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ|url-status=live}} The Princess' name in Korean was Uisun, she was Prince Yi Kaeyoon's (Kumrimgoon) daughter.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gachonherald.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=32|title=The annals of the Joseon princesses. - The Gachon Herald|website=www.gachonherald.com|access-date=2016-05-02|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723072600/http://www.gachonherald.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=32|url-status=live}} Dorgon married two Korean princesses at Lianshan.{{cite book|last1=Kwan|first1=Ling Li. Transl. by David|title=Son of Heaven|date=1995|publisher=Chinese Literature Press|location=Beijing|isbn=9787507102888|page=217|edition=1.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajcaAQAAIAAJ&q=dorgon+korean+princess|access-date=2016-05-02|archive-date=2016-10-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161022135113/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajcaAQAAIAAJ&q=dorgon+korean+princess&dq=dorgon+korean+princess&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KaNsVbuZC8KEsAXjy4HoDQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw|url-status=live}}

The tribute system did not dissolve in 1875, but tribute embassies became less frequent and regular: twelve more Korean embassies until 1894, one more (abortive) from Liuqiu in 1877, three more from Vietnam, and four from Nepal, the last one in 1908.

In 1886, after Britain took over Burma, they maintained the sending of tribute to China, putting themselves in a lower status than in their previous relations.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinahermysterie00stearich|quote=burma was a tributary state of china british forward tribute peking.|title=China and her mysteries|author=Alfred Stead|year=1901|publisher=Hood, Douglas, & Howard|location=LONDON|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinahermysterie00stearich/page/100 100]|accessdate=February 19, 2011}}(Original from the University of California) It was agreed in the Burma convention in 1886 that China would recognize Britain's occupation of Upper Burma while Britain continued the Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Peking.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinasintercour01rockgoog|quote=tribute china.|title=China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895|author=William Woodville Rockhill|year=1905|publisher=Luzac & Co.|location=LONDON|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasintercour01rockgoog/page/n11 5]|accessdate=February 19, 2011}}(Colonial period Korea; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)

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External links

[https://books.google.com/books?id=aU5hBMxNgWQC&pg=PA126 Perpetual Happiness, The Ming Emperor Yongle] pp. 178–180.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20061028192546/http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e%5Fpages/country/overview.asp?uid=1962 Ming occupation of Vietnam and Lam Son insurrection]

Category:Foreign relations of Imperial China