Los Angeles Aqueduct#First Los Angeles Aqueduct

The aqueduct project began in 1905 when the voters of Los Angeles approved a {{US$|1.5 million}} bond for the 'purchase of lands and water and the inauguration of work on the aqueduct'. On June 12, 1907, a second bond was passed with a budget of {{US$|24.5 million}} to fund construction.{{cite book | publisher = Los Angeles Department of Public Service | title = Complete report on construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct| year = 1916 | url = https://archive.org/details/completereporto01commgoog | ol = 23386153M|pages=14–17, 271}}{{cite web | url= http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/canoga-park-at-100-a-brief-history-of-the-birth-of-owensmouth.html | publisher = KCET | title = Canoga Park at 100: A Brief History of the Birth of Owensmouth | author = Nathan Masters| date = 4 April 2012 }}

Construction began in 1908 and was divided into eleven divisions. The city acquired three limestone quarries, two tufa quarries and it constructed and operated a cement plant in Monolith, California, which could produce 1,200 barrels of Portland cement per day. Regrinding mills were also built and operated by the city at the tufa quarries. To move 14 million ton-miles of freight, the city contracted with Southern Pacific to build a 118 mile long rail system from the Monolith mills to Olancha.

The number of men who were on the payroll the first year was 2,629 and this number peaked at 6,060 in May 1909. In 1910, employment dropped to 1,150 due to financial reasons but rebounded later in the year. In 1911 and 1912, employment ranged from 2,800 to 3,800 workers. The number of laborers working on the aqueduct at its peak was 3,900.{{cite web | publisher = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | title = World Records | url = http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/worldrecords.htm | access-date = 2014-06-13 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512130552/http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/worldrecords.htm | archive-date = 2014-05-12 }}{{cite book | publisher = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | title = Annual Report of the Bureau of the Los Angeles Aqueduct to the Board of Public Works | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=REdSAQAAIAAJ&q=third+annual+report+of+the+bureau+of+los+angeles+aqueduct| access-date = 2014-06-08| year = 1908 }}{{cite web | title=A Hundred or a Thousand Fold More Important | url=http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/hundred.htm | publisher=Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | access-date=2009-02-07 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223171727/http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/hundred.htm | archive-date=2009-02-23 }}{{cite journal |last=Heinly |first=Burt A. |date=July 1910 |title=Carrying Water Through A Desert: The Story of the Los Angeles Aqueduct |journal=The National Geographic Magazine |volume=XXI |issue=7 |pages=568–596 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iJZ-AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA568|access-date=2009-07-10 }} Includes construction photos. In 1913, the City of Los Angeles completed construction of the first Los Angeles Aqueduct.

The aqueduct as originally constructed consisted of six storage reservoirs and {{convert|215|mi|abbr=on}} of conduit. Beginning {{cvt|3.5|mi}} north of Blackrock (Inyo County), the aqueduct diverts the Owens River into an unlined canal to begin its {{convert|233|mi|abbr=on}} journey south to the Lower San Fernando Reservoir.{{cite book|title=Complete Report on the Construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completereporto01commgoog/page/n83 75]–76|url=https://archive.org/details/completereporto01commgoog |publisher=Los Angeles Department of Public Service|year=1916}} This reservoir was later renamed the Lower Van Norman Reservoir.

The original project consisted of {{convert|24|mi|abbr=on}} of open unlined canal, {{convert|37|mi|abbr=on}} of lined open canal, {{convert|97|mi|abbr=on}} of covered concrete conduit, {{convert|43|mi|abbr=on}} of concrete tunnels, {{convert|12.00|mi|abbr=on}} steel siphons, {{convert|120|mi|abbr=on}} of railroad track, two hydroelectric plants, three cement plants, {{convert|170|mi|abbr=on}} of power lines, {{convert|240|mi|abbr=on}} of telephone line, {{convert|500|mi|abbr=on}} of roads{{cite book|title=Complete Report on the Construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct|url=https://archive.org/details/completereporto01commgoog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completereporto01commgoog/page/n279 271]|publisher=Los Angeles Department of Public Service|year=1916}} and was later expanded with the construction of the Mono Extension and the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct.{{cite book|title=The Second Los Angeles Aqueduct|pages=xvii|publisher=The Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles|year=1971}}

The aqueduct uses gravity alone to move the water and also uses the water to generate electricity, which makes it cost-efficient to operate.{{cite web | title=The Owens Valley Is the Only Source | url=http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/onlysource.htm | publisher=Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | access-date=2009-02-07 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223171510/http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/onlysource.htm | archive-date=2009-02-23 }}

File:Cross Sections of Lined and Concrete Conduit.png

{{main|California Water Wars}}

The construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct effectively eliminated the Owens Valley as a viable farming community and eventually devastated the Owens Lake ecosystem.{{cite book |author=Piper, Karen |year=2006 | title=Left in the Dust: How Race and Politics Created a Human and Environmental Tragedy in L.A. |url=https://archive.org/details/leftindusthowrac00pipe |url-access=registration |publisher=New York: Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=97-81403969316 }} A group labeled the "San Fernando Syndicate" – including Fred Eaton, Mulholland, Harrison Otis (the publisher of The Los Angeles Times), Henry Huntington (an executive of the Pacific Electric Railway), and other wealthy individuals – were a group of investors who bought land in the San Fernando Valley allegedly based on inside knowledge that the Los Angeles aqueduct would soon irrigate it and encourage development. Although there is disagreement over the actions of the "syndicate" as to whether they were a "diabolical" cabal or only a group that united the Los Angeles business community behind supporting the aqueduct,{{cite journal| title=The Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Owens and Mono Lakes (MONO Case #379)| journal=TED Case Studies| publisher=American University| volume=7| issue=1| date=January 1997| url=http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/mono.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970403184737/http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/MONO.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=1997-04-03| access-date=2012-09-13}}{{cite book|last=Kahrl|first=William. L.|title=Water and Power|url=https://archive.org/details/waterpowerconfli0000kahr|url-access=registration|location=Los Angeles|publisher=University of California|year=1982|isbn=0520050681|page=[https://archive.org/details/waterpowerconfli0000kahr/page/440 440]}} Eaton, Mulholland and others connected with the project have long been accused of using deceptive tactics and underhanded methods to obtain water rights and block the Bureau of Reclamation from building water infrastructure for the residents in Owens Valley, and creating a false sense of urgency around the completion of the aqueduct for Los Angeles residents.{{cite book|title=Rivers in the Desert|first=ML|last=Davis|publisher=e-reads|year=1993|isbn=978-1585861378}}

By the 1920s, the aggressive pursuit of water rights and the diversion of the Owens River precipitated the outbreak of violence known as the California water wars. Farmers in Owens Valley, following a series of unmet deadlines from LADWP, attacked infrastructure, dynamiting the aqueduct numerous times, and opened sluice gates to divert the flow of water back into Owens Lake. The lake has never been refilled, and is now maintained with a minimum level of surface water to prevent the introduction of dangerous, toxic lake-floor dust into the local community.{{Cite journal |last=Reheis |first=Marith |date=November 1997 |title=Dust deposition downwind of Owens (dry) Lake, 1991-1994: Preliminary findings |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238033026 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=102 |issue=D22 |pages=25999–26008 |doi=10.1029/97JD01967 |bibcode=1997JGR...10225999R |doi-access=free }}

In an effort to find more water, the city of Los Angeles reached farther north. In 1930, Los Angeles voters passed a third {{US$|38.8 million}} bond to buy land in the Mono Basin and fund the Mono Basin extension.{{cite book | last=Liebcap | first=Gary D | title=Owens Valley Revisited | pages=133 | publisher=Stanford Economics and Finance | year=2007 | isbn=978-0804753807}} The {{cvt|105|mi}} extension diverted flows from Rush Creek, Lee Vining Creek, Walker Creek, and Parker Creek that would have flowed into Mono Lake. The construction of the Mono extension consisted of an intake at Lee Vining Creek, the Lee Vining conduit to the Grant Reservoir on Rush Creek, which would have a capacity of {{convert|48,000|acre.ft|m3|abbr=on}}, the {{cvt|12.7|mi}} Mono Craters Tunnel to the Owens River, and a second reservoir, later named Crowley Lake with a capacity of {{convert|183,465|acre.ft|m3|abbr=on}} in Long Valley at the head of the Owens River Gorge.{{cite book | last=Liebcap | first=Gary D | title=Owens Valley Revisited | pages=135–138 | publisher=Stanford Economics and Finance | year=2007 | isbn=978-0804753807}}

Completed in 1940, diversions began in 1941. The Mono Extension has a design capacity of {{convert|400|cuft/s|L/s|abbr=on}} of flow to the aqueduct.{{cite web|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/images/2013AqueductCentennialFactSheet.pdf

| title = Facts about the LA Aqueduct|author=|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|access-date=2025-01-01}} However, the flow was limited to {{convert|123|cuft/s|L/s|abbr=on}} due to the limited downstream capacity of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Full appropriation of the water could not be met until the second aqueduct was completed in 1970.

From 1940 to 1970, water exports through the Mono Extension averaged {{convert|57,067|acre-ft|e6m3|lk=on|sigfig=2|abbr=off|sp=us}} per year and peaked at {{convert|135,000|acre-ft|e6m3|sigfig=3|abbr=unit}} in 1974. Export licenses granted by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) in 1974 increased exports to {{convert|167,000|acre-ft|e6m3|sigfig=3|abbr=unit}} per year. These export levels severely impacted the region's fish habitat, lake level, and air quality, which led to a series of lawsuits.{{cite web | publisher = Mono Basin Clearinghouse | title = Political and Legal Chronology| url = https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/polchr.php }} The results of the litigation culminated with a SWRCB decision to restore fishery protection (stream) flows to specified minimums, and raise Mono Lake to {{convert|6391|ft}} above sea level. The agreement limited further exports from the Mono Basin to {{convert|16,000|acre-ft|e6m3|sigfig=3|abbr=unit}} or less per year during the transition period.{{cite web | publisher = Mono Basin Clearinghouse | title = Decision to Amend Water Right Licences| url = http://www.monobasinresearch.org/images/legal/d1631text.php }}

File:Los Angeles Aqueduct Map.png

In 1956, the State Department of Water Resources reported that Los Angeles was exporting only {{convert|320,000|acre-feet|e6m3|abbr=off}} of water of the {{convert|590,000|acre-feet|e6m3|abbr=unit}} available in the Owens Valley and Mono Basin. Three years later, the State Water Rights Board warned Los Angeles that they could lose rights to the water they were permitted for but not appropriating. Faced with the possible loss of future water supply, Los Angeles began the five-year construction of the aqueduct in 1965 at a cost US$89 million. Once the city received diversion permits, water exports jumped in 1970, adding 110,000 AF that year into the aqueduct system. By 1974, exports climbed to {{convert|450,000|acre-ft|e6m3|sigfig=2|abbr=unit}} per year. Unlike the First Aqueduct which was built entirely by Public Works, the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct was primarily built on contract by various private construction firms including R.A. Wattson Co., Winston Bros., and the Griffith Co. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power managed the project and performed some finishing construction on the Mojave conduit and Jawbone & Dove Spring pipelines.

The {{convert|137|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} aqueduct was designed to flow {{convert|290|cuft/s|L/s|abbr=on}} and begins at the Merritt Diversion Structure at the junction of the North and South Haiwee Reservoirs, south of Owens Lake, and runs roughly parallel to the first aqueduct. Water flows entirely by gravity from an elevation of {{convert|3,760|ft}} at the Haiwee Reservoir through two power drops to an elevation of {{cvt|1,200|ft}} at the Upper Van Norman Reservoir.{{cite book |title= The Second Los Angeles Aqueduct |year=1971 |publisher= The Department of Water and Power |location= Summary |pages= xvii}}

The Second Aqueduct was not built as a single contiguous conduit. For design and construction purposes the aqueduct was divided into Northern and Southern sections and the two are connected by the San Francisquito Tunnels, which are part of the First Aqueduct.

The Northern Section carries water starting at the North Haiwee Reservoir through the Haiwee Bypass passing around the South Haiwee Reservoir. The flow then continues {{convert|115|mi}} south through a series of pressure pipelines and concrete conduits where it connects with the First Aqueduct at the North Portal of the Elizabeth Tunnel near the Fairmont Reservoir.{{cite book |title= The Second Los Angeles Aqueduct |page=12 |publisher= The Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles |year=1971 }}

The San Francisquito Tunnels (which include the Elizabeth Tunnel) have a flow capacity of {{convert|1000|cuft/s|L/s|abbr=on}} and are large enough to handle the flow of both aqueducts. Once the combined flow reaches the penstocks above Power Plant #2, water is diverted into the Southern Section of the second aqueduct through the Drinkwater Tunnel to the Drinkwater Reservoir.

File:Reinforced Concrete Box Conduit.pngThe last segment of pipe, known as the Saugus Pipeline,{{cite book|title=The Second Los Angeles Aqueduct|pages=83–95|publisher=The Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles|year=1971}}Includes maps and pictures carries water south past Bouquet Canyon, Soledad Canyon and Placerita Canyon in the city of Santa Clarita. From there it roughly parallels Sierra Highway before it enters Magazine Canyon near the Terminal structure and Cascades. Water from the Terminal structure can then flow to either the Cascade or penstock to the Foothill Power Plant and into the Upper Van Norman Reservoir.

In addition to the construction in the Northern and Southern sections, improvements were also made to the lined canal between the Alabama Gates and the North Haiwee Reservoir in the Northern Section that consisted of adding {{convert|24|in|abbr=on}} sidewalls to both sides of the canal and the raising of overcrossings. This work increased the capacity of the lined canal from {{convert|710|cuft/s|L/s|abbr=on}} to {{convert|900|cuft/s|L/s|abbr=on}} cfs.{{cite book|title=The Second Los Angeles Aqueduct|pages=257–260|publisher=The Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles|year=1971}}

The increased flows provided by the second aqueduct lasted only from 1971 through 1988.{{cite web | publisher = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | title = 2005 Urban Water Management Report | pages = 3 | url = http://www.scag.ca.gov/rcp/pdf/uwmp/LosAngeles/LADWP_2005UWMP.pdf | access-date = 2013-10-28 | archive-date = 2013-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211602/http://www.scag.ca.gov/rcp/pdf/uwmp/LosAngeles/LADWP_2005UWMP.pdf | url-status = dead }} In 1974 the environmental consequences of the higher exports were first being recognized in the Mono Basin and Owens Valley. This was followed by a series of court ordered restrictions imposed on water exports, which resulted in Los Angeles losing water. In 2005, the Los Angeles Urban Water Management Report reported that 40–50% of the aqueduct's historical supply is now devoted to ecological resources in Mono and Inyo counties.{{cite web | publisher = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | title = 2005 Urban Water Management Report | page = ES-8 | url = http://www.scag.ca.gov/rcp/pdf/uwmp/LosAngeles/LADWP_2005UWMP.pdf | access-date = 2013-10-28 | archive-date = 2013-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211602/http://www.scag.ca.gov/rcp/pdf/uwmp/LosAngeles/LADWP_2005UWMP.pdf | url-status = dead }}{{cite web | publisher = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | title = 2010 Urban Water Management Report |page = 103| url = https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/wcnav_externalId/a-w-source-sply | access-date = 2013-10-28}}

From 1909 to 1928, the city of Los Angeles grew from {{convert|61|mi2}} to {{convert|440|mi2}}. This was due largely to the aqueduct, and the city's charter which stated that the City of Los Angeles could not sell or provide surplus water to any area outside the city.{{citation | last = Basiago | first= Andrew D.| publisher = The Regents of the University of California | title = Water For Los Angeles – Sam Nelson Interview | url = http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft0v19n64m&doc.view=entire_text | date= February 7, 1988 | at=11 | access-date=Oct 7, 2013 }}{{cite map | publisher = City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering | title = Annexation and Detachment Map | url = http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf | access-date = 2013-10-11 | archive-date = 2017-03-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193923/http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf | url-status = dead }}{{cite magazine | first=Glen | last=Creason |magazine = Los Angeles Magazine | title = CityDig: L.A.'s 20th Century Land Grab | url = http://www.lamag.com/citythink/citythinkblog/2013/09/25/citydig-las-20th-century-land-grab | access-date = Oct 10, 2013}}

Outlying areas relied on wells and creeks for water and, as they dried up, the people in those areas realized that if they were going to be able to continue irrigating their farms and provide themselves domestic water, they would have to annex themselves to the City of Los Angeles.

Growth was so rapid that it appeared as if the city of Los Angeles would eventually assume the size of the entire county. William Mulholland continued adding capacity to the aqueduct, building the St. Francis Dam that would impound water creating the San Francisquito Reservoir, filed for additional water from the Colorado River, and began sending engineers and miners to clear the heading at the San Jacinto Tunnel that he knew was key to the construction of the Colorado River Aqueduct.{{citation |last = Basiago |first= Andrew D.|publisher = The Regents of the University of California |title = Water For Los Angeles – Sam Nelson Interview |url = http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft0v19n64m&doc.view=entire_text |date= February 7, 1988 | at=8 |access-date=October 7, 2013}}{{cite news |first = Brian |last = Joseph |newspaper = Orange County Register |title = A short history of Metropolitan water |url = http://www2.ocregister.com/articles/water-district-met-2186546-angeles-mulholland |access-date = Oct 10, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215239/http://www2.ocregister.com/articles/water-district-met-2186546-angeles-mulholland |archive-date = October 29, 2013 |url-status = dead }}

The aqueduct's water provided developers with the resources to quickly develop the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles through World War II. Mulholland's role in the vision and completion of the aqueduct and the growth of Los Angeles into a large metropolis is recognized with the William Mulholland Memorial Fountain, built in 1940 at Riverside Drive and Los Feliz Boulevard in Los Feliz. Mulholland Drive and Mulholland Dam are both named after him.

File:The St. Francis Dam.jpg, taken one year before its collapse]]

{{main|St. Francis Dam}}

In 1917, The Bureau of Los Angeles Aqueduct sought to build a holding reservoir to regulate flow and provide hydroelectric power and storage in case of disruption to the aqueduct system. The initial site chosen was in Long Valley along the Owens River, but Eaton, who had bought up much of the valley in anticipation of the need for a reservoir, refused to sell the land at the price offered by Los Angeles.{{cite book |author=Weingarten, Marc |year=2019 | title=Thirsty: William Mullholland, California Water, and the real Chinatown| publisher=Los Angeles: Vireo Books| isbn=978-1942600022}} Mulholland then made the decision to move the reservoir to San Francisquito Canyon above what is now Santa Clarita, California. The resulting St. Francis Dam was completed in 1926 and created a reservoir capacity of 38,000 acre-feet (47,000,000 m³). On March 12, 1928, the dam catastrophically failed, sending a {{convert|100|foot|m|adj=mid| high}} wall of water down the canyon, ultimately reaching the Pacific Ocean near Ventura and Oxnard, and killing at least 431 people. The resulting investigation and trial led to the retirement of William Mulholland as the head of the Los Angeles Bureau of Water Works and Supply in 1929. The dam failure is the worst man-made flood disaster in the US in the 20th century and the second largest single-event loss of life in California history after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

The failure of the dam raised the question in a number of people's minds whether the city had engineering competence and capability to manage such a large project as the Colorado River Aqueduct despite the fact that they had built the Los Angeles Aqueduct. After the collapse, the pace of annexation came to a rapid halt when eleven nearby cities including Burbank, Glendale, Pasadena, Beverly Hills, San Marino, Santa Monica, Anaheim, Colton, Santa Ana, and San Bernardino decided to form the Metropolitan Water District with Los Angeles.{{cite book | first=William | last=Fulton |author-link = William Fulton (urban planner) |publisher = JHU Press |title = The Reluctant Metropolis: The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles |url = https://archive.org/details/reluctantmetropo0000fult | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/reluctantmetropo0000fult/page/107 107] | quote=eleven cities joined metropolitan water district 1928. |access-date = Oct 10, 2013| isbn=978-0801865060 | date=2001-08-09 }} The city's growth following the formation of the MWD would be limited to 27.65 square miles.{{cite map | publisher = Los Angeles Engineering Department | title = Current map of territories annexed to the city of Los Angeles, California | url = http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf | access-date = October 7, 2013 | archive-date = March 1, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193923/http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf | url-status = dead }}

The impact of the Los Angeles Aqueduct Project to the Owens Valley region was immediate and detrimental to future agricultural work of local farmers. In 1923, in an effort to increase the water supply, the city of Los Angeles began purchasing vast parcels of land and commenced the drilling of new wells in the region, significantly lowering the level of groundwater in the Owens Valley, even affecting farmers who “did not sell to the city’s representatives.”{{Cite journal |last=Stringfellow |first=Kim |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Aqueduct |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/50/106546/Owens-Valley-and-the-Aqueduct |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=53 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.50 |issn=2153-8018|url-access=subscription }} By 1970, constant groundwater pumping by the city of Los Angeles had virtually dried up all the major springs in the Owens Valley, impacting the surrounding wetlands, springs, meadows, and marsh habitats.{{Cite journal |last=Stringfellow |first=Kim |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Aqueduct |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/50/106546/Owens-Valley-and-the-Aqueduct |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=55 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.50 |issn=2153-8018|url-access=subscription }}

The consequent transfer of water out of the Owens Lake and Mono Lake decimated the natural ecology of the region, transforming what was a “lush terrain into desert.” {{Cite journal |last=Reheis |first=Marith |date=November 1997 |title=Dust deposition downwind of Owens (dry) Lake, 1991-1994: Preliminary findings |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238033026 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=102 |issue=D22 |pages=25999–26008 |doi=10.1029/97JD01967 |bibcode=1997JGR...10225999R |doi-access=free }}

Despite the ecological and environmental destruction of both Mono and Owens Lake from the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the Owens Valley and adjoining Mono Lake remain a sanctuary for many bird species that migrate to this region.{{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Graham |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Public Trust |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/82/106550/Owens-Valley-and-the-Public-TrustRemaking-a-place |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.82 |issn=2153-8018}} The legal notion of a “Public Trust Doctrine” used by community members of Owens Valley has been successful in restoring regions of Mono Lake, Mono Highlands and the Owens Valley impacted by the Los Angeles Aqueduct, evident by the re-watering projects that have spurred revitalization of natural local ecosystems.{{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Graham |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Public Trust |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/82/106550/Owens-Valley-and-the-Public-TrustRemaking-a-place |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=82–83 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.82 |issn=2153-8018}}

In 1991, the City of Los Angeles signed the Inyo-LA Long Term Water Agreement despite objections from community members and stakeholders. Concessions of the deal included mitigation projects like the Lower Owens River Project that sought to reduce further air contamination and health risks associated with the dust storms as well as future preservation of the ecology of the Owens Valley.{{Cite journal |last=Stringfellow |first=Kim |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Aqueduct |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/50/106546/Owens-Valley-and-the-Aqueduct |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=57 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.50 |issn=2153-8018|url-access=subscription }}

In 2001, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power commenced studies on the environmental impact of dust storms, suggesting proposals in re-watering both Mono Lake and Lake Owens.{{Cite journal |last=Stringfellow |first=Kim |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Aqueduct |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/50/106546/Owens-Valley-and-the-Aqueduct |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=57 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.50 |issn=2153-8018|url-access=subscription }}

In 2006, work commenced on the Lower Owens River Project 15 years after it was signed, helping boost the number of fish in the river, restoring marsh habitats, and promoting recreational activities such as fishing and canoeing by re-watering 62 miles of riverbed.{{Cite journal |last=Stringfellow |first=Kim |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Aqueduct |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/50/106546/Owens-Valley-and-the-Aqueduct |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=59 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.50 |issn=2153-8018|url-access=subscription }}

In 2009, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power resumed ongoing efforts to a proposed master plan in the preservation of the natural habitat of Lake Owens as part of its Owens Lake Dust Mitigation Program (OLDMP).{{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Graham |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Public Trust |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/82/106550/Owens-Valley-and-the-Public-TrustRemaking-a-place |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=84 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.82 |issn=2153-8018}}

Los Angeles faces significant challenges in securing its water supply for the future due to climate change, population growth, and increasing competition for resources.{{Cite journal |last1=Ashoori |first1=Negin |last2=Dzombak |first2=David A. |last3=Small |first3=Mitchell J. |date=2015 |title=Water Supply for Los Angeles, California: Sources, Stressors, and Sustainability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/wateresoimpa.17.1.0013 |journal=Water Resources IMPACT |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=13–16 |issn=1522-3175}} The city's reliance on imported water from the Los Angeles Aqueduct (LAA), the Colorado River Aqueduct, and the California State Water Project is becoming increasingly strained. These sources are threatened by reduced Sierra Nevada snowpack, prolonged droughts, and legal disputes over water rights.{{Citation |last1=Deverell |first1=William |title=Epilogue: What's Next? What's the Future? |date=2017 |work=Water and Los Angeles |pages=139–144 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1kc6k05.8 |access-date=2024-12-01 |series=A Tale of Three Rivers, 1900-1941 |publisher=University of California Press |last2=Sitton |first2=Tom|jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1kc6k05.8 }}

Efforts to address these challenges include transitioning to more sustainable, local sources such as reclaimed water, desalination, and rainwater harvesting. The city is also exploring integrated water management strategies, including groundwater treatment and water reuse. Additionally, demand management measures, such as incentives for water conservation and public awareness campaigns, are being implemented to reduce dependency on imported water. Innovations in water pricing and regulation are expected to play a vital role in managing future demand.

In 1905, the city of Los Angeles began the process of acquiring water and land rights in the Owens Valley region in preparation for the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, initially misleading farmers who were under the assumption that the purchases were intended for a local water project.{{Cite journal |last=Stringfellow |first=Kim |date=2013-09-01 |title=Owens Valley and the Aqueduct |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/3/3/50/106546/Owens-Valley-and-the-Aqueduct |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=51 |doi=10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.50 |issn=2153-8018|url-access=subscription }} Due to many farmers holding on to a very small portion of the total water in Owens Valley, no singular farmer had the means to influence or divert attention away from the desires of Los Angeles in wanting to acquire water and land rights in the region.{{Cite journal |last=Libecap |first=G. D. |date=2008-05-04 |title=Chinatown Revisited: Owens Valley and Los Angeles--Bargaining Costs and Fairness Perceptions of the First Major Water Rights Exchange |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn006 |journal=Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=321 |doi=10.1093/jleo/ewn006 |issn=8756-6222|url-access=subscription }} Accordingly, farmers formed collective groups to increase their bargaining power, the most notable being the Owens Valley Irrigation District. Nevertheless, the city of Los Angeles bypassed such efforts from the collective farmer groups through engaging in checkerboarding, purchasing and acquiring surrounding land of an opposing farmer and essentially circumvent the need to buy their land altogether.{{Cite journal |last=Libecap |first=G. D. |date=2008-05-04 |title=Chinatown Revisited: Owens Valley and Los Angeles--Bargaining Costs and Fairness Perceptions of the First Major Water Rights Exchange |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn006 |journal=Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=321 |doi=10.1093/jleo/ewn006 |issn=8756-6222|url-access=subscription }} By 1934, the city of Los Angeles had acquired 95% of the agricultural land in the Owens Valley.{{Cite journal |last=Libecap |first=G. D. |date=2008-05-04 |title=Chinatown Revisited: Owens Valley and Los Angeles--Bargaining Costs and Fairness Perceptions of the First Major Water Rights Exchange |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn006 |journal=Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=316 |doi=10.1093/jleo/ewn006 |issn=8756-6222|url-access=subscription }}

According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the Paiute people, also known as Nüńwa Paya Hūp Ca’á Otūǔ’m (translates to “We are Water Ditch Coyote children"), settled in the Owens Valley region as early as 600 C.E., having long adopted and specialized in a hunting and harvesting economy.{{Cite journal |last=Jr. |first=William J. Bauer |date=2012-12-01 |title=The Giant and the Waterbaby |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/2/4/104/106509/The-Giant-and-the-WaterbabyPaiute-oral-traditions |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=108 |doi=10.1525/boom.2012.2.4.104 |issn=2153-8018}}

As a result of mining and agricultural development in California in the mid-19th century following the annexation of the state as well as the subsequent influx of white settlers coming into the region, many Paiute people were relocated to what is now modern-day Porterville, California in 1863. The Paiute people that remained found it difficult to continue harvesting indigenous food sources as the ongoing siphoning of the Owens Valley water by the city of Los Angeles for the aqueduct project dramatically altered the supply of water in the surrounding region.{{Cite journal |last=Jr. |first=William J. Bauer |date=2012-12-01 |title=The Giant and the Waterbaby |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/2/4/104/106509/The-Giant-and-the-WaterbabyPaiute-oral-traditions |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=114 |doi=10.1525/boom.2012.2.4.104 |issn=2153-8018}}

In 1937, the United States Federal Government signed into the law the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, commonly known as the Land Exchange Act, which allowed Paiute people to trade 2,914 acres of allotted land to the city of Los Angeles in exchange for 1,392 acres of hospitable lands which became the Bishop, Big Pine, and Lone Pine Reservations located east from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.{{Cite journal |last=Jr. |first=William J. Bauer |date=2012-12-01 |title=The Giant and the Waterbaby |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/2/4/104/106509/The-Giant-and-the-WaterbabyPaiute-oral-traditions |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=115 |doi=10.1525/boom.2012.2.4.104 |issn=2153-8018}} Nevertheless, the U.S. federal government was unable to secure for the Paiutes water rights from the city of Los Angeles, which insisted that they required a two-third vote from city residents to be able to transfer water. This left the Paiute people without adequate amounts of water to accommodate for their growing population.{{Cite journal |last=Jr. |first=William J. Bauer |date=2012-12-01 |title=The Giant and the Waterbaby |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/2/4/104/106509/The-Giant-and-the-WaterbabyPaiute-oral-traditions |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=115 |doi=10.1525/boom.2012.2.4.104 |issn=2153-8018}}

In 1994, the Department of the Interior opened an ongoing investigation looking into the water rights issues between the city of Los Angeles and the Paiute people, led by the Owens Valley Indian Water Commission, a consortium comprising the Bishop, Big Pine, and Lone Pine Reservations.{{Cite journal |last=Jr. |first=William J. Bauer |date=2012-12-01 |title=The Giant and the Waterbaby |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/boom/article/2/4/104/106509/The-Giant-and-the-WaterbabyPaiute-oral-traditions |journal=Boom |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=115 |doi=10.1525/boom.2012.2.4.104 |issn=2153-8018}}

• Saugus High School derives the name of its daily newsletter, The Pipeline, from an exposed portion of the first aqueduct that passes southwest of the school's property.{{Cite web|title=Saugus High School News and Information – School News – Saugus High School|url=https://www.sauguscenturions.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=835118&type=d&pREC_ID=1210108|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.sauguscenturions.com}}
• San Francisquito Canyon and DWP Power House #1 are featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 424.{{cite web |title=DWP Power Plant – Visiting (424) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University |date=28 October 1996 |url=https://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/1996/10/28/dwp-power-plant-visiting-424/}}

The Cascades, which was completed on November 5, 1913, is located near the intersection of Foothill Boulevard and Balboa Boulevard, four miles northwest of San Fernando. It was designated as a California Historical Landmark on July 28, 1958.

"CAOHP">{{cite web | title = California Historical Landmarks By County — Los Angeles | url = http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21427 | publisher = State of California – Office of Historic Preservation | access-date = August 25, 2019}}{{cite web | url = https://www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com/landmarks/chl-653 | title = CHL No. 653 The Cascades – Los Angeles | publisher = California Historical Landmarks | access-date = August 28, 2019}}

File:VIEW NORTHWEST FRONT ELEVATION OF SAN FRANSISQUITO -1 WITH AFTERBAY - Los Angeles Aqueduct, San Francisquito Number One, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA HAER CA-298-AE-18 (CT).tif|San Francisquito Power Plant No. 1{{cite web |title=San Francisquito Power House No. 1 |url=https://nonplused.org/panos/dwp_sf1/index.html |website=nonplused.org}}

File:INTERIOR FROM NORTHWEST MAIN FLOOR GENERATORS, SAN FRANSISQUITO -1 - Los Angeles Aqueduct, San Francisquito Number One, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA HAER CA-298-AE-20 (CT).tif|San Francisquito Power Plant No. 1

File:VIEW NORTH OF SAN FRANSISQUITO -2 - Los Angeles Aqueduct, San Fransisquito Power Plant Number Two, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA HAER CA-298-AF-7 (CT).tif|San Francisquito Power Plant No. 2{{cite web |title=Power Plant #2 {{!}} The Center for Land Use Interpretation |url=https://clui.org/projects/ladwp-power/sources-power-0/power-plant-2 |website=clui.org}}

File:Owens-river-diversion-gates.jpg|Diversion gates that control inflow to the Lower Owens River

File:La-aqueduct-intake.jpg|Intake where water is diverted from the Owens River

File:Water-entering-los-angeles-aqueduct.jpg|Water entering the aqueduct at its northern terminus

file:LA Aqueduct Antelope Valley.jpg|The Los Angeles Aqueduct in Antelope Valley

file:Cat45-mojave.jpg|Holt tractors at work during construction of the first aqueduct in 1909

file:LAAqueductUnlined2.jpg|Unlined section of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, just south of Manzanar, near US Highway 395

file:LA Aqueduct Cascades.jpg|The Terminal Structure and penstock above and alongside the new Cascades on the Los Angeles Aqueduct near Newhall Pass

File:Department Surveying LAA2.jpg|Department Surveyors plotting topography for Second Los Angeles Aqueduct.

File:Fairmont Mill.jpg|Fairmont Mill ruins on the east side of Fairmont Butte. This mill was one of three that the city ran to produce cement for the Los Angeles Aqueduct.

File:LAA Historical Water (1913 to 2011).jpg|Chart showing water imports through the Los Angeles Aqueduct system from 1913 through 2011.

File:Shangri-La Estates.png|Shangri-La Estates in Ridgecrest, California, was built to provide temporary housing for personnel during the construction of the SLAA.

File:Construction of the Terminal Structure above the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct cascade.png|Forming in place for Terminal Structure above the SLAA cascade.

File:Pouring Concrete for the Terminal Structure above the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct cascade.png|Pouring concrete for Terminal Structure above the SLAA cascade.

File:SLAA Conduit Construction.jpg|Construction of the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct.

File:SLAA Finished concrete box conduit.jpg|Finished concrete box on the Los Angeles Aqueduct.

• American Water Landmark
• California Aqueduct
• Colorado River Aqueduct
• State Water Project
• Owensmouth

Notes

{{reflist|2|refs=

{{cite web

| author = U.S. Geological Survey

| title = Feature Detail Report: Los Angeles Aqueduct – Inyo County

| url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:253208

| date = 19 January 1981

| access-date = 2014-06-22

}}

{{cite web

| author = U.S. Geological Survey

| title = Feature Detail Report: Los Angeles Aqueduct – Los Angeles County

| url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1802840

| date = 19 January 1981

| access-date = 2014-06-22

}}

{{cite web

| author = U.S. Geological Survey

| title = Feature Detail Report: Los Angeles Aqueduct – Kern County

| url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:273623

| date = 19 January 1981

| access-date = 2014-06-22

}}

{{cite book

| title = The Second Los Angeles Aqueduct

| pages = 263

| publisher = The Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles

| year = 1971

}}

{{cite web

|title = Los Angeles Aqueduct Facts

|url = http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/aqueductfacts.htm

|publisher = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

|access-date = 2012-09-14

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130121082056/http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/aqueductfacts.htm

|archive-date = 2013-01-21

}}

}}

Further reading

• {{cite journal | title=An Aqueduct Used as an Emergency Highway | journal=Popular Science | volume=94 | issue=2 | pages=38 | issn=0161-7370 |date=February 1919 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 | access-date=2009-03-22| last1=Corporation | first1=Bonnier }}
• {{cite book |title=Complete Report on Construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct |url=https://archive.org/details/completereporto01commgoog |last=City of Los Angeles, Department of Public Service |year=1916 |publisher=The Standard Printing Co. |location=Los Angeles |access-date=2009-07-11}}
• {{cite book |title=The Water Seekers |last=Nadeau |first= Remi |year=1993 |publisher=Crest Publishers |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=096271044X }}

{{Commons category|Los Angeles Aqueduct}}

• [http://www.laaqueduct.com LADWP: official Los Angeles Aqueduct website]
• [http://digital.library.ucla.edu/aqueduct/ UCLA: Los Angeles Aqueduct Digital Platform]
• [http://www.ultramoderne.net/?p=7 Los Angeles Aqueduct Landscape Atlas]
• [http://www.monolake.org Mono Lake Committee Website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20030828053621/http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp001562.jsp LADWP: History page on William Mulholland]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20101027203503/http://www.slideshare.net/Aquafornia/picture-tour-of-la-aqueduct-2632466 Los Angeles Aqueduct Slideshow]
• [http://wikimapia.org/11260/William-Mulholland-Memorial-Fountain The William Mulholland Memorial Fountain]
• [http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002cvwc3 Image of workers making repairs on a damaged section of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in No-Name Canyon, Inyo County vicinity, [about 1927].] Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
• {{HABS |survey=CA-2664 |id=ca2264 |title=Olive Switching Station, 13355 San Fernando Road, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA |photos=17 |data=27 |cap=4}}

{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation}}

• {{HAER |survey=CA-298 |id=ca3095 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, From Lee Vining Intake (Mammoth Lakes) to Van Norman Reservoir Complex (San Fernando Valley), Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA |photos=103 |dwgs=18 |data=78 |cap=6 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-A |id=ca3145 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Lee Vining Intake Structure |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-B |id=ca3146 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Walker Creek Intake |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-C |id=ca3147 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Parker Creek Intake |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-D |id=ca3148 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Grant Lake Dam |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-E |id=ca3149 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Mono Craters |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-F |id=ca3150 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Hot Creek |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-G |id=ca3151 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Crowley Lake Dam |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-H |id=ca3152 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Owens River Gorge |photos=2 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-I |id=ca3153 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Upper Gorge Power Plant |photos=2 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-J |id=ca3154 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Middle Gorge Power Plant |photos=4 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-K |id=ca3155 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Control Gorge Power Plant |photos=6 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-L |id=ca3156 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Aqueduct North of Bishop |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-M |id=ca3157 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Pleasant Valley Reservoir |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-N |id=ca3158 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Big Pine Power Plant |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-O |id=ca3159 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Tinemeha Dam |photos=2 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-P |id=ca3160 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Division Power Plant |photos=5 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-Q |id=ca3161 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Aqueduct Intake |photos=7 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-R |id=ca3162 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Alabama Gates |photos=5 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-S |id=ca3163 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Cottonwood Power Plant |photos=9 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-T |id=ca3164 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Haiwee Dam Reservoir |photos=5 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-U |id=ca3165 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Haiwee Power Plant |photos=10 |cap=2 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-V |id=ca3166 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Rose Valley |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-W |id=ca3168 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Jawbone |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-X |id=ca3170 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Second Aqueduct |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-Y |id=ca3171 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Mojave |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-Z |id=ca3172 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Pine Tree Canyon |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AA |id=ca3173 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Mojave Headquarters Station |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AB |id=ca3174 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Antelope Valley |photos=2 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AC |id=ca3175 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, California Aqueduct |photos=2 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AD |id=ca3176 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Bouquet Reservoir |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AE |id=ca3177 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, San Francisquito Number One |photos=17 |color=3 |cap=2 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AF |id=ca3178 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, San Fransisquito Power Plant Number Two |photos=6 |color=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AG |id=ca3179 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Tunnel Interior |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AH |id=ca3180 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Cascades Structures |photos=3 |color=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AI |id=ca3181 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Garvanza Pump Station |photos=3 |color=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AJ |id=ca3182 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Fletcher Pump Station |photos=3 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AK |id=ca3183 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Hollywood Reservoir |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AL |id=ca3184 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Mulholland Dam |photos=4 |cap=1 |link=no}}
• {{HAER |survey=CA-298-AM |id=ca3185 |title=Los Angeles Aqueduct, Silverlake Reservoir |photos=4 |cap=1 |link=no}}

{{hidden end}}

{{LAHMC}}

{{Santa Clara River}}

{{Generating stations in California|state=autocollapse}}

Category:Aqueducts in California

Category:Interbasin transfer

Category:Water in California

Aqueduct

Aqueduct

Category:History of the San Fernando Valley

Category:History of Inyo County, California

Category:History of Mono County, California

Category:Owens Valley

Category:Sierra Nevada (United States)

Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Inyo County, California

Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Kern County, California

Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Los Angeles County, California

Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Mono County, California

Category:Buildings and structures in the San Fernando Valley

Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in California

Category:Historic American Engineering Record in California

Category:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks

Category:Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments

Category:1913 establishments in California

Category:Hydroelectric power plants in California