Luoyang dialect
{{Short description|Zhongyuan Mandarin dialect of Henan, China}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Luoyang
|nativename=洛陽話
|pronunciation=
|states=China
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Sinitic
|fam3=Chinese
|fam4=Mandarin
|fam5=Central Plains
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=none
|notice=IPA
}}
The Luoyang dialect is a dialect of Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in Luoyang and nearby parts of Henan province.{{Sfn|Kurparska|2010|p=165}}
The old Luoyang dialect served as one of historical standards of Chinese from the Warring States period into the Ming Dynasty, which distinguish from the modern Luoyang dialect.{{Sfnm|1a1=Pulleyblank|1y=1983|1pp=2-3|2a1=Kaske|2y=2008|2p=44|3a1=Dong|3y=2014|3p=45}} It is because Luoyang switched from Southern to Northern Mandarin over history. According to Lü Shuxiang (1985), "In Northern Song dynasty, the dialects at the Central Plains are still in the southern variety [of Mandarin]; the predecessor of modern Northern Mandarin began as a tiny regional dialect near Khanbaliq".{{Cite book |last=Lu |first=Shuxiang 吕叔湘 |title=Jìndài Hànyǔ zhǐshì dàicí |last2=Jiang |first2=Lansheng 江蓝生 |date=1985 |publisher=Xuelin chubanshe |location=Shànghǎi |language=zh |script-title=zh:近代汉语指示代词 |trans-title=Demonstrative Pronoun in Modern Chinese |quote=北宋的时候，中原的方言还是属于南方系；现在的北系官话的前身只是燕京一带的一个小区域的方言}}{{noteTag|1=Jerry Norman (1997 [2004]) elaborated further on Luoyang's history of Southern Mandarin.{{Cite book |last=Norman |first=Jerry |url=https://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/000002645835 |title=Hashimoto Mantarō kinen Chūgoku gogaku ronshū |date=1997 |publisher=Uchiyama Shoten |editor-last=Yu |editor-first=Aiqin 余靄芹 |editor-link=Anne Yue-Hashimoto |location=Tōkyō |language=en |script-title=ja:橋本萬太郎紀念中国語学論集 |chapter=Some Thoughts on the Early Development of Mandarin |author-link=Jerry Norman (sinologist) |editor-last2=Endō |editor-first2=Mitsuaki 遠藤 光暁}} An online paywall version is available in Chinese translation, {{cite journal|last1=Norman|first1=Jerry|author-link=Jerry Norman (sinologist)|translator-last=Mei|translator-first=Tsu-Lin|translator-link=Mei Tsu-lin|date=2004|issue=4|url=http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=11456974|title=關於官話方言早期發展的一些想法|journal=《方言》}}}}
Phonology
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2014}}
=Initials=
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Velar |
| Nasal
| {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | | |
|---|
| Plosive
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|pʰ}} | {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|tʰ}} | | | {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|kʰ}} |
| Affricate
| | {{IPA link|ts}} {{IPA link|tsʰ}} | {{IPA link|tʂ}} {{IPA link|tʂʰ}} | {{IPA link|tɕ}} {{IPA link|tɕʰ}} | |
| Fricative
| {{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{IPA link|ʐ}} | {{IPA link|ɕ}} | {{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}} |
| Lateral
| | {{IPA link|l}} | | | |
| class="wikitable" |
| style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" class="nounderlines"| {{IPA link|w}} |
| style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" class="nounderlines" | {{IPA link|ɥ}} |
| style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" class="nounderlines" | {{IPA link|j}} |
=Finals=
=Features=
- The Middle Chinese entering tone has a different distribution in the Luoyang dialect than in Standard Mandarin. (See entering tone for more.)
- Tone contours are different from those in Standard Mandarin.
- The retroflex and alveolar fricatives are found in different distributions: retroflex fricatives in Standard are often fronted to alveolar fricatives in Luoyang.
- The distinction between {{IPAslink|w}} and {{IPAslink|v}}, lost in Standard, is maintained in Luoyang.
- The retroflex series is less retroflexed than in Standard Mandarin and slightly further forward.
- The alveolo-palatal series is slightly further back than in Standard Mandarin.
- Standard final {{IPA|/œ/}} and {{IPA|/ɑu/}} are often backed to {{IPA|[ɔ]}} in Luoyang. For example, {{Zh|c={{linktext|学}}|s=|t=|p=|labels=no}} (Standard {{IPA|[ɕɥœ̌]}}/{{IPAc-cmn|x|yue|2}}, to learn) is {{IPA|[ɕɥɔ]}}, and {{Zh|c={{linktext|角}}|s=|t=|p=|labels=no}} (Standard {{IPA|[tɕjɑù]}}/{{IPAc-cmn|j|iao|3}}, horn) is {{IPA|[tɕɥɔ]}}.
- Standard final {{IPA|/əi/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ɯ]}} or {{IPA|[i]}} in certain environments in Luoyang.
- Standard final {{IPA|/n/}} nasalizes the preceding vowel in the Luoyang Dialect.
- The -儿 suffix is pronounced {{IPA|/ɯ/}}.
Notes
=Footnotes=
{{notefoot}}
=Citations=
{{Reflist}}
=References=
{{Refbegin}}
- {{Citation
| last =Kurparska
| first =Maria
| date =2010
| orig-year =1977
| title =Chinese Language(s) : A Look Through the Prism of The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
| publisher =Walter de Gruyter
| publication-place =Berlin; New York
| isbn =9783110219142
| oclc =733240264
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=lCgnrA7Ke3QC
| access-date =17 November 2014
}}
- {{Citation
| last =Pulleyblank
| first =Edwin G.
| date =1983
| title =Middle Chinese : A Study in Historical Phonology
| publisher =The University of British Columbia Press
| publication-place =Vancouver
| isbn =9780774801928
| oclc =11266119
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RGW4jhsUF6EC
| access-date =17 November 2014
}}
- {{Citation
| last =Kaske
| first =Elisabeth
| date =2008
| title =The Politics of Language in Chinese Education : 1895—1919
| publisher =Koninklijke Brill
| publication-place =Leiden; Danvers
| isbn =9789047423331
| oclc =317454513
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=okhrBBmnHVQC
| access-date =17 November 2014
}}
- {{Citation
| last =Dong
| first =Hongyuan
| date =2014
| title =A History of the Chinese Language
| publisher =Routledge
| publication-place =Abingdon; New York
| isbn =9781317743903
| oclc =877772203
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtgAwAAQBAJ
| access-date =17 November 2014
}}
{{Refend}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Luoyang}}
{{Chinese language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Luoyang Dialect}}