Luigi Boccherini

{{Infobox Person

| name = Luigi Boccherini

| image = Luigi Boccherini.jpg

| caption = Pencil drawing of Boccherini by
Étienne Mazas after a portrait bust

| birth_date = {{birth date|1743|02|19|df=y}}

| birth_place = Lucca, Republic of Lucca

| death_date = {{death date and age|1805|05|28|1743|02|19|df=y}}

| death_place = Madrid, Kingdom of Spain

| occupation = {{ubl | Composer | Cellist }}

| works = List of compositions

| signature = Boccherini-signature-1776.png

}}

Ridolfo Luigi Boccherini{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-boccherini_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|title=Boccherini, Luigi|encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|publisher=Treccani|language=it-IT|access-date=2018-05-10}} ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|ɒ|k|ə|ˈ|r|iː|n|i}},{{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Boccherini, Luigi|access-date=9 July 2019}}{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Boccherini|access-date=9 July 2019}} also {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|b|oʊ|k|-}},{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boccherini|title=Boccherini|work=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins|access-date=9 July 2019}}{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Boccherini|access-date=9 July 2019}} {{IPA|it|riˈdɔlfo luˈiːdʒi bokkeˈriːni|lang|It-Luigi Boccherini.ogg}}; 19 February 1743 – 28 May 1805) was an Italian composer and cellist of the Classical era whose music retained a courtly and galante style even while he matured somewhat apart from the major European musical centers. He is best known for a minuet from his String Quintet in E, Op. 11, No. 5 (G 275), and the Cello Concerto in B flat major (G 482). The latter work was long known in the heavily altered version by German cellist and prolific arranger Friedrich Grützmacher, but has recently been restored to its original version.

Boccherini's output also includes several guitar quintets. The final movement of the Guitar Quintet No. 4 in D (G 448) is a fandango, a lively Spanish dance.

Biography

Boccherini was born into a musical family in Lucca, Italy in 1743.The standard modern full-length biography is by Jaime Tortella, Boccherini: un músico italiano en la España ilustrada, 2002; there is no comparable biography in English. He was the third child of Leopoldo Boccherini, a cellist and double-bass player, and the brother of Giovanni Gastone Boccherini, a poet and dancer who wrote libretti for Antonio Salieri and Joseph Haydn.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Boccherini|title=Luigi Boccherini|date=May 25, 2018 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=July 4, 2018}} Luigi received his first music lessons at age five by his father, who taught him cello, and then continued his studies at age nine with Abbé Vanucci, music director of a local cathedral, at San Martino.{{AllMusic|type=artists|id=mn0000182453|tab=biography|title=Luigi Boccherini}} When his son reached thirteen, Leopoldo Boccherini sent him to study in Rome with Giovanni Battista Costanzi. In 1757 Luigi Boccherini and his father both went to Vienna, where the court employed them as musicians in the Burgtheater.

File:LBoccheriniFXD.jpg]]

In 1768 Boccherini went to Madrid, entering in 1770 the employ of Infante Luis Antonio of Spain (1727–1785), younger brother of King Charles III of Spain. There, Boccherini flourished under royal patronage, until one day when the King expressed his disapproval at a passage in a new trio, and ordered Boccherini to change it. The composer, no doubt irritated with this intrusion into his art, doubled the passage instead, which led to his immediate dismissal. Then he accompanied Don Luis (the Infante) to Arenas de San Pedro, a little town in the Gredos Mountains in Ávila; there and in the nearest town of Candeleda Boccherini wrote many of his most famous works.

File:Monumento, istituto, Luigi Boccherini, Daphne Du Barry, Lucca.jpg

Later patrons included the French ambassador to Spain, Lucien Bonaparte (1775–1840), as well as King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia (1744–1797), himself an amateur cellist, flautist, and avid supporter of the arts. Boccherini fell on hard times following the deaths of his Spanish patron (1785), his two wives (1785 and 1805), and his four daughters (1796, 1802 and 1804). He died in Madrid in 1805, survived by two sons.José Antonio Boccherini Sánchez and Christina Slot Wiefkers were explicitly thanked in Elisabeth Le Guin, Boccherini's Body: An Essay in Carnal Musicology, 2006:xxii. His body lay buried in the Pontifical Basilica of St. Michael in Madrid until 1927, when his remains were repatriated and buried in the church of San Francesco in his native Lucca.

Works

Much of Boccherini's chamber music follows models established by Joseph Haydn; however, Boccherini is often credited with improving Haydn's model of the string quartet by bringing the cello to prominence, whereas Haydn had frequently relegated it to an accompaniment role. Some sources for Boccherini's style are in the works of a famous Italian cellist, Giovanni Battista Cirri, who was born before Boccherini and before Haydn.

A virtuoso cellist, Boccherini often played violin repertoire on the cello, at pitch, a skill he developed by substituting for ailing violinists while touring. This supreme command of the instrument brought him much praise from his contemporaries (notably Pierre Baillot, Pierre Rode, and Bernhard Romberg), and is evident in the cello parts of his compositions (particularly in the quintets for two cellos, treated often as cello concertos with string quartet accompaniment).

He wrote a large amount of chamber music, including over one hundred string quintets for two violins, viola and two cellos (a type which he pioneered, in contrast with the then common scoring for two violins, two violas and one cello), a dozen guitar quintets, not all of which have survived, nearly a hundred string quartets, and a number of string trios and sonatas (including at least 19 for the cello). His orchestral music includes around 30 symphonies and 12 virtuoso cello concertos.

Boccherini's works have been catalogued by the French musicologist Yves Gérard (1932–2020) in the Gérard catalog, published in London (1969), hence the "G" numbers applied to his output.

Boccherini's style is characterized by Rococo charm, lightness, and optimism, and exhibits much melodic and rhythmic invention, coupled with frequent influences from the guitar tradition of his adopted country, Spain.

Recordings

Complete Symphonies, Vol. I–VII, Deutsche Kammerakademie Neuss, Johannes Goritzki, CPO 999401-2{{cite web |title=Luigi Boccherini, Deutsche Kammerakademie Neuss, Johannes Goritzki – 28 Symphonies |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/23931128-Luigi-Boccherini-Deutsche-Kammerakademie-Neuss-Johannes-Goritzki-28-Symphonies |website=Discogs |access-date=29 October 2022}}
Cello Concertos, Enrico Bronzi, Accademia I Filarmonici di Verona, Brilliant Classics 92618 (2005){{cite web |title=Boccherini* - Enrico Bronzi, Accademia I Filarmonici Di Verona – Cello Concertos (Complete) |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/1940826-Boccherini-Enrico-Bronzi-Accademia-I-Filarmonici-Di-Verona-Cello-Concertos-Complete |website=Discogs |access-date=29 October 2022}}
Complete Flute Quintets, Vol. I–III, Rafael Ruibérriz de Torres, Francisco de Goya String Quartet, Brilliant Classics 96074 (2021){{cite web |title=Boccherini: Complete Flute Quintets |url=https://www.brilliantclassics.com/articles/b/boccherini-complete-flute-quintets/ |website=Brilliant Classics |access-date=29 October 2022}}
Early Italian String Quartets, String Quartet in C minor, op. 1 No. 2, Butter Quartet[https://musicwebinternational.com/2025/04/scintilla-early-italian-string-quartets-brilliant-classics/ Scintilla – Early Italian String Quartets], Butter Quartet, Brilliant Classics 97407 (2025)
Guitar Quintets, Vol. I–III, Zoltán Tokos, Danubius String Quartet, Naxos 8.503255{{cite web |title=Boccherini: The Guitar Quintets |url=https://www.naxos.com/CatalogueDetail/?id=8.503255 |website=Naxos}}
String Quintets, Vol. I–X, La Magnifica Comunita, Enrico Casazza, violin, Brilliant Classics 92503, 92889, 93076, 93346, 93566, 93820, 93744, 94002, 93977, 94961 (2005–2011){{cite web |title=Catalogue: Boccherini String Quintets La Magnifica Comunità |url=https://www.brilliantclassics.com/catalogues/catalogue/?q=boccherini+string+quintets&pagenr=1&articlesByComposer_1968=on&articlesByContributor_3159=on |website=Brilliant Classics |access-date=29 October 2022}}

Boccherini's music is heard in the 2003 feature film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.

Media

{{Listen|type=music|help=no|image=none|header=String Trio Op. 6 No. 4

|filename=BOCCHERINI Op6n°4 G92 Mvt1 Allegro molto - Jacques Lochet violin and synthesizer.ogg

|title=First movement

|filename2=BOCCHERINI Op6n°4 G92 Mvt2 Lento con espressione - Jacques Lochet violin and synthesizer.ogg

|title2=Second movement

|filename3=BOCCHERINI Op6n°4 G92 Mvt3 Tempo di minuetto - Jacques Lochet violin and synthesizer.ogg

|title3=Third movement}}

{{Listen|type=music|help=no|image=none

|filename=BOCCHERINI Op18n°4 G286 Mvt1 Allegro - Jacques Lochet violin and sampler.ogg

|title=String Quintet Op. 18 No. 4, first movement}}

{{Listen|type=music|help=no|image=none|header=String Quintet Op. 30 No. 1

|filename=BOCCHERINI Op30 n°1 G319 Mvt1 Andante lentarello - Jacques Lochet violin and synthesizer.ogg

|title=First movement

|filename2=BOCCHERINI Op30 n°1 G319 Mvt2 Minuetto - Jacques Lochet violin and synthesizer.ogg