Luwians#History#Land of Luwiya

"Luwian" is an exonym first used by the Hittites as an "ethno-linguistic term referring to the area where Luwian was spoken"Hawkins, David J. (2013). Luwians vs. Hittites. Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean, p. 31-35. Netherlands: Brill. in Bronze Age Anatolia. It has been suggested that the name is a foreign ethnic designation (Assyrian) borrowed from another foreign ethnic designation (Hurrian) - nuwā-um.Carruba, Onofrio. (1992). Luwier in Kappadokien. La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idÈes dans le Proche-Orient ancien. Ed. D. Charpin and F. JoannËs. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. pp. 251-57. An alternate derivation is ascribed to the Luwian lūwa meaning "plain."Yakubovich, Ilya. (2010). Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Division of the Humanities In Candidacy For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago. [https://www.academia.edu/498331/Sociolinguistics_of_the_Luvian_Language Academia.edu]

File:Anubanini relief constituents King Anubanini.jpg, holding an axe and bow, trampling an enemy.]]

The Luwian language is a member of the Anatolian language family, sharing a common ancestor with Hittite and Palaic. These languages are believed to have split off from one another over a period of less than a millennium.Bachhuber, Christopher. (2013). James Mellhaart and the Luwians. Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean, p. 292. Netherlands: Brill. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Luwian_Identities/a_B8VOPZlYIC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Google Books] There is no consensus on Luwian origins or their entry point into Anatolia,Crossland, R.A. (1967). Immigrants from the North, Volumes I & II, revised edition, p. 29. Cambridge University Press. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Immigrants_from_the_North/jhk7AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 Google Books]Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean. (2013). Netherlands: Brill. only that Indo-European speakers were intrusive to Anatolia.Melchert, Craig. (2003). The Luwians, pp. 23-25. Netherlands: Brill. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/9ut5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Google Books] Archaeological evidence suggests disruptions dating to roughly 2200 BC, which could be associated with the arrival of new populations including speakers of Anatolian languages.Yakar, Jak. (2003). Towards an absolute chronology for middle and late bronze age Anatolia, Studies. Presented A.M. Mansel, 562. [https://www.academia.edu/74113433/Towards_an_Absolute_Chronology_for_Middle_and_Late_Bronze_Age_Anatolia?uc-sb-sw=19507217 Academia.edu] within the earliest known geographical area of luwiliYakubovich, Ilya. (2011). Luwian and the Luwians. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), p. 364, 535. Spain: OUP USA. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Ancient_Anatolia/TY3t4y_L5SQC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Google Books] and proximate to the location where Luwian names appear in Assyrian records.Yakubovich, Ilya. (2010). Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Division of the Humanities In Candidacy For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago. [https://www.academia.edu/498331/Sociolinguistics_of_the_Luvian_Language Academia.edu] The Konya plain is a plausible candidate for the initial settlement of the Luwians.Bryce, T. (2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History, p. 17. United Kingdom: OUP Oxford.

File:Mid000017 Map 2011 09 Middle-Bronzse-Age-Anatolia.jpg

The linguist Ilya Yakubovich has given the most succinct quote concerning the Luwians, stating:

{{Blockquote

|text= The Hittite laws contain a handful of references to the country named Luviya, which is not accompanied by the geographic identification of this region, while a number of other texts introduce passages that were expected to be uttered luwili (in the Luvian language), even though not all of them are actually recorded in Luvian. This is all the historical information that is available about Luviya and the Luvians.}}

Nevertheless, archaeology suggests the arrival of Luwians at Acemhöyük sometime after 2157 BCYakar, Jak. (2003). Towards an absolute chronology for middle and late bronze age Anatolia, Studies. Presented A.M. Mansel, 562. [https://www.academia.edu/74113433/Towards_an_Absolute_Chronology_for_Middle_and_Late_Bronze_Age_Anatolia?uc-sb-sw=19507217 Academia.edu]Forlanini, Massimo. 1977. “L’Anatolia Nord-Occidentale Nell’impero Eteo.” Studi Micenei Ed Egeo-Anatolici 3-4: 291-300. and westward expansion thereafter.Yakubovich, Ilya (2013). Anatolian Names in -wiya and the Structure of Empire Luwian Omnastics. Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean, p. 31-35. Netherlands: Brill.Bryce, T. (2018). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise History of the Hittites. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Warriors_of_Anatolia/PyjNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Google Books]Hawkins, David J. (2013). Luwians vs. Hittites. Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean.. Netherlands: Brill. They are believed to have settled south-central Anatolia,Shelestin, Vladimir, (August 2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347428768_The_ethnical_history_of_Kizzuwatna_an_onomastic_approach "The ethnical history of Kizzuwatna: an onomastic approach"], in: BAF-Online Proceedings of the Berner Altorientalisches Forum 3 the southern end of the Sakarya River valley,Mouton, Alice. (2016). The Festivals of Lallupiya-Ištanuwa: Liturgie oder Literatur?: 119–132. [https://www.academia.edu/26799592/The_Festivals_of_Lallupiya_Ištanuwa_Local_Traditions_or_Part_of_the_Religion_of_the_Hittite_State Academic.edu] modern İzmirWoudhuizen, Fred. (2023). The Luwians of Western Anatolia: Their Neighbours and Predecessors. United Kingdom: Archaeopress Publishing Limited. [https://www.academia.edu/44417598/The_Luwians_of_Western_Anatolia_Their_neighbours_and_predecessors Academia.edu]{{Better source needed|date=December 2024}} and most if not all of southwestern Anatolia.Bryce, Trevor. (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Kingdom_of_the_Hittites/Agg5-lpVI2MC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Google Books].Herda, Alexander. (2013). Greek (and our) Views on the Karians, pp. Aegean. Netherlands: Brill. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Luwian_Identities/a_B8VOPZlYIC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Google Books] Fred Woudhuizen has argued that Luwian-speakers populated the Greek mainland and the Aegean Islands prior to the arrival of the Mycenaeans.

File:Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg in the National Museum of Aleppo.]]

Luwians first appear in the historical record around 2000 BC, with the presence of personal names and loan words in Old Assyrian Empire documents from the Assyrian colony of Kültepe, dating from between 1950 and 1700 BC (Middle Chronology), which shows that Luwian and Hittite were already two distinct languages at this point. The Luwians most likely lived in southern and western Anatolia, perhaps with a political centre at Purushanda. The Assyrian colonists and traders who were present in Anatolia at this time refer to the local people as nuwaʿum without any differentiation. This term seems to derive from the name of the Luwians, with the change from l/n resulting from the mediation of Hurrian.

Linguistic models suggest the existence of a common Luwian-speaking state circa 2000 BC, stretching from the central Anatolian plateau (modern Konya) northward to the western bend of the Maraššantiya (where modern Ankara, Kırıkkale and Kırşehir provinces meet).Yakubovich, Ilya. (2011). In Search of Luwiya, the Original Luwian-speaking Area. Journal of Ancient History, Vol. 4, p. 295. [http://vdi.igh.ru/issues/153/articles/2720?locale=en http://vdi.igh.ru] The region was dominated by the kingdom of Purushanda,Blasweiler, Joost. (2016). The kingdom of Purušhanda in the land Luwiya, pp. 31-38. Arnhem, Arnhem (NL) Bronze Age. [https://www.academia.edu/21099213/The_kingdom_of_Purušhanda_in_the_land_Luwiya#:~:text=The%20land%20Purušhanda%20was%20connected,under%20the%20realm%20of%20Hattusha. Academia.edu] the etymology of which suggests a takeover of Hattic lands by Luwian elitesHistory of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 549. United Kingdom: Routledge, 1994. and a region made up of an eclectic mix of Luwian-speaking Luwians, Hattic-speaking Luwians, Luwian-speaking Hattians and Hattic-speaking Hattians.Giusfredi, F., Pisaniello, V., Matessi, A. (2023). Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World: Volume 1, The Bronze Age and Hatti. Netherlands: Brill. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Contacts_of_Languages_and_Peoples_in_the/zOn7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Google Books]

Archaeology at Acemhöyük has confirmed the remains of central Anatolian, Mesopotamian and north Syrian pottery - as well as traces of monumental structures - which tree ring analysis establish 2157 BC as the final dating for wood used in construction, providing a plausible terminus a quo for the Luwian takeover of the region.Yakar, Jak. (2003). Towards an absolute chronology for middle and late bronze age Anatolia, Studies. Presented A.M. Mansel, 562. [https://www.academia.edu/74113433/Towards_an_Absolute_Chronology_for_Middle_and_Late_Bronze_Age_Anatolia?uc-sb-sw=19507217 Academia.edu]

File:SUPPILULIUMA.jpg (Unqi)]]

The Old Hittite laws from the 17th century BC contain cases relating to the then independent regions of Palā and Luwiya. Traders and displaced people seem to have moved from one country to the other on the basis of agreements between Ḫattusa and Luwiya.H. Craig Melchert: The Luwians. Brill 2003, {{ISBN|90-04-13009-8}}, pp. 28 f. It has been argued that the Luwians never formed a single unified Luwian state but populated a number of polities where they mixed with other population groups, though a minority opinion holds that the Luwians formed a unified socio-political group.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

During the Hittite period, the kingdom of Kizzuwatna had its own dialect of Luwian, distinct from that spoken in Hattusa. Kizzuwatna was the Hittite and Luwian name for ancient Cilicia. The area was conquered by the Hittites in the 16th century BC. Around 1500, the area broke off and became the kingdom of Kizzuwatna, whose ruler used the title of "Great King", like the Hittite ruler. The Hittite king Telipinu had to conclude a treaty with King Išputaḫšu, which was renewed by his successors. Under King Pilliya, Kizzuwatna became a vassal of the Mitanni. Around 1420, King Šunaššura of Mitanni renounced control of Kizzuwatna and concluded an alliance with the Hittite king Tudḫaliya I. Soon after this, the area seems to have been incorporated into the Hittite empire and remained so until its collapse around 1190 BC at the hands of Assyria and Phrygia.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Western Anatolian kingdoms such as Seha, Arzawa, and Wilusa may have had at least partially Luwian-speaking populations, though current evidence leaves room for doubt, and this is a matter of controversy in contemporary scholarship.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Petra Goedegebuure of the Oriental Institute has argued that Luwian was spoken from the eastern Aegean coast to Melid and as far north as Alaca Hoyuk during the Hittite Kingdom.{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe4jnBdVxjw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Pe4jnBdVxjw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Petra Goedegebuure Anatolians on the Move: From Kurgans to Kanesh |last=Goedegebuure |first=Petra |publisher=Oriental Institute |date=February 5, 2020 |via=YouTube |access-date=January 5, 2021}}{{cbignore}}

{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2022}}

File:Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png (orange shades) states in the 8th century BCE]]

{{main|Syro-Hittite states}}

After the collapse of the Hittite Empire c. 1180 BCE, several small principalities developed in northern Syria and southwestern Anatolia. In south-central Anatolia was Tabal which probably consisted of several small city-states, in Cilicia there was Quwê, in northern Syria was Gurgum, on the Euphrates there were Melid, Kummuh, Carchemish and (east of the river) Masuwara, while on the Orontes River there were Unqi-Pattin and Hamath. The princes and traders of these kingdoms used Hieroglyphic Luwian in inscriptions, the latest of which date to the 8th century BC. The Karatepe Bilingual inscription of prince Azatiwada is particularly important.

These states were largely destroyed and incorporated into the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC) during the 9th century BC.Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq

The non-profit Luwian Studies foundation was established in 2014 to promote the study of the Luwians and their cultures.[https://archive.today/20140908151337/http://zh.powernet.ch/webservices/inet/HRG/HRG.asmx/getHRGHTML?chnr=0207001940&amt=020&toBeModified=0&validOnly=0&lang=4&sort=0 Entry for the foundation Luwian Studies in the commercial register of canton Zurich]

In 2018 it was revealed that prominent British historian James Mellaart had fabricated Luwian inscriptions over the course of his career, invalidating any research based upon his work.{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/61989-famed-archaeologist-created-fakes.html|title=Famed Archaeologist 'Discovered' His Own Fakes at 9,000-Year-Old Settlement|last=Jarus|first=Owen|date=2018-03-12|website=Live Science|access-date=2019-05-06}}{{Cite web|url=https://luwianstudies.org/app/uploads/2018/03/LS_MI_20180301_Mellaart_ENG.pdf|title=British prehistorian forged documents throughout his life|date=2018-03-01|website=Luwian Studies}}

• Luwian language
• Luwian religion
• Hieroglyphic Luwian
• Luwian Studies
• Luwian-Aramean states

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Refbegin|2}}

• Hartmut Blum. “Luwier in der Ilias?”, Troia – Traum und Wirklichkeit: Ein Mythos in Geschichte und Rezeption, in: Tagungsband zum Symposion im Braunschweigischen Landesmuseum am 8. und 9. Juni 2001 im Rahmen der Ausstellung “Troia: Traum und Wirklichkeit”. Braunschweig: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, 2003. {{ISBN|3-927939-57-9}}, pp. 40–47.
• {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=Trevor R.|author-link=Trevor R. Bryce|title=Life and Society in the Hittite World|year=2002|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199241705|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-MTDAAAQBAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=Trevor R.|author-link=Trevor R. Bryce|title=The Kingdom of the Hittites|year=2005|orig-year=1998|edition=2nd revised|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199279081|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMHmCwAAQBAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=Trevor R.|author-link=Trevor R. Bryce|title=The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History|year=2012|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191505027|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gp8lMpoFAUsC}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Bryce|first=Trevor R.|author-link=Trevor R. Bryce|title=The Land of Hiyawa (Que) Revisited|journal=Anatolian Studies|year=2016|volume=66|pages=67–79|doi=10.1017/S0066154616000053|jstor=24878364|s2cid=163486778|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24878364}}
• Billie Jean Collins, Mary R. Bachvarova, & Ian C. Rutherford, eds. Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbours. London: Oxbow Books, 2008.
• {{Cite book|last=Gilibert|first=Alessandra|title=Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance: The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE|year=2011|location=Berlin-New York|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110222258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mabklSO8X6IC}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hawkins|first=John David|chapter=The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|year=1982|volume=3|issue=1|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=372–441|isbn=9780521224963|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hawkins|first=John David|chapter=The end of the Bronze age in Anatolia: New Light from Recent Discoveries|title=Anatolian Iron Ages|year=1994|volume=3|location=London-Ankara|publisher=British Institute of Archeology at Ankara|pages=91–94|isbn=9781912090693|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ElHDwAAQBAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hawkins|first=John David|chapter=Karkamish and Karatepe: Neo-Hittite City-States in North Syria|title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East|year=1995a|volume=2|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster Macmillan|pages=1295–1307|isbn=9780684197210|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3rAAAAMAAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hawkins|first=John David|chapter=Great Kings and Country Lords at Malatya and Karkamiš|title=Studio Historiae Ardens: Ancient Near Eastern Studies|year=1995b|location=Istanbul|publisher=Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul|pages=75–86|isbn=9789062580750|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0QsAQAAIAAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hawkins|first=John David|chapter=The Political Geography of North Syria and South-East Anatolia in the Neo-Assyrian Period|title=Neo-Assyrian Geography|year=1995c|location=Roma|publisher=Università di Roma|pages=87–101|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaoMAQAAMAAJ}}
• H. Craig Melchert, ed. The Luwians. Leiden: Brill, 2003, {{ISBN|90-04-13009-8}}.
• also in: Die Hethiter und ihr Reich. Exhibition catalog. Stuttgart: Theiss, 2002, {{ISBN|3-8062-1676-2}}.
• {{Cite book|last=Melchert|first=Craig|author-link=Craig Melchert|chapter=Luwian|title=A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages|year=2020|location=Hoboken|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|pages=239–256|isbn=9781119193296|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFbPDwAAQBAJ}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Osborne|first=James F.|title=Settlement Planning and Urban Symbology in Syro-Anatolian Cities|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|year=2014|volume=24|number=2|pages=195–214|doi=10.1017/S0959774314000444|s2cid=162223877|url=https://www.academia.edu/7531457|doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Osborne|first=James F.|title=Exploring the Lower Settlements of Iron Age Capitals in Anatolia and Syria|journal=Antiquity|year=2017|volume=91|number=355|pages=90–107|doi=10.15184/aqy.2016.254|s2cid=164449885|url=https://www.academia.edu/31017027}}
• {{Cite book|last=Osborne|first=James F.|title=The Syro-Anatolian City-States: An Iron Age Culture|year=2020|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199315833|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S8DEAAAQBAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last=Simon|first=Zsolt|chapter=Aramaean Borders: the Hieroglyphic Luwian Evidence|title=Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.|year=2019|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=125–148|isbn=9789004398535|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1imVDwAAQBAJ}}
• Ilya S. Yakubovich. Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. Leiden: Brill, 2010. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17791-8}}.
• Eberhard Zangger. The Luwian Civilisation: The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age. Istanbul: Yayinlari, 2016, {{ISBN|978-605-9680-11-0}}.

{{refend}}

• [http://luwianstudies.org/de/ Luwian Studies.org]
• Urs Willmann: [http://www.zeit.de/2016/21/archaeolgie-geschichte-troja-bronzezeit Räuberbanden im Mittelmeer.] In: Zeit Online, 2016
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DNyA90f_aw "The Luwians: A Lost Civilization Comes Back to Life"] keynote lecture by Dr. Eberhard Zangger given at Klosters' 50th Winterseminar, 18 January 2015 (online at Luwian Studies YouTube Channel)
• Eberhard Zangger and Serdal Mutlu, [https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2023/01/luwian-culture-map?fbclid=IwAR0393hQUukEnnVq5La5Tm_H3cFAhyCCi0lbrK423vrafjI9cSTP3GSlGmg Putting the Luwian Culture on the Map] American Society of Overseas Research January 2023

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Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East

Category:Anatolian peoples

Category:Late Bronze Age collapse

Category:Bronze Age peoples of Asia

Category:Iron Age peoples of Asia