Lullubi

The early Sumerian legend "Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird", set in the reign of Enmerkar of Uruk, alludes to the "mountains of Lulubi" as being where the character of Lugalbanda encounters the gigantic Anzû bird while searching for the rest of Enmerkar's army en route to siege Aratta.

File:Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9068.jpg (circa 2250 BC), commemorating the victory of Akkadian Empire king Naram-Sin (standing left) over Lullubi mountain tribe and their king Satuni. Musée du Louvre.]]

File:Darband-i Belula.jpg, known as the Darband-i Belula, the Darband-i Hurin or Sheikhan relief, Kurdistan, Iraq]]

Lullubum appears in historical times as one of the lands Sargon the Great subjugated within his Akkadian Empire, along with the neighboring province of Gutium, which was possibly of the same Hurrian origin as the Lullubi. Sargon's grandson Naram Sin defeated the Lullubi and their king Satuni, and had his famous victory stele made in commemoration:

{{blockquote|"Naram-Sin the powerful ... . Sidur and Sutuni, princes of the Lulubi, gathered together and they made war against me."|Akkadian inscription on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.{{cite book |title=Babylonian & Oriental Record |date=1895 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ok-AQAAMAAJ}}}}

After the Akkadian Empire fell to the Gutians, the Lullubians rebelled against the Gutian king Erridupizir, according to Mesopotamian inscriptions:

{{blockquote|Ka-Nisba, king of Simurrum, instigated the people of Simurrum and Lullubi to revolt. Amnili, general of [the enemy Lullubi] ... made the land [rebel] ... Erridu-pizir, the mighty, king of Gutium and of the four quarters hastened [to confront] him ... In a single day he captured the pass of Urbillum at Mount Mummum. Further, he captured Nirishuha.|Inscription R2:226-7 of Erridupizir.{{cite book |last=Hamblin |first=William J. |year=2006 |title=Warfare in the Ancient Near East to {{nobr|1600 {{sc|BC}}}} |publisher=Routledge |pages=115–116 |isbn=9781134520626 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT115 |via=Google }}}}

File:Tablet of Shulgi.JPG

Following the short lived Gutian period, the Neo-Sumerian Empire (Ur-III) ruler Shulgi is said to have raided Lullubi at least 9 times; by the time of Amar-Sin, Lullubians formed a contingent in the military of Ur, suggesting that the region was then under Neo-Sumerian control.

File:Lullubi-ki on the Anubanini Rock Relief.jpg]]

Another famous rock relief depicting the Lullubian king Anubanini with the Assyrian-Babylonian goddess Ishtar, captives in tow, is now thought to date to the Ur-III period; however, a later Assyrian- Babylonian legendary retelling of the exploits of Sargon the Great mentions Anubanini as one of his opponents.

In the following (second) millennium BC, the term "Lullubi" or "Lullu" seems to have become a generic Babylonian/Assyrian term for "highlander" without reference ro any single ethnic group, while the original region of Lullubi became the Hurrian inhabited Zamua. However, the "land of Lullubi" makes a reappearance in the late 12th century BC, when both Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon (in c. 1120 BC) and Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria (in 1113 BC) subdued it. Neo-Assyrian kings of the following centuries also recorded campaigns and conquests in the area of Lullubum / Zamua. Most notably, Ashur-nasir-pal II had to suppress a revolt among the Zamuan chiefs in 881 BC, during which they constructed a wall in the Bazian pass between modern Kirkuk (the Assyrian city of Arrapha) and Sulaymaniyah in a failed attempt to keep the Assyrians out.

They were said to have had 19 walled cities in their land, as well as a large supply of horses, cattle, metals, textiles and wine, which were carried off by Ashur-nasir-pal. Local chiefs or governors of the Zamua region continued to be mentioned down to the end of Esarhaddon's reign (669 BC) after which they disappear from history.

{{multiple image

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| header = Defeated Lullubis in Akkadian representations

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| image1 = Prisoner of the Akkadian Empire period possibly Warka ancient Uruk LOUVRE AO 5683.jpg

| caption1 = Barbarian prisoner of the Akkadian Empire, nude, fettered, drawn by nose ring, with pointed beard, long hair and vertical braid. 2350-2000 BC, Louvre Museum.{{cite web |title=Louvre Museum Official Website |url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=12137 |website=cartelen.louvre.fr}}

| image2 = Lullubi victim with pointed beard and long braided hair (detail).jpg

| caption2 = Lullubi victim with pointed beard and long braided hair. Rock relief at Darband-iGawr. The depiction of the vanquished Lullubis is also similar in the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.

| footer =

| alt1 =

}}

In depictions of them, the Lullubi are represented as warlike mountain people.{{cite book |last1=Bury |first1=John Bagnell |last2=Cook |first2=Stanley Arthur |last3=Adcock |first3=Frank Ezra |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The Egyptian and Hittite empires to c. 1000 B.C |date=1975 |publisher=University Press |page=505 |isbn=9780521086912 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkQAQAAMAAJ}} The Lullubi are often shown bare-chested and wearing animal skins. They have short beards, their hair is long and worn in a thick braid, as can be seen on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin."The hair of the Lullubi is long and worn in a thick braid. They wear animal skins, while the Akkadian soldiers wear the proper attire for battle, helmets and military tunics." in {{cite book |last1=Bahrani |first1=Zainab |author-link=Zainab Bahrani |title=Rituals of War: The Body and Violence in Mesopotamia |date=2008 |publisher=Zone Books |isbn=9781890951849 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FvfAAAAMAAJ}}

{{see also|List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran}}

Rulers of the Lullubi kingdom:Qashqai, 2011.Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.

1. Immashkush (c. 2400 BC){{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=George G. |title=History of Early Iran |date=1936 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=35 |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/history_early_iran.pdf}}
2. Anubanini (c. 2350 BC) he ordered to make an inscription on the rock near [https://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sar-e_pol-e_zahab/sar-e_pol-e_zahab.html Sar-e Pol-e Zahab].
3. Satuni (c. 2270 BC contemporary with Naram-Sin king of Akkad and Khita king of Awan)
4. Irib (c. 2037 BC)
5. Darianam (c. 2000 BC)
6. Ikki (precise dates unknown)
7. Tar ... duni (precise dates unknown) son of Ikki. His inscription is found not far from the inscription of Anubanini.{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=George G. |title=History of Early Iran |date=1936 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=41 |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/history_early_iran.pdf}}
8. Nur-Adad (c. 881 – 880 BC)
9. Zabini (c. 881 BC)
10. Hubaia (c. 830 BC) vassal of Assyrians
11. Dada (c. 715 BC)
12. Larkutla (c. 675 BC)

Various Lullubian reliefs can be seen in the area of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, the best preserved of which is the Anubanini rock relief. They all show a ruler trampling an enemy, and most also show a deity facing the ruler. Another relief can be found about 200 meters away, in a style similar to the Anubanini relief, but this time with a beardless ruler.{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=James F. |title=Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438453255 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvAQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123}} The attribution to a specific ruler remains uncertain.{{cite book |last1=Vanden Berghe |first1=Louis |title=Relief Sculptures de Iran Ancien |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ReliefSculpturesDeIranAncien/page/n9 19]–21 |url=https://archive.org/details/ReliefSculpturesDeIranAncien}}

{{main|Anubanini rock relief}}

File:Anubanini Rock Relief 2.jpg|The relief is located on the top of a cliff towering over the village of Sarpol-e Zahab. A second relief (Parthian Empire period) appears below.

File:Anubanini_Rock_Relief_1.jpg|Anubanini rock relief at Sarpol-e Zahab, also called Sarpol-e Zahab II.

Anubanini relief constituents King Anubanini.jpg|King Anubanini.

Anubanini relief constituents Ishtar.jpg|Goddess Ishtar.

Anubanini relief constituents prisoners.jpg|Prisoners of the Lullubis (detail).

Anubanini relief constituents group of prisoners and king.jpg|Prisoners of the Lullubis and their king (detail).

Anubanini relief constituents prisoner king.jpg|Prisoner king (detail). He appears to be wearing a crown.

Anubanini relief constituents Akkadian inscription.jpg|Anubanini rock relief Akkadian inscription.

File:Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV.jpg|Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read.{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=James F. |title=Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438453255 |pages=123–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvAQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=James F. |title=Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438453255 |pages=123–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvAQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |language=en}} This is possibly the son of Iddin-Sin, a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum.{{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC) |date=1990 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802058737 |pages=707 ff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA697}}

File:Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief II.jpg|Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief III. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.

File:Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief III.jpg|Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.

File:Belula_Pass_Rock_Relief.jpg|Relief of Tardunni, a possible Lullubi ruler, also holding weapons and trampling foes, with an inscription in Akkadian.

File:Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior. Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE.jpg|Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior. Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE

File:Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior, Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE.jpg|Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior, Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE

{{Infobox language

| name = Lullubian

| states = Lullibi Kingdom, Iran and Iraq

| region = Zagros Mountains

| extinct = 7th century BC

| familycolor = unclassified

| family = unclassified
Hurro-Urartian?
Indo-European?

| iso3 = none

| glotto = none

| ethnicity = Lullibi

}}

The language of the Lullubi is regarded as an unclassified language{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/879442|title=The Languages of the Ancient Near East (in A Companion to the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., 2007) |last1=Rubio |first1=Gonzalo }} because it is unattested in written record. Significantly, the term Lullubi though, appears to be of Hurrian origin rather than Semitic or the yet to arrive in the region Indo-European, and the names of its known rulers have Hurrian or more rarely Semitic influence, with no trace of Indo-European influence such as Iranic or Indo-Aryan.Tischler 1977–2001: vol. 5/6: 70–71. On the Lullubeans in general, see Klengel 1987–1990; Eidem 1992: 50–4.

{{History of Greater Iran}}

{{Portal|Asia}}

• Anobanini rock relief
• Zamua
• Tell Kunara

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sar-e_pol-e_zahab/sar-e_pol-e_zahab.html Sar-e Pol-e Zahab]
• [http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/351130/Lullubi Lullubi]
• Qashqai, Hamidreza, Chronicle of early Iran history, Tehran, Avegan press, 2011 (in Persian: گاهنمای سپیده دم تاریخ در ایران )
• Cameron, George, "History of Early Iran", Chicago, 1936 (repr., Chicago, 1969; tr. E.-J. Levin, L’histoire de l’Iran antique, Paris, 1937; tr. H. Anusheh, ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ, Tehran, 1993)
• D’yakonov, I. M., "Istoriya Midii ot drevenĭshikh vremen do kontsa IV beka de e.E" (The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century BCE), Moscow and Leningrad, 1956; tr. Karim Kešāvarz as Tāriḵ-e Mād, Tehran, 1966.
• The Cambridge History of Iran
• Hinz, W., "The Lost World of Elam", London, 1972 (tr. F. Firuznia, دنیای گمشده ایلام, Tehran, 1992)
• The Cambridge Ancient History
• Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Elam", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1991.
• Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Mesopotamia", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1997, vol.1.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20101107074550/http://www.etana.org/coretexts/14913.pdf Legrain, Leon, "Historical Fragments", Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section, vol. XIII, 1922.]
• [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-i Vallat, Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York, 1998.]

{{Iran topics}}

Category:Akkadian Empire

Category:Ancient history of Iran

Category:History of Lorestan province