Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County

Present-day Longlin was first incorporated into the Song dynasty in 1253, when it fell under the jurisdiction of Anlongdong as part of the {{Interlanguage link|Sicheng Prefecture|lt=|zh|泗城州|WD=}}. In 1402, the area was reorganized as Anlong Prefecture, until 1666, when it was again reorganized as {{Interlanguage link|Xilong Prefecture|lt=|zh|西隆州|WD=}}. Xilong Prefecture underwent administrative changes in 1729, but otherwise went unchanged until 1912, when the Republic of China was established and the area was reorganized as Xilong County.

The area became part of the People's Republic of China in March 1950, and a communist-led local government was set up on March 18, 1950. On January 1, 1953, the area was renamed from Xilong County to Longlin County.

Longlin is bordered by Tianlin County to the east, Xilin County to the south, Xingyi, Guizhou to the west, and by Anlong County and Ceheng County in Guizhou Province to the north. The county is home to the Tianshengqiao I and Tianshengqiao II dams, which sit along the Nanpan River.

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| collapsed = Y

| location = Longlin, elevation {{convert|672|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)

|Jan high C = 15.0

|Feb high C = 18.7

|Mar high C = 23.0

|Apr high C = 28.2

|May high C = 30.2

|Jun high C = 30.5

|Jul high C = 31.1

|Aug high C = 31.2

|Sep high C = 29.3

|Oct high C = 25.0

|Nov high C = 21.7

|Dec high C = 16.7

|Jan mean C = 10.5

|Feb mean C = 13.1

|Mar mean C = 16.9

|Apr mean C = 21.5

|May mean C = 24.1

|Jun mean C = 25.4

|Jul mean C = 25.8

|Aug mean C = 25.4

|Sep mean C = 23.6

|Oct mean C = 20.0

|Nov mean C = 16.1

|Dec mean C = 11.8

|Jan low C = 7.7

|Feb low C = 9.5

|Mar low C = 12.8

|Apr low C = 16.8

|May low C = 19.6

|Jun low C = 21.8

|Jul low C = 22.4

|Aug low C = 21.8

|Sep low C = 20.0

|Oct low C = 16.9

|Nov low C = 12.8

|Dec low C = 8.8

| Jan record high C = 33.2

| Jan record low C = -2.0

| Feb record high C = 34.5

| Feb record low C = 0.6

| Mar record high C = 38.0

| Mar record low C = 2.2

| Apr record high C = 39.8

| Apr record low C = 6.8

| May record high C = 40.5

| May record low C = 10.4

| Jun record high C = 39.2

| Jun record low C = 15.0

| Jul record high C = 37.7

| Jul record low C = 16.4

| Aug record high C = 37.3

| Aug record low C = 16.2

| Sep record high C = 37.4

| Sep record low C = 10.3

| Oct record high C = 33.3

| Oct record low C = 7.2

| Nov record high C = 32.5

| Nov record low C = 2.5

| Dec record high C = 28.7

| Dec record low C = -1.4

| year high C =

| year low C =

| year high F =

| year low F =

| precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 28.3

|Feb precipitation mm = 19.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 34.3

|Apr precipitation mm = 56.5

|May precipitation mm = 147.0

|Jun precipitation mm = 238.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 224.2

|Aug precipitation mm = 168.8

|Sep precipitation mm = 101.9

|Oct precipitation mm = 76.5

|Nov precipitation mm = 31.8

|Dec precipitation mm = 20.1

|Jan humidity = 81

|Feb humidity = 76

|Mar humidity = 73

|Apr humidity = 71

|May humidity = 74

|Jun humidity = 81

|Jul humidity = 83

|Aug humidity = 82

|Sep humidity = 81

|Oct humidity = 83

|Nov humidity = 82

|Dec humidity = 81

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 11.6

|Feb precipitation days = 9.4

|Mar precipitation days = 10.5

|Apr precipitation days = 11.0

|May precipitation days = 13.5

|Jun precipitation days = 17.0

|Jul precipitation days = 17.3

|Aug precipitation days = 16.0

|Sep precipitation days = 11.4

|Oct precipitation days = 12.4

|Nov precipitation days = 8.1

|Dec precipitation days = 8.4

|year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 63.3

|Feb sun = 89.4

|Mar sun = 113.6

|Apr sun = 158.0

|May sun = 170.8

|Jun sun = 143.1

|Jul sun = 162.6

|Aug sun = 181.1

|Sep sun = 150.6

|Oct sun = 106.9

|Nov sun = 116.7

|Dec sun = 81.4

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 19

| Feb percentsun = 28

| Mar percentsun = 30

| Apr percentsun = 41

| May percentsun = 41

| Jun percentsun = 35

| Jul percentsun = 39

| Aug percentsun = 45

| Sep percentsun = 41

| Oct percentsun = 30

| Nov percentsun = 36

| Dec percentsun = 25

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 0.3

|Feb snow days = 0.1

|Mar snow days = 0

|Apr snow days = 0

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 0

|Dec snow days = 0.2

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=28 May 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =28 May 2023}}

}}

Longlin County is divided into 6 towns and 10 townships.{{Cite web|date=2019-12-03 |script-title=zh:行政区划|trans-title=Administrative Divisions|url=http://www.gxll.gov.cn/mlll/xzqh/t138028.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626011237/http://www.gxll.gov.cn/mlll/xzqh/t138028.shtml|archive-date=2020-06-26|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Guangxi Baise Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County People's Government Web Portal|language=zh}}{{Cite web|date=2019 |script-title=zh:2019年统计用区划代码|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/45/10/451031.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626012350/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/45/10/451031.html|archive-date=2020-06-26|access-date=2020-06-25|website=stats.gov.cn|language=zh}} The county government is seated in the town of {{Interlanguage link|Xinzhou, Longlin|lt=Xinzhou|zh|新州镇 (隆林县)|WD=}} (新州镇).

The county's 6 towns are Xinzhou, Yacha (​桠杈镇), {{Interlanguage link|Tianshengqiao, Longlin|lt=Tianshengqiao|zh|天生桥镇 (隆林县)|WD=}} (天生桥镇), {{Interlanguage link|Pingban|lt=|zh|平班镇|WD=}} (平班镇), De'e (​德峨镇), and {{Interlanguage link|Longhuo|lt=|zh|隆或镇|WD=}} (隆或镇).

The county's 10 townships are {{Interlanguage link|Shali Township|lt=|zh|沙梨乡|WD=}} (沙梨乡), {{Interlanguage link|Zhebao Township|lt=|zh|者保乡|WD=}} (者保乡), {{Interlanguage link|Zhelang Township|lt=|zh|者浪乡|WD=}} (者浪乡), {{Interlanguage link|Gebu Township|lt=|zh|革步乡|WD=}} (革步乡), {{Interlanguage link|Jinzhongshan Township|lt=|zh|金钟山乡|WD=}} (金钟山乡), {{Interlanguage link|Zhuchang Township|lt=|zh|猪场乡 (隆林县)|WD=}} (猪场乡), {{Interlanguage link|Shechang Township|lt=|zh|蛇场乡|WD=}} (蛇场乡), {{Interlanguage link|Kechang Township|lt=|zh|克长乡|WD=}} (克长乡), {{Interlanguage link|Yancha Township|lt=|zh|岩茶乡|WD=}} (岩茶乡), and {{Interlanguage link|Jieting Township|lt=|zh|介廷乡|WD=}} (介廷乡).

As of 2010, the county had a crude birth rate of 20.04 per 1,000, and a crude death rate of 5.37 per 1,000, giving the county a rate of natural increase of 14.67 per 1,000.

The Zhuang people of Longlin have various cultural similarities with the Yue people who historically inhabited the area, including the use of {{Interlanguage link|Bronze drum (Zhuang)|lt=bronze drums|zh|铜鼓|WD=}}, as well as various autonyms. The towns of {{Interlanguage link|Xinzhou, Longlin|lt=Xinzhou|zh|新州镇 (隆林县)|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Tianshengqiao, Longlin|lt=Tianshengqiao|zh|天生桥镇 (隆林县)|WD=}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Pingban|lt=|zh|平班镇|WD=}}, as well as {{Interlanguage link|Zhebao Township|lt=|zh|者保乡|WD=}} and {{Interlanguage link|Gebu Township|lt=|zh|革步乡|WD=}} all have significant Zhuang populations.

The county is home to six different groups of Miao people:

• Lopsided Miao ({{zh|c=偏苗|p=Piān Miáo}}), whose autonyms are Meng Sha ({{zh|labels=no|c=孟沙|p=}}) and Meng Xia ({{zh|labels=no|c=孟夏|p=}})
• Red Head Miao ({{zh|labels=no|s=红头苗|p=Hóngtóu Miáo}}), whose autonyms are Meng Lin ({{zh|labels=no|c=孟林|p=}}), Meng Lun ({{zh|labels=no|s=孟论|p=}}), Meng Ling ({{zh|labels=no|c=孟令|p=}}), or Shou Lun ({{zh|labels=no|s=受论|p=}})
• Clear Water Miao ({{zh|labels=no|c=清水苗|p=Qīngshuǐ Miáo}}), whose autonym is Meng Pu ({{zh|labels=no|c=蒙瀑|p=}})
• White Miao ({{zh|labels=no|c=白苗|p=Bái Miáo}}), whose autonym is Meng Lou ({{zh|labels=no|c=孟漏|p=}})
• Flower Miao ({{zh|labels=no|c=花苗|p=Huā Miáo}}), whose autonym is Meng Zou ({{zh|labels=no|s=孟邹|p=}})
• Vegetable Miao ({{zh|labels=no|c=素苗|p=Sù Miáo}}), also known in Chinese as the Ginger Planing Miao ({{zh|labels=no|c=栽姜苗|p=Zāi Jiāng Miáo}}), the Zai River Miao ({{zh|labels=no|c=哉江苗|p=Zāi Jiāng Miáo}}), and the Zai Village Miao ({{zh|labels=no|c=哉庄苗|p=Zāi Zhuāng Miáo}}), and whose autonyms are Meng Jia Ka ({{zh|labels=no|c=孟加卡|p=}}) and Meng Bai ({{zh|labels=no|c=孟拜|p=}})

Despite these different groups within the Miao populations of Longlin, all groups share similar ethnic origins. The Miao People of Longlin County are believed to be native to Hubei and Hunan who migrated southwest towards Guizhou and Yunnan, and later arrived in the region during the late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty. The probably reason for this migration appears connected to the Qing suppression of Miao uprisings in Guizhou and Xiangxi. The Miao People of Longlin County have many cultural similarities to Miao populations found in Guizhou, including shared folklore, linguistic dialects, naming conventions, toponymy, rituals, and celebrations.

The towns of {{Interlanguage link|Xinzhou, Longlin|lt=Xinzhou|zh|新州镇 (隆林县)|WD=}} and De'e, as well as the townships of {{Interlanguage link|Zhuchang Township|lt=|zh|猪场乡 (隆林县)|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Shechang Township|lt=|zh|蛇场乡|WD=}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Kechang Township|lt=|zh|克长乡|WD=}} all have significant Miao populations. The former townships of Kechang, Changfa, and Changme also have considerable Miao populations.{{cite book |editor=Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee |year=2008 |trans-title=Vocabularies of Guangxi ethnic languages |script-title=zh:广西民族语言方音词汇 |location=Beijing |publisher=Publishing House of Minority Nationalities}}

Longlin is home to a considerable amount of Yi (autonym: {{IPA|ŋo³³pʰu²¹}}Li Shengfu [李生福]. 2011. "A sketch of Epo Yi" [彝语峨颇话概况]. Minzu Yuwen.), who historically lived in western Yunnan. Historical documents from the Nanzhao State suggest that certain Yi populations left Yunnan to avoid inter-tribal violence. Considerable Yi populations live in {{Interlanguage link|Xinzhou, Longlin|lt=Xinzhou|zh|新州镇 (隆林县)|WD=}}, De'e, and {{Interlanguage link|Zhuchang Township|lt=|zh|猪场乡 (隆林县)|WD=}}. Within De'e, Yi people are concentrated in Agao ({{zh|labels=no|c=阿稿|p=}}), Nadi ({{zh|labels=no|c=那地|p=}}), Nongbao ({{zh|labels=no|c=弄保|p=}}), Tangshi ({{zh|labels=no|c=塘石|p=}}), and 10 other villages. Yi are also found scattered across various villages in {{Interlanguage link|Yancha Township|lt=|zh|岩茶乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Zhelang Township|lt=|zh|者浪乡|WD=}}, and the former townships of Changfa and Kechang.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The county's Gelao people moved to the area from Guizhou during the early Qing dynasty, with local legends suggesting that the reason for this migration could have been conflict or famine.

In May 1990, a group of people known as the Lai ({{zh|labels=no|c=徕|p=}}), who moved to the area from Guizhou during the early Ming dynasty, were determined to be part of the Gelao people by the county government after a five-day hearing on the matter. When the change was made in 1990, 978 people who were formerly classified as Lai in ethnicity were re-designated Gelao in ethnicity.

The county's Gelao people are largely found in De'e, {{Interlanguage link|Kechang Township|lt=|zh|克长乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Zhelang Township|lt=|zh|者浪乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Yancha Township|lt=|zh|岩茶乡|WD=}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Shechang Township|lt=|zh|蛇场乡|WD=}}. The villages of Sanchong ({{zh|labels=no|c=三冲|p=}}) and Moji ({{zh|labels=no|c=么基|p=}}) have particularly large Gelao populations.

The first migration of Han Chinese to the area took place shortly after the Song dynasty, and a document from 1673 suggests more than 10 Han families lived in area at the time. Areas with large Han populations are {{Interlanguage link|Xinzhou, Longlin|lt=Xinzhou|zh|新州镇 (隆林县)|WD=}}, Yacha, {{Interlanguage link|Longhuo|lt=|zh|隆或乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Tianshengqiao, Longlin|lt=Tianshengqiao|zh|天生桥镇 (隆林县)|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Yancha Township|lt=|zh|岩茶乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Jieting Township|lt=|zh|介廷乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Shechang Township|lt=|zh|蛇场乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Kechang Township|lt=|zh|克长乡|WD=}}, {{Interlanguage link|Zhebao Township|lt=|zh|者保乡|WD=}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Jinzhongshan Township|lt=|zh|金钟山乡|WD=}}.

The autonomous county is home to some Bolyu people, an unrecognized ethnic minority.{{Cite journal |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold |date=1995 |title=English-Bolyu Glossary |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1995english.pdf |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=24 |pages=133–159}} The Bolyu mostly live in the northern portion of the autonomous county,{{Cite web |title=Bolyu |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1237 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Endangered Languages Project |language=en}} alongside local Miao populations.{{Cite journal |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold |last2=Gregerson |first2=Kenneth |date=1995 |title=Bolyu tone in Vietic perspective |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1996bolyu.pdf |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=26 |pages=117–133}}

Some Longjia people also live in the northern part of the county.

As of 2019, the county's primary sector accounts for 26.1% of the economy, the secondary sector accounts for 19.5%, and the tertiary sector accounts for 54.4%.{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19 |script-title=zh:隆林经济|trans-title=Economy of Longlin|url=http://www.gxll.gov.cn/mlll/lljj/t138030.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180108/http://www.gxll.gov.cn/mlll/lljj/t138030.shtml|archive-date=2020-06-26|access-date=2020-06-26|website=Guangxi Baise Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County People's Government Web Portal|language=zh}}

As of 2019, the disposable income of the county's urban residents averages 32,508 Yuan, and the disposable income of the county's rural residents averages 9,972 Yuan.

Each year, at the beginning of the lunar new year, a festival in the village of De'e is held, featuring the music and dance of the various ethnic groups who live in the area.{{Cite web|date=2000-02-16|title=Minorities Celebrate Festival Together|url=http://en.people.cn/english/200002/16/eng20000216W103.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111747/http://en.people.cn/english/200002/16/eng20000216W103.html|archive-date=2019-03-06|access-date=2020-06-26|website=People's Daily Online|language=en}} Each ethnic group also has its own traditions to celebrate the lunar new year, some of which are shared across multiple different groups.

The county's different peoples also have festivals unique to their own ethnicity, as well as festivals shared across multiple different ethnicities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival and the Double Third Festival.

National Highway 324 runs through the county.

• De'e

{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040705195140/http://www.gx.xinhuanet.com/bswz/longlin/ Longlin page] (Chinese)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050207221610/http://www.gx.xinhuanet.com/bswz/longlin/gk.htm Longlin page] (Chinese)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050314013902/http://www.gx.xinhuanet.com/bswz/longlin/mxmz.htm Longlin page] (Chinese)
• [http://www.tribaltextiles.info/Photo_galleries/pg03.htm Textile photos taken in Longlin]

{{County-level divisions of Guangxi}}

{{Miao autonomy in the People's Republic of China}}

{{Yi autonomy in the People's Republic of China}}

{{Other ethnic minorities autonomy in the People's Republic of China}}

{{authority control}}

Category:Counties and cities in Baise

Category:Gelao autonomous counties

Category:Yi autonomous counties

Category:Miao autonomous counties