Longevity claims#Problems in documenting

Prior to the 19th century, there was insufficient evidence either to demonstrate or to refute centenarian longevity.{{Cite journal|journal=Population Dev Rev|volume=26|issue=2|pages=403–4|title=Book Reviews: Validation of Exceptional Longevity|author=Gavrilov, Leonid A.; Gavrilova, Natalia S.; Center on Aging, National Opinion Research Center/University of Chicago|date=June 2000|url=http://longevity-science.org/PDR-00.pdf|access-date=18 May 2009|doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00365.x|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214230559/http://longevity-science.org/PDR-00.pdf|url-status=live}} Even today, no fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent.{{Cite book|author1=Gavrilov, L. A. |author2=Gavrilova, N. S. |year=1991|title=The biology of life span: a quantitative approach|location=New York City|publisher=Harwood Academic Publishers|isbn=978-3-7186-4983-9}} Studies in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late-life mortality deceleration law: that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late-life mortality plateau. This implies that there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity, or fixed maximum human lifespan.{{Cite news|url=http://longevity-science.org/Biodemography.html|title=Biodemography of Human Longevity (Keynote Lecture)|author=Gavrilov, Leonid A.; Center on Aging, National Opinion Research Center/University of Chicago|date=5 March 2004|publisher=International Conference on Longevity|access-date=18 May 2009|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208063555/http://longevity-science.org/Biodemography.html|url-status=live}}

Researchers in Denmark have found a way to determine when a deceased person was born using radiocarbon dating done on the lens of the eye.{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080129201238.htm|year=2008|title=The Eyes Have It: Researchers Can Now Determine When A Human Was Born By Looking into The Eyes of the Dead|access-date=28 February 2013|archive-date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222150902/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080129201238.htm|url-status=live}}

Guinness World Records from its inception in 1955, began maintaining a list of the verified oldest people.{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-living-people-title-holders-since-1955-table/ |title=Oldest Living People Title Holders Since 1955 |work=Guinness World Records |access-date=2015-02-23 |publisher=Guinness World Records |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223043149/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-living-people-title-holders-since-1955-table/ |url-status=live }} It developed into a list of all supercentenarians whose lifespan had been verified by at least three documents, in a standardized process, according to the norms of modern longevity research.{{cn|date=July 2022}} Many unverified cases ("claims" or "traditions") have been controverted by reliable sources. Taking reliable demographic data into account, these unverified cases vary widely in their plausibility.

{{For|fully verified human longevity claims|Supercentenarian|List of the verified oldest people}}

• The oldest person verified by modern standards, and the only person with evidence to have lived to be at least 120 years of age, is French woman Jeanne Calment (21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997), aged 122 years and 164 days.
• The oldest man verified by modern standards, and the only man with undisputed evidence to have lived to be over 115, is Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura (19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013), aged 116 years and 54 days.
• The oldest verified living person is British woman Ethel Caterham, born 21 August 1909, aged {{age in years and days|1909|08|21|df=y}}.
• The oldest verified living man is Brazilian man João Marinho Neto, born 5 October 1912, aged {{age in years and days|1912|10|05|df=y}}.

In numerous editions from the 1960s through the 1980s, Guinness stated that

No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood, and deliberate fraud than the extremes of human longevity.{{cite news |title=Title of 'Oldest Living Person' Is Up for Grabs -- If You Have Some Proof |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-14-mn-337-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=14 January 1990 |access-date=2015-02-23 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223040655/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-14/news/mn-337_1_world-s-oldest-person |url-status=live }}

This caveat notwithstanding, Guinness at the same time listed a Canadian named Pierre Joubert as the oldest person to have ever lived, with supposedly "irrefutable" documentary proof showing he had been born in 1701 and died in 1814{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Norris |last2=McWhirter |first2=Ross |title=Guinness Book of World Records |date=1963 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |location=New York |page=12 |edition=1964 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo0000norr_l0o0/page/12 |access-date=21 September 2024}} – it was later discovered that a father born in 1701 and his son born in 1732 had been conflated, and Joubert has been removed from lists of supercentenarians.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Desjardins |first=Bertrand |editor1-last=Jeune |editor1-first=Bernard |editor2-last=Vaupel |editor2-first=James W. |editor2-link=James Vaupel |encyclopedia=Validation of Exceptional Longevity |title=Validation of Extreme Longevity Cases in the Past: The French-Canadian Experience

|url=https://www.demogr.mpg.de/books/odense/6/04.htm |date=1999 |publisher=Odense University Press |series=Odense Monographs on Population Aging |volume=6 |isbn=87-7838-466-4 }}

In another case, Lucy Hannah, previously regarded as having reached age 117, had her verification removed in 2020 following the discovery of additional documents.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_22|chapter=Age 115+ in the USA: An Update|publisher=SpringerLink|author=Robert Young and Waclaw Kroczek|title=Exceptional Lifespans|series=Demographic Research Monographs|year=2021|pages=317–344|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_22|isbn=978-3-030-49969-3|s2cid=230545486|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211074107/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_22|url-status=live}}

Despite demographic evidence of the known extremes of modern longevity, stories in otherwise reliable sources still surface regularly, stating that these extremes have been exceeded. Responsible, modern, scientific validation of human longevity requires investigation of records following an individual from birth to the present (or to death); purported longevity claims far outside the demonstrated records regularly fail such scrutiny.

Actuary Walter G. Bowerman stated that ill-founded longevity assertions originate mainly in remote, underdeveloped regions, among non-literate peoples, with only family testimony available as evidence.{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908667-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102230936/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908667-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2007|title=No Methuselahs|date=12 August 1974|access-date=13 May 2009|work=Time Magazine}} This means that people living in areas of the world with historically more comprehensive resources for record-keeping have tended to hold more claims to longevity, regardless of whether or not individuals in other parts of the world have lived longer.

In the transitional period of record-keeping, records tend to exist for the wealthy and upper-middle classes, but are often spotty and nonexistent for the middle classes and the poor. In the United States, birth registration did not begin in Mississippi until 1912 and was not universal until 1933.{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ahmed |title=Research Guides: Mississippi: Local History & Genealogy Resource Guide: Vital Records |url=https://guides.loc.gov/mississippi-local-history-genealogy/vital-records |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en}} Hence, in many longevity cases, no actual birth record exists. This type of case is classified by gerontologists as "partially validated".{{Cite web |date=2021-01-31 |title=Jeanne Calment: A Spirit of Determination {{!}} Highbrow |url=https://gohighbrow.com/jeanne-calment-a-spirit-of-determination/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=gohighbrow.com |language=en-US}}

Since some cases were recorded in a census or in other reliable sources, obtainable evidence may complete full verification.

• Maggie Barnes: Barnes claimed to be 117 at her death on 19 January 1998.Musante, Glenna B. (22 January 1998) "Johnston woman, one of world's oldest, dies at 117" The Raleigh News & Observer, pg. B1. Barnes, who was born to a former slave and married a tenant farmer, had fifteen children, 11 of whom preceded her in death. Inconsistent records suggested that she was born on 6 March 1882 at the latest, but possibly a year earlier. The conclusion is that Barnes was at least 115 years and 319 days old at her death, and may have been one or two years older.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

In another type of case, the only records that exist are late-life documents. Because age inflation often occurs in adulthood (to avoid military service or to apply for a pension early), or because the government may have begun record-keeping during an individual's lifetime, some cases are unverified by proximate{{clarify|date=December 2024}} records. These unverified cases are less likely to be true (because the records are written later), but are still possible. Longevity narratives were not subjected to rigorous scrutiny until the work of William Thoms in 1873. Thoms proposed the 100th-birthday test: is there evidence to support an individual's claimed age at what would be their centenary birthday?{{cite book|author=Heiner Maier|title=Super-centenarians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fjkhcn3oeIC&pg=PA5|access-date=8 April 2013|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-11520-2|page=5|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211052158/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fjkhcn3oeIC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author1=Leonard W. Poon|author2=Thomas T. Perls|title=Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Volume 27, 2007: Biopsychosocial Approaches to Longevity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNfPA7hpxrEC&pg=PT259|access-date=8 April 2013|date=12 December 2007|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-1538-6|page=259|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210232325/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNfPA7hpxrEC&pg=PT259|url-status=live}} This test does not prove a person's age, but does winnow out typical pension-claim longevity exaggerations and spontaneous claims that a certain relative is over 150.

• Hanna Barysevich: Barysevich claimed to have been 118.{{cite news |title=W wieku 118 lat zmarła najstarsza mieszkanka Białorusi |url=http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,8311,wid,8750266,wiadomosc.html? |newspaper=Wiadomości |date=7 February 2007 |access-date=2015-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223063619/http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,8311,wid,8750266,wiadomosc.html |archive-date=23 February 2015 |url-status=dead}} This can be neither verified nor disproven from Belarusian records. The claim is demographically possible but incompletely verified.
• Pasikhat Dzhukalaeva: In 2004, The Moscow Times reported that Dzhukalayeva, of Chechnya, claimed to have been born in 1881 (age 122). The claim is possible but incompletely verified. Her death has not been reported since that time, so no age greater than 122 has been verifiably claimed.{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/232837.html|title=122-Year-Old Chechen Has Seen a Lot|work=The Moscow Times|date=17 February 2004|access-date=13 November 2009|last=Aliev|first=Timur|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214505/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/232837.html}}
• Susie Brunson: Ebony magazine reported in 1973 that she was in good health at 102 years old, the first major claim of her longevity.{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9MDAAAAMBAJ |title=Ebony |date=June 1973 |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |pages=58 |language=en |chapter=A Striking 102 |access-date=2023-12-31}} She is later mentioned in 1975, when various newspapers claimed that she was celebrating her 105th birthday.{{Cite news |date=26 Dec 1975 |title=Christmas joy through the years |pages=11 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/711980391 |access-date=24 May 2023}} An article in the Spokesman-Review claims Brunson received a call from President Ronald Reagan on her 113th birthday in 1983{{Cite news |date=26 Dec 1983 |title=Oldest American has 113th birthday |pages=7 |work=Spokesman-Review |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/572006567 |access-date=24 May 2023}} (and many other papers claim that Brunson's birthday was attended by New York Congressman Raymond J McGrath, dubbing her the oldest person in the nation),{{Cite news |date=28 Dec 1983 |title=Very Senior Citizen |pages=30 |work=Times Leader |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/428376124 |access-date=24 May 2023}} and other articles written about her longevity appear later on.{{Cite news |last1=Firstman |first1=Richard C. |last2=Virag |first2=Irene |date=27 Dec 1982 |title=Humble Words on a Long Life |pages=3 |work=Newday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/721201102 |access-date=24 May 2023}}{{Cite news |last=Dewan |first=George |date=22 Mar 1987 |title=Milestones the World Passed Before 1900 |pages=325 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/704521507 |access-date=24 May 2023}} Her obituaries appear in Star-News newspaper{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1385&dat=19941130&id=sx4WAAAAIBAJ&pg=4023,5823419|title=Susie Brunson, thought to be oldest American, dies at 123|page=21|publisher=Star-News|date=30 November 1994|access-date=13 November 2009|last=Vance|first=Tricia}} and The New York Times.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/01/obituaries/susie-brunson-perhaps-the-oldest-american-123.html|title=Susie Brunson; Perhaps the Oldest American, 123|work=The New York Times|date=1 December 1994|access-date=13 November 2009|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522211550/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/01/obituaries/susie-brunson-perhaps-the-oldest-american-123.html|url-status=live}} Her family claimed that she was born 25 December 1870 and lived to age 123, dying in late November 1994.

These are standardized lists of people whose lifespans remain unverified by proximate records, including both modern (Guinness-era) and historical cases. All cases in which an individual's supercentenarian lifespan is not (yet) backed by records sufficient to the standards of modern longevity research are listed as unverified. They may be factually true, even though records do not exist (or have not yet been found), so such lists include these grey-area cases.

These living supercentenarian cases, in descending order of claimed age, with full birth and review dates, have been updated within the past two years, but have not had their claimed age validated by an independent body such as the Gerontology Research Group or Guinness World Records. The list includes only those claims that are greater than the age of the oldest verified living person, Ethel Caterham, who is currently aged {{age in years and days|1909|08|21}}, but under 130 years.

This table contains supercentenarian claims with either a known death date or no confirmation for more than two years that they were still alive. Only claims greater than that of Jeanne Calment, who died at the age of 122 years, 164 days, but under 130 years are included. They are listed in order of age as of the date of death or date last reported alive.

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.demogr.mpg.de/ Books on demographic transition of longevity claims] at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
• {{oweb|http://www.grg.org/}} of Gerontology Research Group

{{Longevity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Longevity Claims}}

Category:Lists of people by age

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