Moorish Revival architecture

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| image1 = Комплекс споруд Воронцовського палацу.jpg

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| caption1 = Southern garden façade of Alupka Palace with a massive central exedra forming an open iwan-like vestibule

| image2 = Jama Masjid, Delhi, morning view.jpg

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| caption2 = The Jama Masjid was the inspiration for Blore's design.{{Cite book|last=Brett|first=C.E.B.|title=Towers of Crim Tartary : English and Scottish architects and craftsmen in the Crimea, 1762–1853|publisher=Shaun Tyas|year=2005|page=65|location=Donington, Lincolnshire|isbn=978-1-900289-73-3}}}}

The "Moorish" garden structures built at Sheringham Park in Norfolk, ca. 1812, were an unusual touch at the time, a parallel to chinoiserie, as a dream vision of fanciful whimsy, not meant to be taken seriously; however, as early as 1826, Edward Blore used Islamic arches, domes of various size and shapes and other details of Near Eastern Islamic architecture to great effect in his design for Alupka Palace in Crimea, a cultural setting that had already been penetrated by Ottoman architecture.

By the mid-19th century, the style was adopted by the Jews of Central Europe, who associated Moorish and Mudéjar architectural forms with the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldridgestreet.org/art-architecture/moorish-revival-synagogues/|title=Why Moorish? Synagogues and the Moorish Revival|date=2017-04-27|website=Museum at Eldridge Street|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-17}} It has also been argued{{by whom|date=August 2021}} that Jewish communities adopted this architecture (which in Western eyes was seen as stereotypical of "Islamic" or "Oriental" culture more broadly) for more complex reasons; mainly, as an affirmation or reclamation of the Middle Eastern roots of their history and thus as a way of setting themselves apart from the surrounding Western or Christian society.{{Cite journal|last=Kalmar|first=Ivan Davidson|date=2001|title=Moorish Style: Orientalism, the Jews, and Synagogue Architecture|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=68–100|doi=10.2979/JSS.2001.7.3.68|hdl=1807/35319|s2cid=162229425|hdl-access=free}} This came at time when Jews were gaining more freedoms in some European societies and the construction of ostentatious synagogues was possible for the first time, thus provoking a search for a new distinct style of architecture. Historian John M. Efron of the University of California at Berkeley regards the popularity of Moorish revival architecture among builders of synagogues as a counterpoint to Edward Said's Orientalism, which criticizes European orientalism as inherently imperialist and racist, since the builders chose the style as an expression of admiration for the culture of the Muslim world.{{cite journal|author1-link=David Biale|last1=Biale|first1=David|date=June 2017|title=German Jewry and the Allure of the Sephardic (book review)|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=122|issue=3|page=942|doi=10.1093/ahr/122.3.942}} As a consequence, Moorish Revival spread around the globe as a preferred style of synagogue architecture for a long period until the early 20th century.

Image:Gran teatro falla.jpg, Cádiz, Spain]]

In Spain, the country was conceived as the place of origin of Moorish ornamentation, and the interest in this sort of architecture fluctuated from province to province. The mainstream was called Neo-Mudéjar. In Catalonia, Antoni Gaudí's profound interest in Mudéjar heritage governed the design of his early works, such as Casa Vicens or Astorga Palace. In Andalusia, the Neo-Mudéjar style gained belated popularity in connection with the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929. It was epitomized by Plaza de España of Seville and the Gran Teatro Falla in Cádiz. In Madrid, the Neo-Mudéjar was a characteristic style of housing and public buildings at the turn of the century. In contrast, the 1920s return of interest to the style resulted in such buildings as the bullring of Las Ventas and Diario ABC office. A Spanish nobleman built the Sammezzano, one of Europe's largest and most elaborate Moorish Revival structures, in Tuscany between 1853 and 1889.

File:Alhambra Frederiksberg 2.jpg, a theater built in Moorish Architecture. Location was Frederiksberg, Denmark]]

Although Carlo Bugatti employed Moorish arcading among the exotic features of his furniture, shown at the 1902 exhibition at Turin, by that time the Moorish Revival was very much on the wane almost everywhere. A notable exception was Imperial Russia, where the shell-encrusted Morozov House in Moscow (a stylisation of the Pena Palace in Sintra), the Neo-Mamluk Dulber palace in Koreiz, and the palace in Likani exemplified the continuing development of the style.

{{main|:hu:Neomór építészet Magyarországon}}

{{main|Moorish Revival architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

Another exception was Bosnia, where, after its occupation by Austria-Hungary, the new authorities commissioned a range of Neo-Moorish structures. The aim was to promote Bosnian national identity while avoiding its association with either the Ottoman Empire or the growing pan-Slavic movement by creating an "Islamic architecture of European fantasy".{{cite book|publisher=Brill Publishers|title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space|last1=Joseph|first1=Suad|last2=Najmabadi|first2=Afsaneh |year=2003|isbn=9004128204}} This included application of ornamentations and other Moorish design strategies neither of which had much to do with prior architectural direction of indigenous Bosnian architecture. The central post office in Sarajevo, for example, follows distinct formal characteristics of design like clarity of form, symmetry, and proportion while the interior followed the same doctrine. The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo is an example of Pseudo Moorish architectural language using decorations and pointed arches while still integrating other formal elements into the design.

Other notable example in the region is the building of the Regional historical museum in Kardzhali, Bulgaria build in the 1920s, combining also Central Asian styles.

File:Регионален исторически музей - Кърджали.jpg

File:Yeshiva University Zysman Hall and Gottesmann Library.jpg]]

In the United States, Washington Irving's fanciful travel sketch, Tales of the Alhambra (1832), first brought Moorish Andalusia into readers' imaginations; one of the first neo-Moorish structures was Iranistan, a mansion of P. T. Barnum in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Constructed in 1848 and destroyed by fire ten years later, this architectural extravaganza "sprouted bulbous domes and horseshoe arches".John C. Poppeliers, S. Allen Chambers Jr. What Style Is It: A Guide to American Architecture, p. 63. {{ISBN|0-471-25036-8}} . In the 1860s, the style spread across America, with Olana, the painter Frederic Edwin Church's house overlooking the Hudson River, Castle Garden in Jacksonville and Longwood in Natchez, Mississippi usually cited among the more prominent examples. After the American Civil War, Moorish or Turkish smoking rooms achieved some popularity. There were Moorish details in the interiors created for the Henry Osborne Havemeyer residence on Fifth Avenue by Louis Comfort Tiffany. The most thorough example of Moorish Revival architecture was Villa Zorayda in St. Augustine, Florida, built in 1883 by Franklin W. Smith as a winter home and showplace for the Boston businessman and architectural enthusiast. Today it is a museum, open for tourists. In 1893, The Great Saltair was built on the southern shores of The Great Salt Lake, adjacent to Salt Lake City. Under dozens of Moorish domes and lambrequin, polylobed, and keyhole arches, Saltair housed popular clubs, restaurants, bowling alleys, a hippodrome, rollercoaster, observation deck for the surrounding desert, and what was marketed as the largest dance hall in the world.{{cite web|author=Utah Division of State History|title=Saltair: A Photographic Exhibit|date=19 May 2016 |url=https://historytogo.utah.gov/saltair-photographic-exhibit/|accessdate=16 January 2023}} Like Iranistan before it, Saltair was destroyed by fire in 1925 and again in 1970; the first of which, less than 30 years after opening.

The trend continued into the early 1900s, for example in the 1909 Murat Shrine Temple in Indianapolis, Indiana. The 1914 Pittock Mansion in Portland, Oregon incorporates Turkish design features, as well as French, English, and Italian ones; the smoking room in particular has notable Moorish revival elements. In 1937, the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota added unusual minarets and Moorish domes, unusual because the polychrome decorations are made out of corn cobs of various colors assembled like mosaic tiles to create patterns. The 1891 Tampa Bay Hotel, whose minarets and Moorish domes are now the pride of the University of Tampa, was a particularly extravagant example of the style. Other schools with Moorish Revival buildings include David H. Zysman Hall at Yeshiva University in New York City. George Washington Smith used the style in his design for the 1920s Isham Beach Estate in Santa Barbara, California.Gebhard, David. Santa Barbara Architecture, from Spanish Colonial to Modern. Capra Press. Santa Barbara. 1980. (later editions avail.) p. 109

• Spanish Mosque, built by Viqar-ul-Umra at Hyderabad.

• Al Rajhi Grand Mosque, built by Sulaiman bin Abdulaziz Al Rajhi in Riyadh in 2004.

Image:Side and elevated view of Fabulous Fox Threater.JPG]]

Image:Alhambra Theatre El Paso TX ca1915.jpg]]

{{Category see also|Moorish Revival synagogues}}

File:BudapestSynagogue.jpg, Budapest, Hungary]]

File:Berlin Neue Synagoge 2005.jpg, Germany]]

File:Sofia Synagogue 11c.jpg, Sofia, Bulgaria]]

• Munich synagogue, by Friedrich von Gärtner, 1832 was the earliest Moorish revival synagogue (destroyed on Kristallnacht)
• Semper Synagogue, by Gottfried Semper, Dresden, 1839–1840 (destroyed on Kristallnacht)
• Leopoldstädter Tempel, Vienna, Austria, 1853–1858 (destroyed on Kristallnacht)
• Dohány Street Synagogue, Budapest, Hungary, 1854–1859
• Leipzig synagogue, 1855 (in the Gottschedstrasse, destroyed on Kristallnacht in 1938)
• Glockengasse synagogue, Cologne, Germany, 1855–1861 (destroyed on Kristallnacht)
• New Synagogue by Eduard Knoblauch, Berlin, 1859–1866
• New Synagogue, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Poland, 1857–1860
• Tempel Synagogue, Cracow, Poland, 1860–1862
• Cetate Synagogue, Timişoara, Romania, by Ignaz Schumann, 1864–1865
• Choral Temple, Bucharest, 1864–1866
• Zagreb Synagogue, 1867
• The Great Synagogue of Stockholm, Sweden, by Fredrik Wilhelm Scholander, 1867–1870
• Synagogue of Besançon, France, 1867–1870
• Spanish Synagogue, Prague, Czech Republic, 1868
• Rumbach Street synagogue, Budapest, Hungary, 1872
• Czernowitz Synagogue, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, 1873
• Great Synagogue of Florence, Tempio Maggiore, Florence, Italy, 1874–1882
• Princes Road Synagogue, Liverpool, England, 1874
• Manchester Jewish Museum, built as a Sephardic synagogue, Manchester, England, 1874
• Vercelli Synagogue, Vercelli, Italy, 1878
• Vrbové synagogue, Vrbové, Slovakia, 1883
• Turin synagogue, Italy, 1884
• Synagoge Zürich Löwenstrasse, Switzerland, 1884
• Great Synagogue in Plzeň, Plzeň, Czech Republic, 1888
• The Grand Choral Synagogue, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1888
• Esztergom Synagogue, Hungary, 1888
• Fabric New Synagogue in Timişoara, Romania, by Lipot Baumhorn, 1889
• Rosenberg synagogue, Olesno, Poland, 1889 (destroyed on Kristallnacht in 1938)
• La Ferté-sous-Jouarre synagogue, France, 1891
• Hollandse Synagoge, Antwerp, Belgium, 1893
• Second Luxembourg Synagogue, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, 1894
• Great Choral Synagogue (Kyiv), Ukraine, 1895
• Opava synagogue, Czech Republic, 1895
• Olomouc Synagogue, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 1897 (destroyed in 1938)
• Prešov synagogue, Prešov, Slovakia, 1898
• Košice synagogue, Košice, Slovakia, 1899, interior of Rundbogenstil building
• Malacky synagogue, Slovakia, 1886, rebuilt 1900
• Sarajevo Synagogue, 1902
• Karaite Kenesa, Kyiv, Ukraine, 1902
• Palazzo Mazzone, Catania, Sicily, Italy, 1904
• Jubilee Synagogue, Prague, Czech Republic, 1906
• Groningen Synagogue, Groningen, Netherlands, 1906
• Choral Synagogue, Minsk, Belarus, 1906
• Bet Israel Synagogue, Belgrade, Serbia, 1908
• Sofia Synagogue, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1909
• Galitska Synagogue, Kyiv, Ukraine, 1909
• Uzhhorod Synagogue, Uzhhorod, Ukraine, 1910
• Leucatia Castle, Catania, Sicily, Italy, 1911
• Chișinău Choral Synagogue, Moldova, 1913
• Arabian House (Hotel Jadran) Skopje, North Macedonia, 1936–1938

Image:Plum Street Temple.JPG, Cincinnati, Ohio]]

File:Central Synagogue Lex jeh.jpg in New York City]]

• Isaac M. Wise Temple, also known as the Plum Street Temple, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1865
• Congregation Rodeph Shalom, Philadelphia, 1866 (no longer standing)
• Temple Emanu-El on Fifth Avenue at 43rd Street, Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York built in 1868, designed by Leopold Eidlitz, assisted by Henry Fernbach, (no longer standing)
• B'nai Sholom Temple, Quincy, Illinois, 1870
• Central Synagogue, Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York, 1872
• Vine Street Temple, Nashville, Tennessee, 1874
• Charter Oak Temple (Congregation Beth Israel), Hartford, Connecticut, 1876
• Temple of Israel, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1876[https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/buch0421#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2917%2C0%2C8472%2C3905 "View, Temple of Israel, Wilmington, North Carolina"], NC State University Libraries. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
• B'nai Israel Synagogue (Baltimore), Maryland, 1876
• Temple Adath Israel, Owensboro, Kentucky, 1877
• Prince Street Synagogue (Oheb Shalom,) Newark, New Jersey, 1884
• Eldridge Street Synagogue, Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York, 1887
• Congregation Beth Israel of Portland, Oregon, 1888 (no longer standing)
• Park East Synagogue, Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York, 1889
• Gemiluth Chessed, Port Gibson, Mississippi, 1891
• Temple Emanu-El (Helena, Montana), 1891{{Cite web |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/nrhp |title=National Register |access-date=2012-08-15 |archive-date=2012-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803035425/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreghome.do?searchtype=natreghome |url-status=live }}
• Temple Beth-El, Corsicana, Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas, 1898–1900
• Temple Sinai (Sumter, South Carolina), 1912
• Young Israel of Flatbush, Midwood, Brooklyn, 1923BJHI Author (December 5, 2013) [https://brooklynjewish.org/2013/12/young-israel-flatbush/ "Young Israel Of Flatbush"], Brooklyn Jewish Historical Initiative. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
• Ohabei Shalom, Brookline, Massachusetts, 1925
• Congregation Ohab Zedek, Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, 1926
• Congregation Rodeph Shalom, Philadelphia, 1928

• Sephardic Temple, Barracas district, Buenos Aires, Argentina
• Palacio Arabe, downtown Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1945

File:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity.jpg]]

File:Church of St Andrew, Tangier.jpg]]

• The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar (1825–1832) an early example of Moorish revival architecture is located in Gibraltar, which formed part of Moorish Al-Andalus between 711 and 1462 AD.
• Immaculate Conception Church (New Orleans), (a.k.a. Jesuit Church) is a striking example of Moorish Revival Architecture. Across the street was the College of the Immaculate Conception, housing a chapel with two stained glass domes. The chapel was disassembled and about half of it (one of the stained glass domes, eleven of the windows) was installed in the present Jesuit High School.
• St Andrew's Church, is an Anglican church in Tangier, Morocco. Consecrated in 1905, the church is within the Archdeaconry of Gibraltar. The building is constructed in a Moorish revival architectural style.{{Cite web|url=https://search.lma.gov.uk/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/LMA_OPAC/web_detail/REFD+CLC~2F386?SESSIONSEARCH|title=St Andrew's Church, Tangier|publisher=London Metropolitan Archives|accessdate=3 January 2021}}

File:Murat Centre 2.JPG, Indianapolis, Indiana]]

Image:Tripoli Shrine Temple.jpg, Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]

The Shriners, a fraternal organization, often chose a Moorish Revival style for their Temples. Architecturally notable Shriners Temples include:

• Acca Temple Shrine, Richmond, Virginia, currently Altria Theater, formerly 'The Landmark Theater' and 'The Mosque'
• Algeria Shrine Temple, Helena, Montana
• Almas Temple, Washington D.C.
• El Zaribah Shrine Auditorium, Phoenix, Arizona
• Jaffa Shrine Center, Altoona, Pennsylvania
• Jerusalem Temple, New Orleans, Louisiana, built at 1137 St. Charles Avenue in 1918 by architect Emile Weil.
• Medinah Temple, Chicago, Illinois now a Bloomingdale's.
• Murat Shrine, Indianapolis, Indiana, the largest Shrine temple in North America, now officially known as Old National Centre.
• New York City Center, now used as a concert hall
• Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, California
• Tripoli Shrine Temple, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• Zembo Mosque, a Masonic Temple in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
• The Scottish Rite Temple in Santa Fe, New Mexico, while not a Shrine Temple, is a Masonic building that uses the Moorish Revival architectural style.
• Karem Shrine Temple, Waco, Texas; now Hotel 1928

• Building of the Regional historical museum in Kardzhali, Bulgaria, 1922–1930
• Palace of Manguinhos, site of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1905–1918
• "Mosque" shaped steam-generation plant in Sanssouci Park, Potsdam, Prussia, 1842
• The Zacherlfabrik, Vienna, 1892
• City hall, Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1892
• City hall, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1894
• Jewish Hospital, Lviv, Ukraine, 1900
• Mostar Gymnasium, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1902
• Former Yenidze Cigarette Factory, Dresden, Germany, 1908 (here, the "minarets" are used to disguise smokestacks)
• Gedung Sate, Bandung, Indonesia, 1924
• Casamaures, Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux, France, 1855
• Villa Zorayda, St. Augustine, FL, 1883
• Campo Pequeno bullring, Lisbon, 1892
• Henry B. Plant Museum, Tampa, FL, 1891
• Karlo Helmbold's House (Šeherezada), Zrenjanin, Serbia, by Ištvan Bart, 1900
• Atwater water treatment plant, Canal de l'Aqueduc, Montreal, QC, 1912–18
• Scroll and Key Hall (Yale senior society building, New Haven, CT; 1869 and 1901)
• Palacio de Valle in Cienfuegos, Cuba (1913–17)
• The Citadel, a military college in Charleston, South Carolina

{{see also|Neo-Mudéjar#Gallery}}

File:BarroneImmaculateOct07Lowfasc.jpg|Immaculate Conception Church (New Orleans), 1851, rebuilt 1930

File:Leopoldstädter Tempel 1858.jpg|Leopoldstädter Tempel, Vienna, Austria, 1858

File:Spanish Synagogue.jpg|Spanish Synagogue (Prague), Czech Republic, 1868

File:Firenze synagoga 2009.JPG|Florence synagogue, Italy, 1882

File:Turin Synagogue 1.JPG|Turin synagogue, Italy, 1884

File:Fabric Synagogue in Timisoara Romania.jpg|Fabric New Synagogue in Timişoara, Romania, 1889

File:Old Tampa Bay Hotel.jpg|Tampa Bay Hotel, Tampa, Florida, 1891

File:Grand Choral Synagogue of SPB.jpg|The Grand Choral Synagogue, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1893

File:PilsenSynagogue.JPG|Great Synagogue, Plzeň, Czech Republic, 1893

File:Church of Our Lady of Victory of Tétouan.jpg|Tétouan Catholic Church, built during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and still active today{{cite book|title=Lonely Planet Morocco| first= Lorna |last=Parkes|year= 2017| isbn=9781787010093| page =111 |publisher=Lonely Planet|quote=Nuestra Señora de las Victorias Church: This Roman Catholic church was built in 1926 and is still active. We can't think of another place in Morocco where church bells sound the hour.}}{{cite web|url=https://diocesistanger.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Memoria-Tetuan.pdf|title=Iglesia Parroquial Ntra. Sra. de las Victorias Tetuán - Marruecos|date=20 January 2017|publisher=DiocesisTanger.org}}{{cite web|url=https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/africa-middle-east/morocco/the-rif/tetouan|title=Tetouan travel guide|date=20 January 2017|publisher=insightguides.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tangerport.com/en/excursions-at-tetouan/|title=Excursions from Tangier: Tetouan|date=20 January 2017|publisher=tangerport}}

Image:Castelo fiocruz panoramico (cropped).jpg|The Palace of Manguinhos in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

File:Likani Palace.JPG|Likani Palace, Georgia, 1895

File:Dulber Palace.JPG|Dulber, Koreiz, Crimea, 1897

File:Moscow Vozdvizhenka Morozov House 08-2016.jpg|Arseny Morozov House, Moscow, Russia, 1899

File:Šeherezada.jpg|Karlo Helmbold's House (Šeherezada) by Ištvan Bart in Zrenjanin, Serbia, 1900

File:Former Jewish Hospital in Lviv, Ukraine.jpg|Former Jewish Hospital in Lviv, Ukraine, 1901

File:Gimnazija Mostar.jpg|Mostar Gymnasium, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1902

File:Dresden Yenidze2.jpg|Yenidze Tobacco Factory, Dresden, Germany, 1907

File:Sinagoga Bet Israel.jpg|Bet Israel Synagogue, Belgrade, Serbia, 1908

File:Синагога Ужгород.jpg|Uzhhorod Synagogue, 1910

File:MoorishSantaFe2.jpg|Scottish Rite Temple, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1912

File:Синагога Смоленск.jpg|Choral Synagogue (Smolensk), 1917

File:Arapska kukja 2015 (5).JPG|Hotel Jadran (Arabian house) in Skopje, North Macedonia, 1938

File:Praça de Touros do Campo Pequeno September 2014.jpg|Campo Pequeno bullring in Lisbon, Portugal,1892.

File:655070 muzeum w zamku Kórnik (1).jpg|Kórnik Castle, Poland

File:Scroll and Key Society building, Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut). Front and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd floors. Elevation and plans LCCN2013648230.jpg|Scroll and Key Hall; New Haven, Connecticut (Yale senior society building). This is a proposed plan of ca. 1867. Only far left structure was built.

File:Kardzhali History Museum, Историчеки музей Кърджали.jpg|History Museum, Kardzhali, Bulgaria

{{Portal|Architecture}}

• Moorish Revival architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Islamic architecture
• Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture

{{reflist|2}}

• {{Cite book |author=Naylor, David |title=Great American Movie Theaters |publisher=The Preservation Press |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1987 |isbn=9780891331278}}
• {{Cite book |author=Thorne, Ross |title=Picture Palace Architecture in Australia |publisher=Sun Books Pty. Ltd. |location=South Melbourne, Australia |year=1976 |isbn=072510225X }}

{{commons category|Moorish Revival architecture}}

• [http://www.nyc-architecture.com/STYLES/STY-MoorishRev.htm Moorish Revival in New York Architecture]

{{Revivals}}

{{African architecture styles}}

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Category:Revival architectural styles

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Category:House styles

Category:19th-century architectural styles

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