Malmö Synagogue#Attacks

{{Short description|Orthodox synagogue in Malmö, Scania, Skåne County, Sweden}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox religious building

| name = Malmö Synagogue

| native_name = {{langx|sv|Malmö synagoga}}

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| image = Malmö synagoga 2.jpg

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| caption = The façade of the synagogue, in 2007

| religious_affiliation = Orthodox Judaism

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| rite = Nusach Ashkenaz

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| organisational_status = Synagogue

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| functional_status = Active

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| location = Föreningsgatan, Malmö, Skåne County

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| country = Sweden

| map_type = Sweden Skåne

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| map_caption = Location of the synagogue in Skåne County

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| coordinates = {{Coord|55|35|58|N|13|00|39|E|type:landmark_region:SE|display=it}}

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| architect = John Smedberg

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| architecture_style = {{ubl|Art Nouveau|Moorish Revival}}

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| established = {{nowrap|1871 {{small|(as a congregation)}}}}

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| year_completed = 1903

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| materials = Brick

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| footnotes = {{cite web |url=https://historicsynagogueseurope.org/browser.php?mode=set&id=20796 |title=Synagogue in Malmö |work=Historic Synagogues of Europe |publisher=Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the Center for Jewish Art at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem |date=n.d. |access-date=29 August 2024 }}

}}

The Malmö Synagogue ({{langx|sv|Malmö synagoga}}, {{Langx|he|בית הכנסת של מאלמו}}) is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located on Föreningsgatan, Malmö, in Skåne County, Sweden. The synagogue was designed by John Smedberg in the Art Nouveau and Moorish Revival styles and completed in 1903.

The synagogue is one of the few surviving synagogues in Europe built in a Moorish Revival style, as most of them were destroyed during Kristallnacht 1938.{{cite web |url=http://malmomuseer.se/thumbnails.php?album=45 |title=Malmö museer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607043159/http://malmomuseer.se/thumbnails.php?album=45 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |language=sv}}{{cite web |url=http://jfm.se/kort-historik.html |title=Judiska församlingen i Malmö |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025106/http://jfm.se/kort-historik.html |archive-date=21 February 2009 |language=sv }}{{cite web |url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/Kartor_och_planeringsunderlag/Kulturmiljoprogram/Skanes_historia_och_utveckling/Religiosa_landskap/Judendomen_i_Skane.htm |title=Länsstyrelsen i Skåne län |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004040127/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/Kartor_och_planeringsunderlag/Kulturmiljoprogram/Skanes_historia_och_utveckling/Religiosa_landskap/Judendomen_i_Skane.htm |archive-date=2009-10-04 |language=sv }} At the inauguration of Malmö Synagogue, it was Malmö's first non-Christian place of worship. Malmö has two Jewish cemeteries: one section in the northern part of Sankt Pauli kyrkogård and another, newer section in Östra kyrkogården.

In 2021, the synagogue attracted approximately 5,000 visitors per annum.{{Cite web |last=Christoffersson |first=Tobias |date=2021-10-07 |title=Synagogan välkomnar besökare på nytt sätt |url=https://malmo.se/Aktuellt/Artiklar-Malmo-stad/2021-10-07-Synagogan-valkomnar-besokare-pa-nytt-satt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214113832/https://malmo.se/Aktuellt/Artiklar-Malmo-stad/2021-10-07-Synagogan-valkomnar-besokare-pa-nytt-satt.html |archive-date=2022-02-14 |access-date=14 February 2022 |publisher=Malmö Municipality |language=sv}}

History

File:Judiska kapellet Pauli norra.jpg

The congregation started in 1871 as the fifth Jewish community established in Sweden after Stockholm, Gothenburg, Norrköping and Karlskrona. The community consisted mostly of immigrants from Germany and Poland and had an initial membership base of 251 people.{{Cite web |title=Jewish Community of Malmö - Our history |url=https://www.jfm.se/om-judiska-forsamlingen/var-historia/ |access-date=13 February 2022}} Later on, more Jews fled from Poland, Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic states due to poverty, antisemitism and the threat of being drafted into the Imperial Russian Army for 25 years. The first rabbi Joseph Wohlstein was hired in 1900 and the synagogue was built in 1903 with funding from {{Ill|Jacob Lachmann |lt=Jacob|sv}} and Clara Lachmann.{{Cite web |title=Stiftelsens historik |trans-title=The Foundation's History |url=https://www.claralachmann.org/historik/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Clara Lachmanns Stiftelse |language=sv-SE}} During the Second World War Danish Jews fled to Malmö, which expanded the community. During the 1970s, the membership peaked with over 2,000 members which was close to 1% of Malmö's population, mostly Jews from Poland, due to a state-led anti-Semitic persecution. Since 1990, many members began to feel growing anti-Semitic attitudes and sentiments in Malmö and the community have led to a decline in adult membership by approximately 500 between 1999 and 2019.{{Cite web |last=Sieradzki |first=Fredrik |date=2019-08-21 |title=En injektion av hopp för judiskt liv i Malmöregionen |url=https://minoritet.se/5449 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Minoritet.se |language=sv}} An Egalitarian community was established in 2011, in parallel to the Orthodox community.{{Cite web |title=Egalitära synagogan i Malmö |url=https://www.jfm.se/om-judiska-forsamlingen/egalitara-synagogan-i-malmo/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Judiska Församlingen Malmö}}

= Events =

A Holocaust conference was held in Malmö in October 2021. It was an International Forum for the remembrance of the Holocaust and against antisemitism in Malmö.{{Cite news |last=Nydahl |first=Kjell |date=13 October 2021 |title=Förintelsekonferens i Malmö |trans-title=Holocaust conference in Malmö |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/nyhetstecken/forintelsekonferens-i-malmo |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=SVT Nyheter}} 44 countries participated, including Sweden's prime minister Stefan Löfven and the King of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf.{{Cite news |last=Grosshög |first=Hanna |date=2021-10-13 |title=Toppolitiker från hela världen samlas i Malmö |url=https://www.dn.se/sverige/massivt-sakerhetspadrag-och-stora-avsparrningar-vid-forintelsekonferensen-i-malmo/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=Dagens Nyheter |language=sv}}

In collaboration with Malmö Municipality, the synagogue opened up as a knowledge center in January 2022.

= Attacks =

The synagogue was attacked with explosives on 23 July 2010.{{cite web |author=Verbin, Dan |url=http://www.shalomlife.com/eng/13419/Malmo_Synagogue_Rocked_by_Explosion/ |title=Malmo Synagogue Rocked by Explosion |work=Shalom Life |date=27 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730113631/http://www.shalomlife.com/eng/13419/Malmo_Synagogue_Rocked_by_Explosion |archive-date=2010-07-30 }} The explosion was caused with some kind of fireworks or firecracker containing too little gunpowder to seriously damage the building.{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308175748/http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/western_europe/45132 |url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/western_europe/45132 |title=Threat and attack against the synagogue of Malmö as Jews leave the Swedish city |date=27 July 2010 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |work=European Jewish Press }}

The synagogue was attacked with an explosive device on 28 September 2012, shattering a window.{{Cite news |title=I natt sprängdes en bomb vid synagogan i Malmö |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=493&artikel=5289458 |work=P4 Stockholm |date=28 September 2012 |language=Swedish}}

On 4 November 2023, pro-Palestinian demonstrators burned an Israeli flag and chanted "bomb Israel" outside the synagogue. The European Jewish Congress condemned the incident: "Intimidating the Jewish community and blaming them for the events in the Middle East is blatant antisemitism."{{Cite news |date=6 November 2023 |title=Protesters chant 'bomb Israel' and burn flag outside synagogue in Sweden |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-chant-bomb-israel-and-burn-flag-outside-synagogue-in-sweden/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110232818/https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-chant-bomb-israel-and-burn-flag-outside-synagogue-in-sweden/ |url-status=live }}

See also

{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|Sweden}}}}

References

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