Mahmud Shevket Pasha

Mahmud Shevket was born in Baghdad in 1856. His grandfather, Hacı Talib Ağa had moved from Tbilisi to Baghdad.{{Cite book |last=Finkel, Caroline. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756484323 |title=Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire. |date=2007 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-00850-6 |location=New York |pages=57 |oclc=756484323}} His father was Basra governor Kethüdazade Süleyman Faik Bey. He had four brothers, Numan, Murad, Khaled, and the much younger Hikmat, the latter two would become important statesmen of post Ottoman rule Iraq. Raised as an Ottoman, most sources claim that he had Georgian,

• {{cite book |last=Şakir|first=Ziya|date=1944 |publisher= F. Gücüyener Anadolu Türk Kitap Deposu|title=Mahmut Şevket paşa |pages=11–12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO8bAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC |quote=Resmi sicillere nazaran bu aileyi kuran zat, aslen (Gürcü) olup (Bağdat kölemenleri)ndendir.|trans-quote=According to the official records, the person who founded this family was originally Georgian and was one of the Baghdad slaves.|access-date=May 17, 2022}}
• {{cite book |last=Amca|first=Hasan|date=1958 |title=Dogmayan hürriyet |publisher=M. Sıralar Matbaası |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_AbAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC |access-date=May 17, 2022}}
• {{cite book |last=Seyrek|first=Ahmet Murat|date=2002|title=ATATÜRK SÖZLÜĞÜ |publisher=Yediveren Yayinlari |page=159 |isbn=9786052692387 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTpcEAAAQBAJ&dq=mahmud+%C5%9Fevket+pa%C5%9Fa+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC&pg=PA159 |access-date=May 17, 2022}}
• {{cite book |last=Yöntem|first=Ali Canib|date=2005|title=Prof. Ali Cânip Yöntem'in yeni Türk edebiyatı üzerine makaleleri |publisher=Tablet |page=166 |isbn=9789756346143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqUZAQAAIAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC |quote=Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın soyu Gürcü'dür.|trans-quote=Mahmut Şevket Pasha's ancestry is Georgian.|access-date=May 17, 2022}}
• {{cite book |date=1952|title=Publications de la Société d'histoire turque: VIII. sér |publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu |page=323|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DkNAQAAIAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC |access-date=May 17, 2022}}
• {{cite book |last=Bayur|first=Yusuf Hikmet|date=1983|title=Türk inkılâbı tarihi, 2. cilt,4. sayı |publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu|page=323|isbn=9789756346143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqUZAQAAIAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC |access-date=May 17, 2022|quote=Kendisi aslen Gürcü idi, ancak ailesi çoktandır Irak'a yerleşmişti ve Araplaşmıştı|trans-quote=He was originally Georgian, but his family had long since settled in Iraq and was Arabized.}}
• {{cite book|date=1944|title=Belleten, 8. cilt |publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXAFAAAAIAAJ&q=aslen+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC |access-date=May 17, 2022|quote=Süleyman Bey Bağdad'daki kölmenlere mensub ve Aslen Gürcü olup merhum Sadr-ı âzam ve Harbiye Nazırı Mahmud Şevket Paşanın babasıdır.|trans-quote=Süleyman Bey, a member of the slaves in Baghdad and originally Georgian, is the father of the late grand vizier and Minister of War Mahmud Şevket Pasha.}}
• {{cite news|date=17 May 1909|title=The New York Times, May 17, 1909|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/05/17/101881418.pdf}}
• {{Cite book|author=Hasan Kayali |year=1997 |title=Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire|location=Los Angeles |publisher=University of California Press |page=20}}
• {{Cite book|author=Hasan Kayali |year=1962 |title=Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939|location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press Press |page=282}} Chechen,Nâzım Tektaş, Sadrazamlar: Osmanlı'da ikinci adam saltanatı, Çatı Kitapları, 2002, p. .İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 101. {{in lang|tr}}{{Cite book|last=Finkel, Caroline.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756484323|title=Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire.|date=2007|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-00850-6|location=New York|pages=57|oclc=756484323}}{{Cite book|last=Mango, Andrew.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41547097|title=Atatürk|date=1999|publisher=John Murray|isbn=0-7195-5612-0|location=London|pages=549|oclc=41547097}} or Iraqi ArabAli Bilgenoğlu, Osmanlı Devleti'nde Arap milliyetçi cemiyetler, Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2007, p. 87.] ancestry. However, according to Celal Bayar and Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı, the relatives of the pasha told them that his father was of Georgian and his mother of Arab origin.{{cite book |last1=Bayar|first1=Celal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVFadXhSGewC&q=mahmut+%C5%9Fevket+pa%C5%9Fa+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC|title=Ben de yazdim |volume=IV |access-date=19 December 2022|date=1967|page=1228|publisher=Baha Matbaasi|quote=Bana, Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın yakınları, babasının Gürcü, annesinin Arap olduğunu söylemişlerdir|trans-quote=Relatives of Mahmut Şevket Pasha told me that his father was Georgian and his mother was Arab.}}{{cite book |last=Tevfik|first=Rıza |date=2008|title=Biraz da ben konuşayım |publisher=İletişim |page=179|isbn=9789750505638 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvdFAQAAIAAJ&q=+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC+ailesinin+evlad%C4%B1d%C4%B1r |access-date=17 May 2022|quote=Kendisi, umumi kanaat ve zan hilâfına, Arap değil Bağdat'ta yerleşmiş bir Gürcü ailesinin evlâdıdır. Nitekim ben Bağdat'ta iken merhumun hâlâ orada yaşayan hısım ve akrabası ile görüştüm.|trans-quote=Contrary to public opinion, he is the son of a Georgian family settled in Baghdad, not an Arab. As a matter of fact, while I was in Baghdad, I talked to the deceased's relatives and relatives who still live there.}} In addition to Turkish and Arabic, he spoke French and German.

He finished his primary and secondary education in Baghdad before going to Alliance Israélite Universelle of Constantinople (now Istanbul).{{cite magazine |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417000151/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/109555 |title=Haskala'nın Yahudi Eğitimine Etkisi: Alliance Israelite Universelle ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm "İstanbul AIU Okulları Örneği ile" |magazine=inanç, kültür ve mitoloji araştırmaları dergisi |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=May–August 2009 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/109555 |url-status=dead}}{{cite book|access-date=17 April 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417000149/https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/T%C3%BCrkiye_nin_devlet_ya%C5%9Fam%C4%B1nda_Yahudile.html?id=-8YlAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Türkiye'nin devlet yaşamında Yahudiler|isbn=978-975-7304-22-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8YlAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live |last1=Yetkin |first1=Çetin |date=1996 |publisher=Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayin }}{{cite book|title=Soner Yalçın, Efendi 2 – Beyaz Müslümanların Büyük Sırrı, Doğan Kitap, 1. Baskı, Istanbul 2006, sayfa 114.}} After completing his education in the Mekteb-i Harbiye in 1882 he served in Crete as a lieutenant before returning as a faculty member the next year.Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930... Shevket rose through the ranks, eventually serving on the general staff and achieving the rank of Miralay (Colonel) in 1891. He joined an arms purchasing commission sent to Germany to supervise the manufacture of war matériel for the Ottoman army, during which he worked as an assistant to Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz. There he wrote extensively on the Mauser rifle as it entered into operation in the Ottoman Army. Upon his return in 1899, he was promoted to brigadier general and appointed deputy chairman of the Tophane-i Amire's Inspection Commission. In 1901, he was promoted to Ferik (Lieutenant General) and was soon assigned to the Hejaz railway to oversee construction of the Mecca–Medina telegraph line. He perceived this assignment as an exile, which likely tainted his opinion of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's regime. During this period he also spent some time in France studying military technology.{{Cite web |title=Mahmud Şevket Paşa |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahmud-Sevket-Pasa |website=Britannica}}

In 1905 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was appointed governor of the Kosovo Vilayet during the height of the Macedonian Conflict, where he gained respect from the army for his effectiveness. He made contact with the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and turned a blind eye to their anti-regime activism. Thus began his complex and tenuous relationship with the "Sacred Committee". When the CUP prevailed in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which forced Sultan Abdul Hamid to reinstate the Ottoman constitution and call for elections, Shevket was placed in command of the Selanik (Thessaloniki) based Third Army.

In 1902 he published Ottoman Military Organization and Uniforms from the Establishment of the Ottoman State to the Present (Turkish: Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi) which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive studies written on the history of the Ottoman army and its uniforms.{{Cite web |last=Türkmen |first=Zekeriya |title=Mahmud Şevket Paşa |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mahmud-sevket-pasa |website=İslâm Ansiklopedisi}}

{{Main|31 March Incident}}

A year later saw the 31 March Incident, when counter-revolutionary reactionaries rose up in support of Abdulhamid's absolutist rule and the Constitution was once again repealed. The CUP appealed to Shevket Pasha to restore the status quo, and he organized the Action Army, an ad hoc formation made up of his Third Army and elements of the First and Second Armies to suppress the uprising.{{sfn|Gawrych|2006|p=167}}{{harvnb|Zürcher|2017|p=202.}} His chief of staff during the crisis was the first president of the Republic of Turkey, captain Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). The Action Army entered Constantinople on 24 April, and after a series of negotiations, Abdulhamid II was deposed, Mehmed V Reshad ascended to the throne, the Constitution was reinstated for the third and last time, and the CUP was allowed to form a government.

File:Mahmut shevket-p.jpg

After the incident, he became an important power holder in Ottoman politics: Shevket Pasha was made martial law Commander of Constantinople, inspector of the First, Second, and Third Armies, and Minister of War. Though Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha came back to form a government, his premiership was widely seen as being under Shevket Pasha's control. His War Ministry worked to keep officers away from politics, especially the CUP.{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Stanford |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Reform, Revolution, and Republic |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=0521291666 |pages=283}} His tenure as War Minister saw the suppression of the 1910 Albanian Revolt. He also used troops from Tripolitania to suppress Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din's revolt in Yemen, which exposed Tripolitania to foreign invasion from Italy in 1911. Hilmi's resignation saw Ibrahim Hakki elevated to the Grand Vezierate, and Shevket was also included in cabinet as War Minister.

Shevket Pasha is credited for the creation of Ottoman Air Divisions in 1911. He gave much importance to a military aviation program and as a result the Ottoman Empire held some of the most pioneering aviation institutions in the world.{{cite web|title=Founding - Turkish Air Force|url=http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007104345/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=19|archive-date=7 October 2011|access-date=6 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|title=Commentary - History of the Turkish Air Force|url=https://www.incirlik.af.mil/News/story/storyID/123032165/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031410/http://www.incirlik.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123032165|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=5 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}

In an interview with The New York Times, he pushed for Christians to make up 25% of the Ottoman army, and for good relations with the United States.{{cite news |date=17 May 1909 |title=The New York Times, May 17, 1909 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/05/17/101881418.pdf}}

Though he saved the CUP in the 31 March Incident, Shevket also played a pivotal role in the 1912 coup which caused the fall of the CUP government. His resignation as War Minister was an effective endorsement to the Savior Officers, who were able to maneuver around the Unionist parliament and shuttered it, driving them underground.{{Sfn|Shaw|Shaw|1977|p=291}} Thereafter he served as a senator.

{{See also|Shevket Pasha cabinet}}During the First Balkan War, the Ottoman Empire lost all of its Balkan possessions except the outskirts of Constantinople. The CUP overthrew Kâmil Pasha's Savior Officer backed government in January 1913 in a coup known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, because he entered negotiations with the Balkan League. Shevket Pasha was made Grand Vizier, War Minister, Foreign Minister and Field Marshal in a national unity government that included the CUP, and resumed fighting in the war. However, the change in government did not change the reality that the war and most of Rumelia was lost. The Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War, though Shevket Pasha's government never signed the treaty.{{Cite book|author=Feroz Ahmad|author-link=Feroz Ahmad|year=2014 |title=Turkey: The Quest for Identity |edition=second |location=London |publisher=Oneworld |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hMRpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 44] |isbn=978-1-78074-301-1}} The Ottoman Empire would recover Eastern Thrace and Edirne in the Second Balkan War, but by then Shevket Pasha would be dead.

On 11 June 1913 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was assassinated in his car in Beyazit Square in a revenge attack by a relative of the assassinated War Minister Nazım Pasha, who was killed during the 1913 coup. When Shevket's Laffly S20 stopped in the square for roadside repairs, at least five gunmen fired ten shots from another vehicle.{{harvnb|Beckett|2012|p=31}} He was buried in the Monument of Liberty, dedicated to soldiers of the Action Army who were killed in the 31 March Incident. The car he was in, the uniform he was wearing, the clothes of his murdered aides, and the weapons used in the assassination are on display at the Istanbul Military Museum. He was survived by his wife, Selime Dilşad Hanım, with whom he had no children.{{Cite web |last=Bardakçı |first=Murat |date=12 December 2013 |title=İşte, Sadrazam Mahmud Şevket Paşa'nın 100 senedir merak edilen kayıp günlüğü |url=https://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/murat-bardakci/899394-iste-sadrazam-mahmud-sevket-pasanin-100-senedir-merak-edilen-kayip-gunlugu |website=Habertürk}}

With Shevket Pasha's assassination, the CUP took complete control over Ottoman politics. A martial law tribunal handed out several death sentences to real or alleged conspirators, with 12 being executed on 24 June. Many death sentences were doled out among the leadership of the Freedom and Accord Party, which since the Raid of the Sublime Porte were exiled in several countries. Opposition leaders still in the capital were exiled to Sinop.

On the day of his assassination, a deputy of the Freedom and Accord Party, Lütfi Fikri stated "In the full sense of the word, Mahmud Şevket Pasha has committed suicide, and this was decided on the day he accepted the grand vezierate over the corpse of Nâzım Pasha. I am sure that this man did not like, for instance, Talaat Bey and his friends. How could it be that he became, to such a degree, a toy in their hands and died for this reason?"{{Sfn|Kieser|2018|p=140}}File:Mahmut Sevket Pasa.jpg]]

Mahmud Shevket Pasha represented the last independent personality in the Empire's politics; the successor of the premiership, Said Halim Pasha, would be a puppet of the CUP's radical faction, headed by the triumvirate of Talat, Enver, and Cemal, all of whom would finally enter the cabinet following his death. Enver Pasha took Shevket Pasha's old post of Minister of War by 1914, and Talat in addition to returning to the interior ministry after his assassination, himself became Grand Vizier in 1917. Shevket Pasha's assassination allowed the CUP, primarily Talat Pasha, to establish a radical nationalist dictatorship that would last until the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I in 1918. This dictatorship would see the empire retake Edirne in the Second Balkan War, but also join and lose World War I while committing genocide against its Christian minorities.

Shevket Pasha was the last Ottoman Grand Vizier to die in office. He was the only grand vizier to have written memoirs.

A town in Beykoz, Istanbul is named after him. The name of the town Tirilye was changed to Mahmutşevketpaşa in his memory after his assassination, but would rename itself to Zeytinbağı in 1963.{{cite web|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/yasam/2012/01/26/adina-kavusan-belde-tirilye|title=Adına kavuşan belde Tirilye|access-date=6 October 2020|location=Türkçe|work=Sabah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130065649/https://www.sabah.com.tr/yasam/2012/01/26/adina-kavusan-belde-tirilye|archive-date=30 January 2012|url-status=dead}}

File:Mahmud Şevket (military uniform, full-sized portrait photograph).jpg

In a 2012 interview with Habertürk, Murat Bardakçı publicized what he claimed was the first ever audio recording made in the Ottoman Empire, which was Mahmud Shevket Pasha's rallying speech to the troops of the Action Army, urging them to march on Istanbul and overthrow the sultan.Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/xIRUC8p0t7M Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160609172149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIRUC8p0t7M Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIRUC8p0t7M| title = Mahmud Şevket Paşa'nın 31 Mart Olayı Sırasındaki Ses Kaydı | website=YouTube| date = 20 April 2009 }}{{cbignore}} While a YouTube video recording of the speech has gone viral, its veracity has been controversial. A study by the historian Derya Tulga concluded that it is impossible for an original audio recording of Shevket Pasha's 1909 speech to exist, and even assuming it is Mahmud Shevket Pasha's voice, the recording was ultimately a reenactment produced two years after the 31 March Incident, which he would have done for propaganda purposes. She goes further to state that the voice in the recording is most likely not even Shevket Pasha's but instead the Turkish representative of Favorite Platten Record Company Ahmet Şükrü Bey. Mehmet Çalışkan came to a similar conclusion, adding that the words of the speech itself can't be verified to be Shevket Pasha's, and points out that Ahmet Şükrü promoted the voice recording on a 15 August 1911 issue of the CUP mouthpiece Tanin.{{Cite web |last=Aladağ |first=Alaaddin |date=15 December 2021 |title=Mahmut Şevket Paşa'ya ait olduğu iddia edilen ses kaydı |url=https://dogrulugune.org/mahmut-sevket-pasaya-ait-oldugu-iddia-edilen-ses-kaydi/ |website=Doğruluğu Ne?}}

Shevket Pasha wrote several books in addition to his memoirs. He also translated Alphonse Karr's Sous les Tilleuls.

• Logaritma Cedâvili Risalesi (from Jean Dupuis, H. 1301)
• Fenn-i Esliha (H. 1301)
• Usûl-i Hendese I-II (H. 1302-1304)
• Asâkir-i Şahanenin Piyade Sınıfına Mahsus 87 Modeli Mükerrer Ateşli Mavzer üzer Tüfeği (H. 1303)
• Mükerrer Ateşli Tüfekler (H.1308)
• Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfekleri Risâlesi (H. 1311)
• Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfeklerine Mahsus Atlas (H.1311)
• Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi (I-III, H. 1320)

{{Commons category|Mahmud Shevket Pasha}}

File:Mahmut1.jpg|The pistols carried by Mahmud Shevket Pasha's assassins.

File:Automobile blindé & Etat major de Chefket Pacha.jpg|1904 Hotchkiss automitrailleuse afront the General Staff Headquarters in Istanbul, 1909.

File:Istanbul Military museum 6567.jpg|Mahmud Shevket Pasha just before his murder, Istanbul Military Museum.

File:MahmutSevketPasa Cenaze 03.jpg|Shevket Pasha's funeral

File:Mahmud Şevket Paşa suikastı raporu (page 3 crop).jpg|Sketch of events of Shevket Pasha's assassination in the report written by the police chief of Istanbul

File:1327 05 26 Serveti Funun Mahmut Sevket Pasa.jpg|Mahmud Shevket Pasha in a car, 1911

• Miralay Sadık Bey

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|2}}

• {{cite book |last=Beckett |first=Ian F. W.|title=The Making of the First World War |year=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press|location=Connecticut, US|isbn=978-0-300-16202-8}}
• {{cite book |last=Gawrych |first=George |title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913 |year=2006 |publisher=IB Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-287-5 |location=London}}
• {{cite book|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|title=Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide|title-link=Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide|date=2018|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15762-7|author-link=Hans-Lukas Kieser}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=hhtEDwAAQBAJ Google Books])
• {{Citation|last1=Shaw|first1=Stanford|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|date=27 May 1977|volume=II|publication-date=1975|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-29166-6|last2=Shaw|first2=Ezel}}
• {{cite book |last=Zürcher |first=Erik Jan |year=2017 |chapter=31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909? |editor1-last=Lévy-Aksu |editor1-first=Noémi |editor2-last=Georgeon |editor2-first=François |title=The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781786720214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OQzDwAAQBAJ&q=Ismail+Kemal+Bey+%28Vlora%29}}

{{refend}}

• {{PM20|FID=pe/026150}}
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIRUC8p0t7M Alleged recording of Mahmud Shevket Pasha's speech to the Action Army]

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{{succession box|title=Grand Vizier|before=Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha|years=1913|after=Said Halim Pasha}}

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{{Grand Viziers of_Ottoman_Empire}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmud Shevket Pasha}}

Category:1856 births

Category:1913 deaths

Category:Military personnel from Baghdad

Category:Iraqi people of Georgian descent

Category:Georgians from the Ottoman Empire

Category:Ottoman Military Academy alumni

Category:Ottoman Military College alumni

Category:Pashas

Category:Field marshals of the Ottoman Empire

Category:20th-century grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire

Category:Ottoman people of the Balkan Wars

Category:Assassinated politicians from the Ottoman Empire

Category:Generalissimos