Loxosceles intermedia
{{short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Loxosceles Romulo2.jpg
| taxon = Loxosceles intermedia
| authority = Mello-Leitão, 1934
| synonyms = {{Species list
|Loxosceles ornatus|Mello-Leitão, 1938
|Loxosceles ornata|Mello-Leitão, 1941
}}
}}
Loxosceles intermedia, the Brazilian brown recluse spider, is a highly venomous spider species in the family Sicariidae native to Brazil and Argentina.
Description
The male has a total length of 5.3 mm, legs I to IV, have a length of 24.5, 31.8, 20.4 and 23.6 mm, the palp can be 5.4 mm long, females are larger, measuring about 8.5 mm in length, with legs ranging from 15.1, 16.0, 13.1 and 15, 5 mm, the palp of females measures 3.8 mm.
Both male and female carapace ranges from dull yellow to orange brown, covered with black and subpretiated bristles. The cephalica pars varies from dark orange-brown to reddish-brown, with a
Behavior
It is a very shy spider, with nocturnal habits, building irregular webs under fallen tree trunks and debris, usually in dark places. They can also be found in human environments, in socks, clothes, blankets, wardrobes, garages and among others dark places. Their food, as well as that of several recluse spiders, is based on insects such as cockroaches, crickets and beetles. They have been reported to attack other arthropods such as scorpions. It breeds in the hottest months of the year, laying about 20 eggs taking 46 days for the juveniles to hatch. The female builds a bag-shaped web where the eggs are deposited.
Range
Loxosceles intermedia is native to Brazil and Argentina. They are found in temperate and warm regions of South America in southeastern and southern Brazil, as well as northern Argentina.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} They live in dark, very dry cracks, warm regions with elevations below 500 m, quite common around or inside the houses of humans.
Bites to humans
As well as the Chilean recluse spider, the venom of Loxosceles intermedia has a high concentration of the enzyme sphingomyelinase D.{{cite web | url=https://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/UFF-2_1b230cf2b76f482dd6dc8278ff2ab01b | title=Ação do veneno da aranha marrom (Loxosceles Intermedia) em camundongos | year=2017 }} responsible for local and systemic effects, and is one of the main species attributed to deaths in South America, since the systemic effects of the bite occur frequently. The symptoms are not immediate, which leads the victim to believe that the bite was mild. They usually take hours to manifest, and begins with severe pain, redness, inflammation and blisters, in more severe cases evolving to tissue necrosis. Systemic effects, include hemolysis, cardiac problems, vascular collapse and kidney failure. Loxosceles intermedia bite is also capable of inducing severe thrombocytopenia, increased fibrinogen, reduced clotting factor VII, disseminated intravascular coagulation and severe bleeding. The venom is also capable of inducing myofibril necrosis and leukocyte infiltration causing damage to skeletal muscle. Thrombocytopenia is an important clinical sign for diagnosing L. intermedia bites. Moderate symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fever and muscle pain are common with Loxosceles bites, especially from this species. The minimum necrotic dose is 2.4 μg / kg.{{Cite journal|last1=Ribeiro|first1=Mara Fernandes|last2=Oliveira|first2=Felipe Leite de|last3=Souza|first3=Aline Moreira|last4=Machado|first4=Thelma de Barros|last5=Cardoso|first5=Priscilla Farinhas|last6=Patti Sobrinho|first6=Andrea|last7=Nascimento|first7=Angélica Silveira|last8=Souza|first8=Cláudio Maurício Vieira de|last9=Elias|first9=Sabrina Calil|last10=Ribeiro|first10=Mara Fernandes|last11=Oliveira|first11=Felipe Leite de|date=2019|title=Effects of copaiba oil on dermonecrosis induced by Loxosceles intermedia venom|journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases|volume=25|pages=e149318|doi=10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1493-18|pmid=31131009|pmc=6521710|issn=1678-9199}}
The lethal dose for four strains of mice ranges from 4.6-24.5 μg.{{Cite book|last=Barceloux|first=Donald G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTTBPedwFfAC&q=loxosceles+laeta+ld50&pg=PT2225|title=Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals|date=2012-03-07|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-38276-9|language=en}} Venom causes dermonecrotic lesions in humans and rabbits, however, rats do not develop this type of lesion.{{cite thesis|last=da Silva|first=Paulo Henrique|title=ARANHA MARROM E LOXOSCELISMO: revisão bibliográfica e ação sobre os tecidos hematopoiético e renal|trans-title=BROWN SPIDER AND LOXOSCELISM: bibliographic review and action on hematopoietic and renal tissues|url=https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/2474/ok%20R%20-%20T%20-%20PAULO%20HENRIQUE%20DA%20SILVA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113034020/https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/2474/ok%20R%20-%20T%20-%20PAULO%20HENRIQUE%20DA%20SILVA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|degree=PhD|lang=pt,en}} The recombinant toxin Loxtox rLiD1 from the L. intermedia venom is responsible for the cardiotoxic effects, and a significant increase in density I (Ca, L), and intracellular Ca (2+) transients respectively. A sphingomyelinase D protein also plays a key role in cardiac dysfunction.{{Cite journal|last1=Dias-Lopes|first1=Camila|last2=Felicori|first2=Liza|last3=Guimarães|first3=Gabriela|last4=Gomes|first4=Eneas R. M.|last5=Roman-Campos|first5=Danilo|last6=Duarte|first6=Hugo|last7=Damasceno|first7=Denis|last8=Martins|first8=Marilia|last9=Kalapothakis|first9=Evanguedes|last10=Almeida|first10=Alvair P.|last11=Granier|first11=Claude|date=December 2010|title=Cardiotoxic effects of Loxosceles intermedia spider venom and the recombinant venom toxin rLiD1|journal=Toxicon|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1426–1435|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.08.008|issn=1879-3150|pmid=20826175|doi-access=free}} L. intermedia can produce 5.6 mg of venom, the male produces less, around 2.43 mg.[https://ap-st01.ext.exlibrisgroup.com/61USC_INST/upload/1606308958270_PDF%20-%20Published%20Version.pdf?Expires=1606309078&Signature=PXkryJxPYL733uo9Eqe3jcUTRDcvJik5zjG7rmXw41Wy69~qnYOZny~ufuzzqAZ3fHevs0134s5rfRtzos1Z4ANZWSMtmRN7cCbExFTY-Z7WHVZuP0EEkoILhrRTuXh1zzMxjSqzZzeHYY9-2tQ1DyEi1BkWsVUvkYgZDNWkcvVfMSwQ3ko86RPPpfL6~Q4tebw9UQPV4xHzielCgN1OaYAo5pU4aztis3RnWWx8AVEGwBYxdGNHWzuXBJKhNM2-aHcglnrvcry3S42r51LiRX-0XbqCGks0fl3tDHjkxjLaOvXDmoR0EyDEfZSqs8neYpmSgKy9ckKtL3cTDd0cHA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJ72OZCZ36VGVASIA] While 40 μg of the venom proteins corresponds to the average amount inoculated by the spider.