Louis Zhang Jiashu

Zhang was born on 30 June 1893 in the Old City of Shanghai to a Catholic family from Nanhui.{{sfn|Zhang|2002|p=18}} His birth name was Zhang Duanliu ({{zhi|t=張端六}}), and his courtesy name was Tinggui ({{zhi|t=庭桂}}).{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}} He was baptized at the Old Catholic Church, Shanghai.{{sfn|Jin|2013|p=9}} In 1902, he entered the St Berchmans School operated by the Old Catholic Church. When he was fifteen, he entered Collège Saint Ignace, Xuhui.{{efn|{{lang-zh|t=徐匯公學|scase=yes}}, now known as Shanghai Xuhui High School ({{zhi|s=徐汇中学}}).}} In 1910, after graduating from high school, he entered the Jesuit novitiate in Shanghai, but he left for a Jesuit novitiate in the United Kingdom in 1911, where he studied literature and philosophy at Jesuit institutions in Canterbury and Hastings.{{efn|Fu Keyong did not mention Hastings in his 1996 article.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}} Zhang Duomo asserted that Zhang Jiashu went back to China in 1918 before returning to Europe in 1920.{{sfn|Zhang|2002|p=18}}}}{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Zhang|2002|p=18}} He began to study theology in Jersey in 1920.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}} After he was ordained in October 1923, he first carried pastoral work among the Chinese diasporas in Paris and Lyon.{{sfn|Liu|1989|p=278}} He returned to China in October 1925, when he was 33 years old.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}}

After Zhang returned to China, he was appointed as the assistant rector of {{ill|Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Church, Pudong|zh|傅家玫瑰圣母堂}} for a year. Then, from 1926 to 1943, he worked at Collège Saint Ignace as a supervisor, the dean of studies, and eventually the principal. During this time he changed his name to Zhang Jiashu. After 1943, he was appointed to {{ill|Sacred Heart Church, Zhangjialou|zh|張家樓耶穌聖心堂}}, and {{ill|St. Aloysius Gonzaga Church, Jiaozhou Road|zh|类思堂}}.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}}

In 1949, fearing the imminent CCP takeover, the provincial superior of the Jesuit Province of Jingxian, {{ill|Franz Burckhardt|zh|蒲敏道}}, instructed Zhang and Lian Guobang to send the sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame to Macau.{{sfn|Jin|2013|p=89}} After the CCP occupied Shanghai, they appropriated many properties of the Catholic Church in the city. In this context, Bishop Ignatius Kung Pin-mei and {{ill|Fernand Lacretelle|zh|格壽平}} reorganized the leadership within the diocese, and Zhang was appointed the rector of {{ill|Sacred Heart Church, Hongkou|zh|虹口耶稣圣心堂}}, with {{ill|Wu Yingfeng|zh|吴应枫}} being the assistant rector.{{sfn|Jin|2013|p=116}}

{{Quote box

|quote = We thank Divine Providence that the People's Government has taken effective measures to save our church in Shanghai from Kung's road to destruction.

|author = Members of the Clergy of the Catholic Church in Shanghai

|source = "A Letter to Clergy and Congregation"{{sfn|People's Daily|1955}}

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| footer = Before his consecration, Zhang worked at various locations in Shanghai: {{ill|Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Church, Pudong|zh|傅家玫瑰圣母堂}}, Collège Saint Ignace, Xuhui, Saint Peter's Church, Shanghai, and {{ill|Xujiahui Seminary|zh|徐家汇圣母院}} (left to right, top to bottom).

}}

On 8 September 1955, {{ill|Kung Pin-mei Counter-revolutionary Group|lt=Bishop Kung was arrested|zh|龚品梅反革命集团案}} under the charges of being a counter-revolutionary and committing treason.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=38}} After the arrest, Zhang was a leading figure to proclaim his support for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the arrest of Kung.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=389}}{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=38}} Later in 1955, about 70 priests of the Diocese of Shanghai published "A Letter to Clergy and Congregation" ({{zhi|s=《告神长教友书》}}), which supported the CCP and the government's response to Kung's counter-revolutionary and treasonous group. Zhang was one of the signatories.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=38}}{{sfn|People's Daily|1955}}

In March 1956, when a council of priests elected Francis Xavier Zhang Shilang as the acting bishop of the Shanghai, Zhang supported the election.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=38}} The council then sent a telegram to the Vatican seeking approval for their action, but the Holy See did not recognize Zhang Shilang,{{sfn|Mariani|2011|pp=171-72}}{{sfn|Fu|2017|p=254}} and affirmed Kung's episcopate instead.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=389}} In March 1958, the clergy members of the Archdiocese of Hankou and the Diocese of Wuchang elected Bernardine Dong Guangqing and {{ill|Yuan Wenhua|zh|袁文華}} as bishops respectively. Zhang led a delegation from Shanghai to Wuhan to congratulate the elections.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=39}}

Meanwhile, from 1956 to 1957, a series of conferences were held in Beijing to prepare the establishment of the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association (CCPA). Zhang Jiashu was one of the representatives from Shanghai at the February 1957 conference.{{sfn|Mariani|2011|p=183}} The CCPA was established on 2 August 1957, headed by John Li Weiguang.{{sfn|Mariani|2011|pp=183-84}} Zhang was also elected as a member of the standing committee of CCPA.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=38}} According to Paul P. Mariani, around 1957, the {{ill|Shanghai Religious Affairs Bureau|zh|上海市民族和宗教事务局}} was planning to elect Zhang Jiashu and Zhang Shiliang as Shanghai CCPA leaders.{{sfn|Mariani|2011|p=187}}

File:徐家汇天主堂.上海.中国.jpg (pictured), which became the cathedral of the diocese since then.]]

From 30 March to 10 April 1960, Zhang observed the 2nd National People's Congress in Beijing along with other clergy members and laymen. They again denounced Kung Pin-mei and accepted the leadership of the CCP.{{sfn|Mariani|2011|pp=198-99}}

Around this time, Zhang served first as the rector of Saint Peter's Church, Shanghai, and then as the acting rector of {{ill|Xujiahui Seminary|zh|徐家汇圣母院}}.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}} In April 1960, the Shanghai CPA elected Zhang as the bishop of the Diocese of Shanghai.{{sfn|Mariani|2011|pp=198-99}} On the 26th of the month, Zhang was consecrated bishop under the self-election, self-consecration principle by Archbishop Ignatius Pi Shushi and Bishop {{ill|Francis Xavier Zhao Zhensheng|zh|赵振声}}, along with {{ill|Matthias Wu Guohuan|zh|吳國煥}}, Shu Qishei ({{zhi|s=舒其谁}}), and Fang Zhigang ({{zhi|s=方志刚}}).{{sfn|Lin|1989}} The ceremony happened at St. Ignatius Church, Xujiahui, which became the cathedral of the Diocese of Shanghai since then.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=313}} According to Mariani, Rome denounced Zhang's consecration.{{sfn|Mariani|2011|p=199}} Zhang was also elected as the vice chair of the Shanghai CPA, subordinate to the chairman {{ill|Hu Wenyao|zh|胡文耀}}.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=335}} In summer 1960, Zhang told an Italian journalist that he and Rome were not in touch with each other.{{sfn|Mariani|2011|p=199}} According to Zhang's successor Aloysius Jin Luxian, during this period of Zhang's episcopate, he could only write dossiers to explain his own background or expose other people politically.{{sfn|Jin|2013|loc = p.147, "我做主教後政府只叫我做兩件事：寫材料，交代自己，揭發他人"}}

After the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, Zhang was sent down to work at a factory, where he fixed umbrellas and washed glass bottles. When the Red Guards led by {{ill|Kuai Dafu|zh|蒯大富}} attacked and damaged St. Ignatius Cathedral, Xujiahui, they put the priests and nuns through struggle sessions, and forced them to desecrate statues of saints and crosses.{{sfn|Zhang|2002|p=18}} In particular, they demanded Zhang to step on a cross and yell "Down with God."{{sfn|Mariani|2011|p=206}} There are different accounts on Zhang's response to the humiliation:{{sfn|Mariani|2011|p=206}} according to Zhang Duomo, Zhang Jiashu knelt in front of the icons instead.{{sfn|Zhang|2002|p=18}}

Zhang received political rehabilitation in 1978. He donated his compensation to restore the St. Ignatius Cathedral, to prepare for a seminary in Sheshan, and donated the rest to the China Disabled Persons' Federation.{{sfn|Zhang|2002|p=18}} He became a delegate to the 5th National People's Congress and a member of the Standing Committee of the 5th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}} In May 1978, he met with Angelo S. Lazzarotto, an Italian Catholic priest, in Shanghai, during which he mentioned that he had not ordained any new priests in Shanghai, and did not know how many other bishops are there in China at the time. Lazzarotto mentioned in Latin that the Pope thought of Zhang and prayed for him, and Zhang expressed his gratitude.{{sfn|Lazzarotto|2017|p=436}}

In December 1979, Zhang assisted in the consecration of Michael Fu Tieshan by {{ill|Michael Yang Gaojian|zh|杨高坚}},{{sfn|Cervellera|2007}} despite that the Holy See did not approve the election and consecration of Fu.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=397}} At the CCPA conference in May 1980, Zhang was elected to be the inaugural president of the {{ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|zh|中國天主教主教團}} and the inaugural chair of the Chinese Catholic Church Affairs Committee ({{zhi|s=中国天主教教务委员会}}).{{sfn|Zhang|2002|p=19}} During the conference, Zhang voiced critical opinions of the Vatican.{{sfn|Lazzarotto|2017|p=453}} He was also named the first vice president of the CCPA.{{sfn|Liu|1989|p=278}}

Meanwhile, the Chinese priest {{ill|Zhu Hongsheng|zh|朱洪声}} was arrested in November 1981. Governmental sources accused Zhu of organizing a riot at Sheshan Basilica in March 1980,{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=396}} while Amnesty International noted that Zhu and other priests refused to cooperate with the CCPA.{{sfn|Amnesty International|1984}} Zhang opposed Zhu and other non-governmental priests,{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=396}} and said in December 1981 that they engaged in "illegal activities under the cloak of Catholicism."{{sfn|Amnesty International|1984}}

After the 1981 conference of the CCPA in Beijing, Zhang discussed the founding of {{ill|Sheshan Seminary|zh|中国天主教佘山修院}} with {{ill|Lu Weidu|zh|陆薇读}} and Gu Meiqing ({{zhi|s=顾梅青}}). They decided to first utilise the buildings surrounding Sheshan Basilica as the seminary's campus, and sought for Aloysius Jin Luxian's release, so he could lead the seminary. Jin was released in June 1982. On 23 June, a plenary conference including clergy members from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Shanghai resolved to establish Sheshan Seminary, with Zhang as the president of the board and Jin as the rector. The seminary began its operation on 11 October 1982. In 1983, dioceses from Shandong, Jiangxi, and Fujian also joined the sponsorship of the seminary.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=397}}

Zhang remained as a member of the Standing Committee of the 6th CPPCC. During the 1983 CPPCC, he and other Catholic delegates petitioned the government of Beijing to return Church of the Saviour to the Catholic Church.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=38}} In the same year, Zhang received the archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, at his episcopal residence in Shanghai.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=408}} On 7 October 1984, Zhang celebrated the anniversary of the reopening of Our Lady of the Rosary Church, Pudong.{{sfn|Zhu|1984|pp=54–55}} In the same year he appointed Stephen Li Side ({{zhi|李思德}}) and Aloysius Jin Luxian auxiliary bishops. Li and Jin were both consecrated on 27 January 1985.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=396}}{{sfn|UCA News|1993}} In March 1985, while attending the CPPCC in Beijing, Zhang met with Bishop John Baptist Wu of Hong Kong.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=408}}

In July 1985, after his 30-year imprisonment, Ignatius Kung Pin-mei was released on parole and went to Shanghai to visit Zhang.{{sfn|Chen|Li|1985|pp=50–51}}{{sfn|Mann|1985}} After the two met, Zhang had an interview with China's official Xinhua News Agency. He said that the Diocese of Shanghai would take proper care of Kung but also had a responsibility to continue Kung's education on patriotism. He claimed that Kung pledged to follow his leadership.{{sfn|Chen|Li|1985|pp=50–51}}

In August 1986, Zhang met with Bishop Desmond Tutu at St. Ignatius Cathedral.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=409}}

Zhang died on 25 February 1988,{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=38}} and a Memorial Mass was said for him two days later at St. Ignatius Cathedral.{{sfn|AP|1988}} About 2,000 people, including CCPA president Joseph Zong Huaide and CCPA secretary general Zhu Shichang ({{zhi|s=朱世昌}}), attended the Mass, which was celebrated by Li Side. His body was then taken to {{ill|Longhua Funeral Home|zh|上海市龙华殡仪馆}}, where members of the CCPA, members of the Shanghai government, and leaders of other religions in Shanghai bid farewell to his body.{{sfn|Editorial Office of Catholic Church in China|1988|pp=4–5}} On 2 March, after Zhang's cremation, another Memorial Mass was celebrated at St. Ignatius Cathedral by Zong Huaide. Zhang's ashes were then interred at the cathedral.{{sfn|Editorial Office of Catholic Church in China|1988|pp=4–5}} The {{ill|Shanghai Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|zh|中国人民政治协商会议上海市委员会}} held a memorial service for Zhang on the same day. Deng Yingchao, Li Peng, Jiang Zemin and Xi Zhongxun sent mourning wreaths.{{sfn|Fu|1996|p=37}} His positions in the Bishops' Conference and in the Chinese Catholic Church Affairs Committee was succeeded by Zong Huaide.{{sfn|UCA News|1988}}

Upon the anniversary of Zhang's death in 1989, the CCPA of Taiyuan and the Archdiocese of Taiyuan hosted a panel discussion commemorating Zhang at the Immaculate Conception Cathedral, in particular his patriotism and his service to the Catholic Church.{{sfn|Li|1989|p=62}} In 1993, upon Zhang's 100th anniversary, the Diocese of Shanghai and the Shanghai CCPA hosted a memorial conference.{{sfn|Shanghai CCPA|1993|pp=30–31}} The diocese also held a memorial service for Zhang and published the book Memorial Collection of Bishop Zhang Jiashu.{{sfn|Editorial Committee|2001|p=399}}

; History of Catholicism in China

• Saint Francis Xavier (1506 – 1552), Spanish Jesuit missionary who died in China
• Matteo Ricci (1552 – 1610), Italian Jesuit missionary, founding figure of the Jesuit missions in China
• Xu Guangqi (1562 – 1633), Chinese polymath and Catholic from Shanghai, namesake of the areas Xujiahui and Xuhui in Shanghai
• Luo Wenzao (c. 1610s – 1691), first Chinese Catholic bishop
• Zheng Manuo (1633 – 1673), first Chinese student in Europe and first Chinese Jesuit priest

; Catholicism in early PRC

• Thomas Tien Ken-sin (1890 – 1967), Chinese Verbite priest and archbishop of Beijing, exiled from China in 1951
• Antonio Riberi (1897 – 1967), apostolic nuncio to China from 1946 to 1959, and his substitute, Tarcisio Martina (1887 – 1961)
• Beda Chang ({{circa}}1905 – 1951), Chinese Jesuit priest and martyr, died in prison
• Dominic Tang (1908 – 1995), Chinese Jesuit priest and apostolic administrator of Guangzhou, imprisoned from 1958 to 1980
• Joseph Fan Zhongliang (1918 – 2014), Chinese Jesuit priest appointed by the Holy See to be the bishop of Shanghai, imprisoned from 1955 to 1978
• Underground church, non-official Catholic alternative to churches under Catholic Patriotic Association

; Protestantism in early PRC

• Wang Ming-Dao (1900 – 1991) and Watchman Nee (1903 – 1972), Chinese pastors imprisoned under the charges of being counter-revolutionary
• The Christian Manifesto, controversial political manifesto of Chinese Protestants in 1950
• Three-Self Patriotic Movement, the official supervisory organ for Protestantism in China

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|20em}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite news|title = CCPA President Named to Head Two Other National Church Organizations|date = 19 April 1988|url = https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1988/04/20/ccpa-president-named-to-head-two-other-national-church-organizations&post_id=36447|access-date=15 December 2023|publisher=Union of Catholic Asian News|ref={{harvid|UCA News|1988}}}}
• {{cite news|title = China-appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Shanghai Dies of Cancer|date = 15 March 1993|url = https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1993/03/16/chinaappointed-auxiliary-bishop-of-shanghai-dies-of-cancer&post_id=42967|access-date=12 December 2023|publisher=Union of Catholic Asian News|ref={{harvid|UCA News|1993}}}}
• {{cite news|script-title = zh:上海天主教神职界告神长教友书|trans-title=A Letter to Clergy and Congregation from the Members of the Clergy of the Catholic Church in Shanghai|url = https://rmrb.online/simple/?t133705.html|newspaper = People's Daily|date=15 October 1955|publication-date=11 December 1955|access-date=13 December 2023|ref = {{harvid|People's Daily|1955}}|lang=zh-s}}
• {{cite news|author=AP|work = The New York Times|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/29/obituaries/louis-zhang-jiashu-bishop-96.html|title = Louis Zhang Jiashu, Bishop, 96|date=29 February 1988}}
• {{cite news|first=Bernardo|last=Cervellera|script-title = zh:中国天主教爱国会的“悲剧”人物傅铁山主教逝世|trans-title=Death of a "Tragic" Figure of the CPA: Fu Tieshan|url = https://www.asianews.it/news-zh/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E6%82%B2%E5%89%A7%E2%80%9D%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%82%85%E9%93%81%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96-9060.html|date=20 April 2007|access-date=14 December 2023|language=zh-s|publisher=PIME Asianews}}
• {{cite news|title = China Catholic Bishop Free From Prison After 30 Years|first=Jim|last=Mann|date=5 July 1985|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-07-05-mn-9095-story.html|access-date=12 December 2023}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite magazine|script-title=zh:张家树主教就龚品梅获假释一事发表谈话 |trans-title=Bisho Zhang Jiashu's Speech on the Parole of Kung Pin-mei |first1=Maodi |last=Chen |first2=Zhiyong |last2=Li |script-magazine=zh:中国天主教 |trans-magazine=Catholic Church in China |year=1985 |issue=13 |pages=50–51 |url=https://chn.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD8589&filename=ZGTA198513035&uniplatform=OVERSEA&v=_U811CChv13hLDAHZqaj2YIVYuakBIzZEdjGI5PvLDHhLt-1VEbpuv02A8hcbxrd}}
• {{cite magazine|script-title=zh:为张家树主教举行大礼追思弥撒 |trans-title= Solemn Memorial Mass Held for Bishop Zhang Jiashu |author=Editorial Office of Catholic Church in China |script-magazine=zh:中国天主教 |trans-magazine=Catholic Church in China |year=1988 |issue=01 |pages=4–5 |url=https://chn.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD8589&filename=ZGTA198801001&uniplatform=OVERSEA&v=BzCRBE0TSUT5atcfC12ThFGTTKIu6Cq6PhcjMOelgXDVoMzOh4rG226KtzZoCAwp }}
• {{cite magazine|script-title = zh:爱国爱教的楷模——张家树主教|trans-title=An Example for his Love for the Country and the Church: Bishop Zhang Jiashu|url= http://194.246.119.58/pdfs/cnkiImport/CJFD/ZGZJ601016.pdf|first=Keyong|last=Fu|script-magazine=zh:中国宗教|trans-magazine = Religions In China|issn=1006-7558|number=1|year=1996}}
• {{cite magazine|script-title=zh:悼念张家树主教 |trans-title= In Mourning of Bishop Zhang Jiashu |first=Yugui |last=Li |script-magazine=zh:中国天主教 |trans-magazine=Catholic Church in China |year=1989 |issue=01 |page=62 |url=https://chn.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD8589&filename=ZGTA198901052&uniplatform=OVERSEA&v=yXmg7iysioW23ovRjAGaG9wuRx8-PXwl7bGGEOsAr6XDdiQOvEOr_1cVKi5uFxRg }}
• {{cite magazine|script-title=zh:爱国爱教的楷模——上海天主教界隆重举行张家树主教诞辰一百周年纪念会 |trans-title= An Example for his Love for the Country and the Church: Shanghai Catholics Hosted Memorial Conference upon the 100th Anniversary of Bishop Zhang Jiashu |author=Shanghai CCPA |script-magazine=zh:中国天主教 |trans-magazine=Catholic Church in China |year=1993 |issue=05 |pages=30–31 |url=https://chn.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD9093&filename=ZGTA199305023&uniplatform=OVERSEA&v=Zx4a_fZadGIQjhXHTbpH7eEQ8PN3PbxYJi7Om91-Fr0VJcPD0vBTrfDkdvDax2ve }}
• {{cite magazine|script-title = zh:我的伯父张家树主教|trans-title=My Uncle, Bishop Zhang Jiashu|first=Duomo|last=Zhang|script-magazine=zh:世界宗教文化|trans-magazine=World Religions and Cultures|year=2002|issue=3 |url=https://chn.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=RELI200203008&uniplatform=OVERSEA&v=pwkl9cZZF2Apyu9ogUcguvsmJYvFVD-bdBQc5yywMDJ8UcTapFREUkISL2A7dckR}}
• {{cite magazine|script-title=zh:浦东傅家玫瑰堂庆祝复堂周年 张家树主教团长主礼弥撒圣祭|trans-title=On the Anniversary of the Recovery of Our Lady of the Rosary Church, Pudong, Bishop Zhang Jiashu Celebrated Holy Mass |first=Meiying |last=Zhu |script-magazine=zh:中国天主教 |trans-magazine=Catholic Church in China |year=1984 |issue=11 |pages=54–55 |url=https://chn.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD7984&filename=ZGTA198411021&uniplatform=OVERSEA&v=DZZ30g1nQBrvyBnEGFN1lIuXnBfp1glDMDNexdnm-6OmD-u4DGw954DaBYsLHvnT}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite journal|script-title = zh:一九五九至六三年中國天主教自選自聖主教簡介|trans-title=Overview of Chinese Catholic Bishops Consecrated Under the Self-Election, Self-Consecration Principle, 1959–1963|first=Ruiqi|last=Lin|url = https://hsstudyc.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/T053_11.pdf|trans-journal = Tripod|script-journal=zh:鼎|issn=1560-2125|year=1989|issue=53}}
• {{cite journal|title=The Four Catholic Bishops of Shanghai: "Underground" and "Patriotic" Church Competition and Sino–Vatican Relations in Reform-Era China|journal = Journal of Church and State|volume=58|number=1|year=2016|pages=38–56|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24708489|first=Paul P.|last=Mariani| doi=10.1093/jcs/csu078 | jstor=24708489 |access-date = 12 December 2023}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite thesis|first=Yongjia|last=Fu|title = A Discourse Analysis of Sino-Vatican Relations, 1949-1958: The Evolution of a Long-Standing Stalemate|degree=PhD|publisher=King's College London|year=2017|url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/73828336/2017_Fu_Yongjia_1234282_ethesis.pdf}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite book|author=Amnesty International|title = China: Violation of Human Rights|url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa170111984en.pdf|isbn=0-86210-073-9|year=1984|publisher=Amnesty International Publications|location=London}}
• {{cite book|author = Editorial Committee|script-title=zh:上海宗教志|trans-title = History of Religion in Shanghai|year=2001|url = https://www.hsscol.org.hk/FangZhi/ShangHai/sh001.htm|publisher = Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press|isbn=9787806188255}}
• {{cite book|script-title = zh:金魯賢回憶錄上卷|trans-title=Memoirs of Jin Luxian, Book I|first=Luxian|last=Jin|publisher = Hong Kong University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-988-8139-86-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DFRMnqObxUwC}}
• {{cite book|last=Lazzarotto|first=Angelo S.|chapter=Rediscovering Christian Life in China During Crucial Years (1978–1983)|title=Rooted in Hope: Volume 2|chapter-url = https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351672603_A29700235/preview-9781351672603_A29700235.pdf|publisher=Sankt Augustin|isbn = 978-1-315-16392-5|year=2017|issn=0179-261X|editor1 = B. Hoster|editor2 = D. Kuhlmann|editor3 = Z. Wesołowski}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Zhenyuan |script-title=zh:上海文化年鉴 |trans-title=Cultural Annuals of Shanghai |year=1989 |page=278 |script-section=zh:逝世人物 |trans-section=Deaths |publisher=Shanghai People's Publishing House ({{zhi|s=Shanghai People's Press}}) |section-url=https://chn.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CYFD&dbname=CYFD2006&filename=N2006040584000820&uniplatform=OVERSEA&v=cmgXejtigxzQcMnRor-hztKVtizeevPpTdl1YBK91ZGEeM-SI8RF5sAUEhj-GN_fexFK96drcMQ%3d}}
• {{cite book|title = Church Militant: Bishop Kung and Catholic Resistance in Communist Shanghai|first = Paul P.|last= Mariani|publisher = Harvard University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780674061538|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}

{{refend}}

• [https://bdcconline.net/en/stories/zhang-jiashu Zhang's entry] in the Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity
• [http://www.catholicsh.org/NewListIn.aspx?InfosID=303&InfoCategoryID=14 A brief overview of Sheshan Seminary] (in Chinese) by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai

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{{succession box

| title = Bishop of Shanghai (non-canonical)
1960–1988

| years =

| before = Ignatius Kung Pin-mei
Francis Xavier Zhang Shilang (non-canonical)

| after = Aloysius Jin Luxian}}

{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang, Louis Jiashu}}

Category:1893 births

Category:1988 deaths

Category:Chinese Jesuits

Category:Roman Catholic bishops in Shanghai

Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in China

Category:Jesuit bishops

Category:20th-century Chinese Roman Catholic priests

Category:Chinese Roman Catholic bishops

Category:Delegates to the 5th National People's Congress

Category:Members of the Standing Committee of the 5th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

Category:Members of the Standing Committee of the 6th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference