Lorcaserin

Lorcaserin was used long term for weight loss in those who are obese.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray GA, Frühbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JP | title = Management of obesity | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10031 | pages = 1947–56 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26868660 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00271-3 | s2cid = 21805769 }}

The safety and efficacy of Belviq were evaluated in three randomized, placebo-controlled trials that included nearly 8,000 obese and overweight patients, with and without type 2 diabetes, treated for 52 to 104 weeks. All participants received lifestyle modification that consisted of a reduced calorie diet and exercise counseling. Compared with placebo, treatment with Belviq for up to one year was associated with average weight loss ranging from 3 percent to 3.7 percent.

About 47 percent of patients without type 2 diabetes lost at least 5 percent of their body weight compared with about 23 percent of patients treated with placebo. In people with type 2 diabetes, about 38 percent of patients treated with Belviq and 16 percent treated with placebo lost at least 5 percent of their body weight. Belviq treatment was associated with favorable changes in glycemic control in those with type 2 diabetes. The approved labeling for Belviq recommends that the drug be discontinued in patients who fail to lose 5 percent of their body weight after 12 weeks of treatment, as these patients are unlikely to achieve clinically meaningful weight loss with continued treatment.

The drug's manufacturer was required to conduct six postmarketing studies, including a long-term cardiovascular outcomes trial to assess the effect of Belviq on the risk for major adverse cardiac events such as heart attack and stroke.

There had been concern that lorcaserin could cause cardiac valvulopathy based upon the reports of subjects taking the drug in Phase 2 trials. However, a 2016 Phase 3 clinical trial found no statistically significant differences in valvulopathy rates compared to control, being 2.4% for the drug subjects and 2.0% for controls, and concluded that the drug was safe for the target population{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenway FL, Shanahan W, Fain R, Ma T, Rubino D | title = Safety and tolerability review of lorcaserin in clinical trials | journal = Clinical Obesity | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 285–95 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27627785 | doi = 10.1111/cob.12159 | s2cid = 38418965 | type = Review }}{{cite web|url=http://www.belviqhcp.com/resources/|title=BELVIQ and BELVIQ XR HCP Home Page|website=www.belviqhcp.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616155542/http://www.belviqhcp.com/resources/|archive-date=2016-06-16}} although more long-term data was needed.{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel DK, Stanford FC | title = Safety and tolerability of new-generation anti-obesity medications: a narrative review | journal = Postgraduate Medicine | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 173–182 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29388462 | pmc = 6261426 | doi = 10.1080/00325481.2018.1435129 | type = Narrative review }}

FDA required a post-marketing cardiovascular safety trial as a condition of lorcaserin's approval (a requirement for all weight management drugs since the withdrawal of sibutramine in 2010 due to cardiovascular harm). The CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial was conducted for this purpose, and it showed no difference in rates of major adverse cardiovascular events ("MACE+", a composite of "cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or any coronary revascularization") between lorcaserin and placebo.

{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharretts J, Galescu O, Gomatam S, Andraca-Carrera E, Hampp C, Yanoff L | title = Cancer Risk Associated with Lorcaserin - The FDA's Review of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 Trial | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 383 | issue = 11 | pages = 1000–1002 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32905671 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp2003873 | s2cid = 221625777 }} However secondary analysis of CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 by FDA showed a likely higher cancer risk in those taking lorcaserin.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharretts J, Galescu O, Gomatam S, Andraca-Carrera E, Hampp C, Yanoff L | title = Cancer Risk Associated with Lorcaserin - The FDA's Review of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 Trial | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 383 | issue = 11 | pages = 1000–1002 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32905671 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp2003873 | s2cid = 221625777 }}{{cite web | title=Safety clinical trial shows possible increased risk of cancer with weight-loss medicine Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | date=14 January 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/safety-clinical-trial-shows-possible-increased-risk-cancer-weight-loss-medicine-belviq-belviq-xr | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115062605/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/safety-clinical-trial-shows-possible-increased-risk-cancer-weight-loss-medicine-belviq-belviq-xr | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 January 2020 | access-date=14 January 2020}} {{PD-notice}} The trial was conducted in approximately 12,000 participants over five years and more patients taking lorcaserin were diagnosed with cancer compared to patients taking placebo. CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 was powered to detect differences in MACE, but was not adequately powered to detect differences in cancer rates over the five-year study period.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bohula EA, Scirica BM, Fanola C, Inzucchi SE, Keech A, McGuire DK, Smith SR, Abrahamsen T, Francis BH, Miao W, Perdomo CA, Satlin A, Wiviott SD, Sabatine MS | display-authors = 6 | title = Design and rationale for the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Lorcaserin in Overweight and Obese Patients-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 61 (CAMELLIA-TIMI 61) trial | journal = American Heart Journal | volume = 202 | pages = 39–48 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29803985 | doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.03.012 | s2cid = 44070009 }}

In February 2020, the FDA requested that the manufacturer of lorcaserin voluntarily withdraw the drug from the US market because a safety clinical trial showed an increased occurrence of cancer. The drug manufacturer, Eisai, voluntarily withdrew the drug.{{cite news|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-brief/fda-brief-fda-requests-voluntary-withdrawal-weight-loss-medication-after-clinical-trial-shows|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214180649/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-brief/fda-brief-fda-requests-voluntary-withdrawal-weight-loss-medication-after-clinical-trial-shows|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2020|title=FDA In Brief: FDA Requests Voluntary Withdrawal of Weight-Loss Medication After Clinical Trial Shows an Increased Occurrence of Cancer|publisher=FDA|date=2020-02-13}}

Lorcaserin can produce hallucinogenic effects and other side effects with overdose.{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins GT, Gerak LR, France CP | title = The behavioral pharmacology and therapeutic potential of lorcaserin for substance use disorders | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 142 | issue = | pages = 63–71 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 29246856 | pmc = 5997497 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.023 | url = | quote = [...] several lines of evidence suggest that lorcaserin also has actions at 5-HT2A receptors. First, in vitro functional studies suggest that lorcaserin is only modestly (~19-fold) selective for 5-HT2C over 5-HT2A receptors in vitro (Thomsen et al., 2008; also see Table 1), raising the possibility that the doses required to decrease intravenous drug self-administration are large enough to bind to and possibly exert effects at 5-HT2A receptors. Indeed, when evaluated in a sample of recreational polydrug users, doses only slightly larger (20-60 mg) than the maximally approved dose of 10 mg (administered twice daily [BID]) produced feelings of “high” and “bad effects”, as well as perceptual changes that were described by a subset of subjects as “hallucination” and/or feeling “detached” and “spaced out” (Shram et al., 2011). Dose-dependent increases in other adverse effects (e.g., nausea, headache, dizziness, euphoric mood, etc.) were also noted, with most subjects (70-100%) reporting at least one adverse effect after receiving larger doses of lorcaserin (Shram et al., 2011). }} This can occur with single doses that are only 2- to 6-fold the usual single therapeutic dose. The effects are thought to be serotonergic psychedelic effects and are believed to be mediated by activation of the serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor.

Lorcaserin is a selective 5-HT_2C receptor agonist,{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomsen WJ, Grottick AJ, Menzaghi F, Reyes-Saldana H, Espitia S, Yuskin D, Whelan K, Martin M, Morgan M, Chen W, Al-Shamma H, Smith B, Chalmers D, Behan D | display-authors = 6 | title = Lorcaserin, a novel selective human 5-hydroxytryptamine2C agonist: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 325 | issue = 2 | pages = 577–87 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18252809 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.107.133348 | s2cid = 20924745 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu Q, Wang J, Bian X, Zhang L, Wei P, Xu Y | title = Novel synthesis of antiobesity drug lorcaserin hydrochloride. | journal = Organic Process Research & Development | date = September 2015 | volume = 19 | issue = 9 | pages = 1263–1267 | doi = 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00144 }} and in vitro testing of the drug showed reasonable selectivity for 5-HT_2C over other related targets.{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 6953787 | status = patent | title = 5HT2c receptor modulators | pubdate = 2003-10-04 | gdate = 2005-11-10 | inventor = Smith B, Smith J }}{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 7704993 | status = patent | title = Benzazepine derivatives and methods of prophylaxis or treatment of 5ht2c receptor associated diseases | pubdate = 2004-16-06 | gdate = 2010-27-04 | inventor = Smith B, Gilson III CA, Schultz J, Smith J }}{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 8207158 | status = patent | title = 5HT2c receptor modulators | pubdate = 2011-27-05 | gdate = 2012-26-06 | inventor = Smith B, Smith J }} 5-HT_2C receptors are located almost exclusively in the brain, and can be found in the choroid plexus, cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The activation of 5-HT_2C receptors in the hypothalamus is supposed to activate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production and consequently promote weight loss through satiety. This hypothesis is supported by clinical trials and other studies. While it is generally thought that 5-HT_2C receptors help to regulate appetite as well as mood, and endocrine secretion,{{cite journal | vauthors = Millan MJ | title = Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies | journal = Therapie | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 441–60 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16433010 | doi = 10.2515/therapie:2005065 | url = http://biopsychiatry.com/5ht2c-antidep.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150828091331/http://biopsychiatry.com/5ht2c-antidep.htm | archive-date = 2015-08-28 | url-access = subscription }} the exact mechanism of appetite regulation was not known as of 2005. Lorcaserin has shown 100x selectivity for 5-HT_2C versus the closely related 5-HT_2B receptor, and 17x selectivity over the 5-HT_2A receptor.{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, Chen RR, Park DM, Prieto EB, Gallardo CS, Sengupta D, Thomsen WJ, Saldana HR, Whelan KT, Menzaghi F, Webb RR, Beeley NR | display-authors = 6 | title = Discovery and SAR of new benzazepines as potent and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity | journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 1467–70 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15713408 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.080 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, Chen RR, Park DM, Prieto EB, Gallardo CS, Sengupta D, Dosa PI, Covel JA, Ren A, Webb RR, Beeley NR, Martin M, Morgan M, Espitia S, Saldana HR, Bjenning C, Whelan KT, Grottick AJ, Menzaghi F, Thomsen WJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Discovery and structure-activity relationship of (1R)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (Lorcaserin), a selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–13 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18095642 | doi = 10.1021/jm0709034 }}

The elimination half-life of lorcaserin is approximately 11 to 12{{nbsp}}hours.

The chemical structure of lorcaserin is similar to that of para-chloroamphetamine (PCA). It is also similar to that of 7-AB.

On 22 December 2009, a New Drug Application (NDA) was submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States.

On 16 September 2010, an FDA advisory panel voted 9–5 against approval of the drug based on concerns over both efficacy and safety, particularly the findings of mammary gland tumors of female rats.{{cite news | url=https://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/f-d-a-panel-rejects-diet-pill-2/?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | title=F.D.A. Panel Rejects Diet Pill | vauthors = Pollack A | date=16 September 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717034008/http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/f-d-a-panel-rejects-diet-pill-2/?pagemode=print | archive-date=17 July 2011 }}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17drug.html |title=F.D.A. Panel Urges Denial of Diet Drug|work=The New York Times | vauthors = Pollack A |date=16 September 2010|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822060100/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17drug.html?hpw |archive-date=22 August 2017}} On 23 October 2010, the FDA decided not to approve the drug based on the available data. This was not only because cancer promoting properties could not be ruled out, but also because the weight loss efficacy was considered "marginal".{{cite news |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-issues-complete-response-letter-for-lorcaserin-new-drug-application-105586113.html |title=FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for Lorcaserin New Drug Application |date=23 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024221021/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-issues-complete-response-letter-for-lorcaserin-new-drug-application-105586113.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 }}

On 10 May 2012, after a new round of studies submitted by Arena, an FDA panel voted to recommend lorcaserin with certain restrictions and patient monitoring. The restrictions include patients with a BMI of over 30, or with a BMI over 27 and a comorbidity such as high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes.{{cite web|title=New Diet Drug Lorcaserin Wins Vote From FDA Panel|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20120510/new-diet-drug-lorcaserin-wins-vote-from-fda-panel|publisher=webmd|date=10 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512023710/http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20120510/new-diet-drug-lorcaserin-wins-vote-from-fda-panel|archive-date=12 May 2012}}

On 27 June 2012, the FDA approved lorcaserin for use in adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater (obese), or adults with a BMI of 27 or greater (overweight) and who had at least one weight-related condition such as high blood pressure (hypertension), type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol (dyslipidemia).{{cite press release | title=FDA approves Belviq to treat some overweight or obese adults | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | date=27 June 2012 | url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm309993.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001144229/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm309993.htm | archive-date=1 October 2012 | url-status=dead | access-date=14 January 2020}} {{PD-notice}}{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets NDA #022529 | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | date=August 7, 2012 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/022529Orig1s000TOC.cfm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017185903/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/022529Orig1s000TOC.cfm | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 October 2016 | access-date=14 January 2020}}

On 15 July 2016, FDA approved the extended release version of lorcaserin for weight management with once-daily dosing instead of twice daily dosing.{{cite web | title=Belviq XR (lorcaserin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | date=26 October 2016 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208524Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=14 January 2020}}

On 17 September 2020, FDA withdrew approval for lorcaserin and for extended-release lorcaserin tablets.{{Citation| pages = 58063–58064| last = FDA| title = Eisai, Inc.; Withdrawal of Approval of Two New Drug Application for BELVIQ (lorcaserin hydrochloride) and BELVIQ XR (lorcaserin hydrocholoride)| accessdate = 2023-05-12| date = 2020-09-17| url = https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/09/17/2020-20458/eisai-inc-withdrawal-of-approval-of-two-new-drug-application-for-belviq-lorcaserin-hydrochloride-and}}

In December 2012, the US Drug Enforcement Administration proposed classifying lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug because it has hallucinogenic properties at higher than approved doses and users hypothetically might develop psychiatric dependencies on the drug.{{cite news| vauthors = Wilson MR |title=Reg Watch|url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/273901-reg-watch|newspaper=The Hill|date=December 19, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320092432/https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/273901-reg-watch|archive-date=March 20, 2013}}{{cite web|title=Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV|url=https://federalregister.gov/a/2012-30531|date=2012-12-19}} On 7 May 2013, the US Drug Enforcement Administration classified lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug under the Controlled Substances Act.

{{Reflist|refs=

{{Cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/nda/lorcaserin_091222.html | title = Lorcaserin New Drug Application | publisher = Drugs.com | date = 22 December 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195923/http://www.drugs.com/nda/lorcaserin_091222.html | archive-date = 3 March 2016 }}

{{Cite journal|journal=Österreichische Apothekerzeitung|volume=64|issue=19|page=1083|title=Lorcaserin| vauthors = Spreitzer H |date=13 September 2010|language=de}}

{{Cite web|title=Department Of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration 21 CFR Part 1308, Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV|url=https://federalregister.gov/a/2013-10895|date=2013-05-08}}

}}

• {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/lorcaserin | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Lorcaserin }}

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